Organizational Behavior Midterm
Which of the following statements about the U.S. culture is correct?
The U.S. is very individualistic.
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.
stereotyping
Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"?
values
People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
True
Paula tries to make decisions that bring the most benefit to the most people. Which of the following ethical decision criteria does she value most?
Utilitarianism
Group ________ is the extent to which members of a group support and validate one another at work.
cohesion
With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
collectivism
A number of researchers have indicated that moral judgments are largely based on ____________.
feelings
Employees are emotionally affected by incidents that occur at work. What theory supports the influence of emotions on job performance and satisfaction?
Affective events theory
Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance?
An incompatibility between two of aAn person's beliefs, behavior, or attitudes
________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.
Attribution theory
Maria has been at her job for three years but is very dissatisfied and is ready to find a new job. When she goes home she tells her partner that she is going to look for a new job that has better benefits and pay and in which she can grow her career. This statement is an example of what part of Maria's attitude toward her job?
Behavioral
such as age, gender, race, and disability are some of the most obvious ways in which employees differ.
Biographical characteristics
__________ management is the process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware of, and sensitive to, the needs and differences of others.
Diversity
Which of the following best describes the difference between emotional labor and emotional dissonance?
Emotional labor is displaying emotions because your job requires you to do so; emotional dissonance is the tension between your displayed and felt emotions.
Gerald invested $25,000 in a new business venture. Within 6 months, it appeared that the venture was failing. To stay afloat, he invested another $25,000 in the hopes of saving his initial $25,000 investment. At the one-year anniversary of the business, his friend questioned his judgment in investing in this business and presented projections from industry experts who suggested the venture was not viable and he should cut his losses. Gerald wanted to prove he had good business instincts and invested an additional $15,000. What type of decision-making distortion is Gerald experiencing?
Escalation of commitment
According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
False
Moods are more intense than emotions and invariably arise because of a specific event acting as a stimulus.
False
Moods are usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions.
False
Studying facial expressions is a good way to identify basic emotions.
False
________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Halo effect
Which of the following best defines organizational behavior?
It involves the study of what people do in a company and how it affects theIt company's performance.
________ get things done through other people. They make decisions, allocate resources, and direct the activities of others to attain goals.
Managers
A person's measurable behavior traits are collectively known as which of the following?
Personality
Which of the following is the best description of job involvement?
The degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs.
Which of the following identifies a typical difference between the way men and women perform on the job?
There are no consistent differences between men and women relevant to job performance.Th
An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people.
True
Organizational behavior applies the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively.
True
Poor or reduced sleep impairs decision making and makes it difficult to control emotions.
True
A discrepancy between the desired state of affairs and the current state of affairs is defined as __________________.
a problem
Often the opinion that the interviewer holds about an applicant is formed very early in the interview, even if additional questions and responses reveal that the initial impressions are not accurate. If the interviewer has a tendency to fixate on initial information and fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information, he/she would be experiencing ___________.
anchoring bias
Which bias can explain why managers give more weight in performance appraisals to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier?
availability bias
Most people respond to a complex problem by reducing it to a level they can readily understand. Many problems don't have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to fit the rational decision making model, so people satisficelong dashthey seek solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. If you were to make a decision by reducing it to a level you can readily understand, you would be experiencing ___________.
bounded rationality
An HR Director wants to institute a new plan that will increase employee job satisfaction. This will not only improve profitability overall, but it will do so by improving
customer satisfaction
Choices made from among two or more alternatives are ____________________.
decisions
Making judgments about individuals based on stereotypes regarding their demographic group is called
discrimination
Which of the following terms best describes an intense, discrete and short-lived feeling experiences that are often caused by a specific event?
emotion
Amber noticed that one of her employees, Ahmed, was increasingly short-tempered at work and didn't seem to enjoy his job as much as he used to. After watching Ahmed for a few weeks, Amber realized that a change in the way that Ahmed was receiving critical information was leading to frustration and anger. Amber decided to sit down with Ahmed and work through some ideas to reduce his frustration. Amber's ability to recognize these emotions in Ahmed is an example of __________________.
emotional intelligence
Emotional labor represents an employee's _________________.
expression of organizationally desired emotions
Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?
fundamental attribution error
Factors that are determined at conception are known as _______________.
heredity
With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________.
high on power distance
When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system.
intensity
The degree to which a person has a positive feeling about a job after evaluating the job's characteristics is known as
job satisfaction
In several different studies, researchers have shown a relationship between corporate social responsibility and increased job satisfaction. This relationship is particularly true for ___________.
millennials
________ refers to feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.
mood
Stereotype threat describes the way in which we agree with
negative views of a group
Identifying with the goals of an organization and a desire to stay with that organization is known as
organizational commitment
In a recent meeting at work, Nick was asked to deliver the sales projections for the next month. Wanting to leave some room for error, Nick stated he was 90 percent sure that they could meet the stated sales target for the following month. Nick is exhibiting the ___________ bias.
overconfidence
An HR Director would be wise to recruit and hire individuals who like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. These individuals would likely possess ________.
positive core self-evaluations (CSE)
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) includes
positive talk, helping others, and going beyond normal expectations at the job
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude, which is viewed to be the more critical part of an attitude, is called
the affective component
The cognitive component of an attitude is best described by
the belief or description that underlies an attitude
The perceiver, the context, and ___________________ all impact perception.
the target
________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
Self-serving
