Organizational Comms
Countercultures
A resistance tactic created by employees who choose not to accept the organizational culture or values that are articulated by management.
Which of the following is a basic principle of scientific management?
Equal division of work between management and workers
For a researcher taking a purist approach to organizational culture, it becomes very important to maintain distance and separation from those who she researches.
False
Hierarchical structures emphasize shared power and democratic decision-making.
False
Researchers in the Frankfurt School take popular culture as a serious object of study, examining the complex ways in which it structures social reality.
False
Rhonda's organization emphasizes social groups that foster a connection. The relationships formed in social groups lead to more communication and connect workers together. Which theory does this best represent?
Human Relations Theory
The process of making a McDonald's cheeseburger has been "perfected" over time to be extremely efficient. In fact, there's a 700-page manual that explains how this is done. What concept best identifies this process?
Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management
Organizational Control
The dynamic communication process through which organizational stakeholders struggle to maximize their stake in an organization
Communication
The dynamic, ongoing process of creating and negotiating meanings through interactional symbolic practices, including conversation, metaphors, rituals, stories, dress, and space
Goal orientation, as an essential feature of an organization, is complex because organizations often have multiple and competing goals.
True
Humans create the complex system of meaning called organizations.
True
Organizational life is made up of a set of ongoing practices that members must engage in to accomplish organizing.
True
Organizations are communicative phenoma that exist only because their members engage in complex patterns of communication behavior.
True
Tensions between the goals, beliefs, and desires of individual organization members and those of the larger organization are usually resolved by subordinating the goals and beliefs of individuals to those of the organization.
True
'No collar' work is grounded in creativity but is also characterized by ________.
a demanding work schedule
The spread of corporate ideologies and discourses to every aspect of our lives, including who we are as human beings, has been labeled ______.
corporate colonization
Members of the Frankfurt School were interested in what they termed the _______: the mass production of popular culture, administered from above, that creates needs in people that they would not otherwise have.
culture industry
The dot-com bust of the late 1990's/early 2000's and the financial meltdown of 2008 are both examples of which process gone "awry" in a system?
deviation-amplifying feedback that created growth in both the Internet and financial sectors until they were too big, and therefore collapsed
On a recent flight, two people, who had consumed too much alcohol at the airport bar, began acting increasingly loudly and rudely on the airplane. The airline attendant went to them and told them to stay in their seats and be quiet. The attendant also said they would not be served anything alcoholic. Which form of control best describes this situation?
direct
Micah tells Fran that he wants the report by 9 a.m. Fran asks if he wants the final report or just a first draft. Micah responds by saying, "Just the first draft." This ____ reduces equivocality.
double-interact
Which of the following is an example of scientific management in today's workplace?
employees follow a script when they are conducting telephone sales calls
_____ research is the term that organizational scholars use to describe the kinds of research they engage when studying culture.
field
organizations can often have multiple and competing _____.
goals
Critics of Karl Weick would argue that _______.
his perspective overemphasizes the nonrational features of organizational life
Professor Hemphill pairs you up with another student and assigns a 15-page paper that analyzes organizational theory. The only requirement is that it must be in APA format, and you must include a minimum of sources. Professor Hemphill has _____.
increased the level of equivocality
According to the critical perspective, organizations are _______.
institutions that are key in the development of our identities
When your grandparents ask you what you are going to major in and if you think you will graduate from college and get a well-paying job, your grandparents are in essence applying a _______ logic in terms of how well your college education will translate into financial stability.
market
exploitative-authoritative
motivating workers through fear and threats
Cultural studies of organizations offered managers exciting ways to motivate employees and to reinvigorate ______.
productivity
From a ____ perspective of organizational culture, organizations only exist insofar as organization members engage in communication activities.
purist
Where Andrew works, the organizational rules and regulations are clearly defined in its governing documents, and organizational members are treated impartially. According to Weber's perspective, which type of authority best characterizes this organization?
rational-legal
emotional labor
requiring workers to always have a smile and positive demeanor, even when customers are demanding or rude
Constructing rational accounts after an organizing process that is ambiguous is the role of _____.
