Organizational Behavior Midterm

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Which of the following statements about the U.S. culture is​ correct?

The U.S. is very individualistic.

Judging someone on the basis of​ one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called​ ________.

stereotyping

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that​ "a specific mode of conduct or​ end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of​ conduct"?

values

​People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality​ is, not on reality itself.

True

Paula tries to make decisions that bring the most benefit to the most people. Which of the following ethical decision criteria does she value​ most?

Utilitarianism

Group​ ________ is the extent to which members of a group support and validate one another at work.

cohesion

With reference to the​ Hofstede's Framework for Assessing​ Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

collectivism

A number of researchers have indicated that moral judgments are largely based on​ ____________.

feelings

Employees are emotionally affected by incidents that occur at work. What theory supports the influence of emotions on job performance and​ satisfaction?

Affective events theory

Which of the following best describes cognitive​ dissonance?

An incompatibility between two of aAn ​ person's beliefs,​ behavior, or attitudes

​________ explains the ways in which we judge people​ differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.

Attribution theory

Maria has been at her job for three years but is very dissatisfied and is ready to find a new job. When she goes home she tells her partner that she is going to look for a new job that has better benefits and pay and in which she can grow her career. This statement is an example of what part of​ Maria's attitude toward her​ job?

Behavioral

such as​ age, gender,​ race, and disability are some of the most obvious ways in which employees differ.

Biographical characteristics

​__________ management is the process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware​ of, and sensitive​ to, the needs and differences of others.

Diversity

Which of the following best describes the difference between emotional labor and emotional​ dissonance?

Emotional labor is displaying emotions because your job requires you to do​ so; emotional dissonance is the tension between your displayed and felt emotions.

Gerald invested​ $25,000 in a new business venture. Within 6​ months, it appeared that the venture was failing. To stay​ afloat, he invested another​ $25,000 in the hopes of saving his initial​ $25,000 investment. At the​ one-year anniversary of the​ business, his friend questioned his judgment in investing in this business and presented projections from industry experts who suggested the venture was not viable and he should cut his losses. Gerald wanted to prove he had good business instincts and invested an additional​ $15,000. What type of​ decision-making distortion is Gerald​ experiencing?

Escalation of commitment

According to​ Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

False

Moods are more intense than emotions and invariably arise because of a specific event acting as a stimulus.

False

Moods are usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions.

False

Studying facial expressions is a good way to identify basic emotions.

False

​________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

Halo effect

Which of the following best defines organizational​ behavior?

It involves the study of what people do in a company and how it affects theIt ​ company's performance.

​________ get things done through other people. They make​ decisions, allocate​ resources, and direct the activities of others to attain goals.

Managers

A​ person's measurable behavior traits are collectively known as which of the​ following?

Personality

Which of the following is the best description of job​ involvement?

The degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs.

Which of the following identifies a typical difference between the way men and women perform on the​ job?

There are no consistent differences between men and women relevant to job performance.Th

An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people.

True

Organizational behavior applies the knowledge gained about​ individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively.

True

Poor or reduced sleep impairs decision making and makes it difficult to control emotions.

True

A discrepancy between the desired state of affairs and the current state of affairs is defined as​ __________________.

a problem

Often the opinion that the interviewer holds about an applicant is formed very early in the​ interview, even if additional questions and responses reveal that the initial impressions are not accurate. If the interviewer has a tendency to fixate on initial information and fails to adequately adjust for subsequent​ information, he/she would be experiencing​ ___________.

anchoring bias

Which bias can explain why managers give more weight in performance appraisals to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months​ earlier?

availability bias

Most people respond to a complex problem by reducing it to a level they can readily understand. Many problems​ don't have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to fit the rational decision making​ model, so people satisficelong dashthey seek solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. If you were to make a decision by reducing it to a level you can readily​ understand, you would be experiencing​ ___________.

bounded rationality

An HR Director wants to institute a new plan that will increase employee job satisfaction. This will not only improve profitability​ overall, but it will do so by improving

customer satisfaction

Choices made from among two or more alternatives are​ ____________________.

decisions

Making judgments about individuals based on stereotypes regarding their demographic group is called​

discrimination

Which of the following terms best describes an​ intense, discrete and​ short-lived feeling experiences that are often caused by a specific​ event?

emotion

Amber noticed that one of her​ employees, Ahmed, was increasingly​ short-tempered at work and​ didn't seem to enjoy his job as much as he used to. After watching Ahmed for a few​ weeks, Amber realized that a change in the way that Ahmed was receiving critical information was leading to frustration and anger. Amber decided to sit down with Ahmed and work through some ideas to reduce his frustration.​ Amber's ability to recognize these emotions in Ahmed is an example of​ __________________.

emotional intelligence

Emotional labor represents an​ employee's _________________.

expression of organizationally desired emotions

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of​ others?

fundamental attribution error

Factors that are determined at conception are known as​ _______________.

heredity

With reference to the​ Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores​ ________.

high on power distance

When we rank an​ individual's values in order of their​ ________, we obtain the​ person's value system.

intensity

The degree to which a person has a positive feeling about a job after evaluating the​ job's characteristics is known as​

job satisfaction

In several different​ studies, researchers have shown a relationship between corporate social responsibility and increased job satisfaction. This relationship is particularly true for​ ___________.

millennials

​________ refers to feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.

mood

Stereotype threat describes the way in which we agree with​

negative views of a group

Identifying with the goals of an organization and a desire to stay with that organization is known as​

organizational commitment

In a recent meeting at​ work, Nick was asked to deliver the sales projections for the next month. Wanting to leave some room for​ error, Nick stated he was 90 percent sure that they could meet the stated sales target for the following month. Nick is exhibiting the​ ___________ bias.

overconfidence

An HR Director would be wise to recruit and hire individuals who like themselves and see themselves as​ effective, capable, and in control of their environment. These individuals would likely possess​ ________.

positive core​ self-evaluations (CSE)

Organizational citizenship behavior​ (OCB) includes​

positive​ talk, helping​ others, and going beyond normal expectations at the job

The emotional or feeling segment of an​ attitude, which is viewed to be the more critical part of an​ attitude, is called​

the affective component

The cognitive component of an attitude is best described by​

the belief or description that underlies an attitude

The​ perceiver, the​ context, and​ ___________________ all impact perception.

the target

​________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

​Self-serving


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