retrospective sense-making
Sue is taking an online class. When it is time for the mid-term exam, she is told that it is open-note and open-book. However, she has a strict time limit of 90 minutes to complete it. As she finishes each answer she must click "submit" before she can move on to the next question. She moves quickly through the multiple choice questions at the beginning. The essays, however, take her more time to complete. She finishes her second, and the final, essay at 91 minutes. She clicks "submit" but the answer is not accepted since it is beyond the time limit, and she automatically loses 20 points from her grade. This situation illustrates which type of control?
technological
At Danielle's undergraduate university, there was a gazebo on campus where, the story went, if a couple kissed, they would become engaged before they graduated from college. Danielle was secretly delighted when she and her partner kissed in the gazebo one afternoon; they became engaged right before graduation. To Danielle's surprise, when they moved across the country to pursue graduate work, the university that they attended had a similar story - except the "kissing" spot was on the seal of the university. Which of the following might describe this "strange" occurrence?
the "uniqueness paradox" of organizational stories
Theory X
the belief that employees inherently dislike work and prefer being directed
Stacey drives for a popular rideshare company, has a jewelry store on Instagram, and does web design. Stacey makes her living as a member of ______.
the gig economy
Organizational Communication
the process of creating and negotiating collective, coordinated systems of meaning through symbolic practices oriented toward the achievement of organizational goals
Fordism was focused on the product and post-Fordist organizations were focused on ______.
the process of production
Equifinality
the term that describes what happens when various approaches all ultimately yield the same result
Companies like Coca-Cola, Green Peace, and Amazon are considered political sites because _______.
they consist of different underlying vested interests with different consequences
A system grows as a result of deviation-amplifying feedback.
true
Advertising as a means of selling goods and services emerged during the Fordist period.
true
At a university, a classroom is a sub-system and the university as a whole is a supra-system. According to the systems theory, a change in a sub-system creates a change in the supra-system.
true
Forms of control in the Fordist work place included moving assembly lines and careful monitoring
true
In post-Fordist, postmodern organizations, work teams are seen as the ideal decision-making structure.
true
One of the most important tasks of a system is determining what belongs inside the system and what belongs outside the system.
true
One of the sociopolitical issues of the time was addressing the disparities between rich and poor that grew out of capitalism.
true
Teamwork can increase the surveillance and stress that workers encounter in the workplace.
true
The central element of immaterial labor is communication.
true
A pragmatic view of organizational culture treats culture as a ____ that can be manipulated to generate particular outcomes
variable
Companies like Airbnb, Uber, and Etsy are attractive because they offer employees ________.
work-life balance
In Taylor's system of scientific management, the primary place where managers located control of the labor process was in the _____.
worker's body
Systematic Soldiering
workers' deliberate and coordinated efforts to restrict output by limiting the speed at which they work
negative feedback
In a system, feedback that corrects a deviation from the norm (error-activated) is called ____.
When studying organizational culture, we might call the "social knowledge" held by organizational members that enable them to successfully navigate the culture _____.
facts
Systems theory is another attempt to control, predict, and conquer nature.
false
Common sense thinking can often reflect ________.
tradition and reproduction of the status quo
The separation of work and life was reconsidered by leaders during the Fordist Era because there was a belief that employees worked better when they could focus on both areas.
true
Hippies, flower-power, and the Woodstock generation believed that meaningful work was just as important as intrinsic rewards.
False
In an organizational setting, the desire for autonomy and the need to coordinate the behaviors of organizational members serve as complementary functions in the modern workplace.
False
The development of less explicit and coercive forms of control means that control is no longer an important issue in daily organizational life.
False
Many cliques function as relatively closed groups: Members do not interact much with other people, and members are encouraged to have similar thoughts. This can best be described as ______.
groupthink (groupthink is a negative quality of holism)
Joie's room overlooks a city park where local guys gather every evening to play pick-up basketball. Most afternoons, he watches the guys negotiate who gets to play, the rules of the game, and their rituals of picking team members, celebrating wins, and the occasional fight. Eventually, Joie starts to play with the guys. Now, he is able to pick out who the "new" guys are because they don't seem to know the rules or rituals, or "how things work." Over time, the new guys learn the rules and bring new things to the court. Which of the following best describes how Joie has come to understand this culture?
Culture is semiotic - shares rituals create meanings and social reality
The leadership team of a small non-profit organization has a team-building and goal-setting retreat each time a person joins or leaves the team, because the director of the non-profit believes that every time a person joins or leaves, they have an entirely new team. His approach most readily reflects which of the following ideas about organizational culture?
Organizational culture emerges from the participation of the people present
The management at the restaurant where Robin works has long used the phrase "team" in order to describe how everyone at the restaurant needed to pull his or her weight for a collective success. Instead of "shift managers," there were "shift coaches," and instead of "good employees," there were "team players." Recently, a new manager came in to the restaurant and is referring herself as the "director" and all of the staff as "cast members." After two weeks, tensions between staff and management reached a boiling point. How might we best describe what is going on?
The new manager is using a different root metaphor to understand how the staff works with management and each other.
Interdependence
The web of communication activities. Also: The extent to which members of an organization are affected by others.
The transformation of society and work habits was deeply rooted in the use of time, which included the concepts of task time and clock time. What was the main difference between the two?
Time was viewed as a form of currency
open systems exchange information and ______.
energy
Which of the following best describes critical feminism's approach to gender?
Critical feminism views gender as a socially constructed phenomenon that is subject to change.
Twice in the same day, Carlos used the wrong pronoun when asking questions. The first time, his friend Eric said that he was going to see the doctor, whom he finds quite competent. "Where is his office?" asked Carlos. Eric replied, "Her office is in the hospital annex." The second time, his niece Maya said that she liked her kindergarten teacher very much. "What's her name?" asked Carlos. Maya replied, "His name is Mr. Ngo." Both times, Carlos was embarrassed at his error. From a critical feminist point of view, which is the most likely explanation for Carlos' mistakes?
Many types of work still have gender associations.
________ is a global process and economic and cultural form that focuses on lifestyle, knowledge, and services.
McWorld
Costen is an elementary school teacher. He, the principal, and the custodian are the only men who work in the building. Costen is good with his students, but he is neither the strongest teacher nor the strongest leader in the building. He often receives awards, however, and is earmarked to become the new assistant principal when he finishes up his master's degree. Which of the following provides a critical feminist read of this situation?
Men in female-dominated professions experience a pressure toward upward mobility that sees them promoted more quickly than women.
In capitalist systems, workers must sell their labor power in order to survive, alienating workers from themselves and their own labor.
True
Which of the following is an example of ethical branding?
an organization that uses its brand to construct a relationship with its various stakeholders
The seasonal workers who run the holiday shop have been told to always smile at customers (especially the children), to be extremely pleasant, and to 'ooze the holiday spirit.' This is a form of _____.
corporate management of emotions
In the past, organizations only focused on profits and following the laws that governed corporations. Now, companies are committed to making the world a better place through ______.
corporate social responsibility
Employees contribute to their own level of workplace stress and anxiety because they ______.
embrace the extension of work and stay connected to devices
Because teamwork fosters consensus decision-making and hierarchical power-sharing, teamwork is an ideal way for organizations to ensure that prejudice and abuses of power do not become issues.
false
Creative knowledge-workers have the most security and the biggest boundaries between life and work in our postmodern economy.
false
Differences such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and the meanings attributed to these differences are naturally occurring and easily maintained.
false
Feminism is a single, unified, collective movement.
false
Of Lewin's three styles of leadership (autocratic, laissez-faire, and democratic), the democratic leadership style is most likely to increase productivity.
false
Once an organization becomes "gay friendly," all forms of sexuality-based discrimination will disappear.
false
Social presence theory asserts that we use technology as a means of separating ourselves and maintaining our independence so that it is purely the focus on our social lives and not our work lives.
false
The feminization of migration has made it possible for women to be upwardly mobile.
false
Alternative work arrangements are characterized by ______.
few connections with colleagues
The study of whiteness is best described as ______.
interrogating the intersections of power and privilege that mark whiteness as a "norm" in organizations and culture
__________ is a set of privileges that protect minorities from discrimination.
invisible knapsack
______ feminism seeks to increase the numbers of women in traditional organizations.
liberal
Jobs in media design, advertising, and PR are considered to be part of the _____.
new culture industries
The ______ approach utilizes a psychological understanding of leadership.
situational leadership
Identity involves struggle, is social, and is never fixed.
true
Tall, handsome, white, and privileged, Robert was also, from a young age, very intelligent. His mother told him he almost had "all the right stuff," but needed to work on becoming more extroverted and social. His teachers thought that he needed to bolster his self-confidence and, occasionally, learn how to explain concepts more simply so that his classmates wouldn't perceive that there was too much of a difference between him and them. What assumptions about leadership did these adults most likely have?
All powerful leaders possess certain qualities or traits that make them successful; to be successful, Robert needed to emulate them.
One way to alleviate power issues at work is to move from a superior-subordinate relationship to a flatter organizational structure in which work teams consist of individuals who each have a role in the decision-making process.
False
The existence of a consensus amongst different groups means that power is not being exercised.
False
Which of the following scenarios is an example of culture jamming?
In a picture circulated on the Internet, a graphic designer replaces the sign of a local store. Instead of "Wal-Mart," the sign now reads "China Direct" in Wal-Mart's familiar font and colors.
There is often a correlation between the management of time and sense of agency. Based on what you know about a worker's sense of agency and the management of time, which of the following rings truest?
The more one's work is dictated by clock time, the less sense of agency one experiences.
Companies like Disney and McDonalds that have their own universities that socialize and educate employees are exercising a three-dimensional view of power.
True
For the most part, organizations do not exercise power coercively but engage in unobtrusive control.
True
Organizational scholars studying organizational culture pay a lot of attention to cultural expressions; purists tend to see culture expressions as the means by which culture is made, whereas pragmatists tend to see cultural expressions as outward evidence of an objective and quantifiable culture.
True
Requiring employees to check and answer emails outside their regular work time is an example of "presence bleed."
True
The work of Karl Marx is a common thread that runs through all the variations of the critical approach.
True
Web sites and other social media provide a vehicle for employee resistance and dissent outside of the formal purview of their employers.
True
Nancy was awarded a 'day off' voucher for having a strong sales quarter at Alebac Sports. She decides to go skiing in the Pocono Mountains for the day. She takes pictures and uploaded them to the company's Instagram page. Nancy's day off represents ______.
a company marketing opportunity and value creation
Self-organizing systems are characterized by change that is enacted in accordance with core principles that guide system behavior and ______ due to a large influx of new information.
a lack of equilibrium
If we want to reduce equivocality when we communicate, we choose ______.
a richer media that can handle multiple cues and establish a focus on the person
In the second half of the 19th century, branding was ______.
a way to expand the market by creating in people new needs and desires
In a postmodern work structure, we (have the idea, at least) that selves can be ______
achieved
When workers think of themselves as "family members," "teammates," or "associates" rather than "employees," we can say that the corporation has successfully persuaded workers to ______.
adopt managerial discourse into their everyday narratives of self-identity
Which of the following best describes feminism?
an approach to understanding, explaining, and critiquing the relationship between gender and power
Companies engaged in platform capitalism ______.
are able to build their brand using internal resources
Kylie works part time for Taylor and Lord Fashions. They started blogging about fashion and posting their daily wardrobe on Instagram. After a few successful posts, someone from Corporate Marketing called and offered Kylie a small clothing allowance if they continued to post photos of themselves in the Taylor and Lord wardrobe. Within a year, Kylie had 5K followers on their fashion page. They were given an end-of-year bonus but was still part time. Kylie continued to work and maintained their social media presences with the hopes of being hired full time and being offered an increase clothing allowance. Kylie was engaging in ____.
aspirational labor
Which of the following of Blake and Mouton's managerial styles shows high concern for production, yet low concern for people?
authority compliance
The ability to work freely and have control over what you produce has been largely impacted by information and communication technologies (ITCs) in that the technology, in a sense, offers even greater control and flexibility. This ______ is ironic because professionals who value their freedom curb their independence in favor of an overarching commitment to the workplace.
autonomy paradox
It is important to understand branding primarily in order to ______.
be more reflective about our relationship to a world of images, symbols, and meanings mediated by corporate interests
Allowing employees to have freedom of expression and lifestyle attitudes is the concept of ______.
biocracy
As one form of organizational control proved to be inadequate in terms of combatting the demand for employee autonomy in the workplace, other forms of control were created. The form that is most holistic in that it considers the life of the employee is _____.
biocratic
White-skinned immigrants from Ireland and Italy were once considered ______.
black
The "Campaign for Real Beauty" (Dove soap) is an example of a ___________ with political issues.
brand engagement
______ is the process of leveraging the meanings and emotions associated with a particular company to a variety of different products that don't necessarily have any relationship with each other.
brand extension
In our postmodern, consumption-based economy, people can be marketed in particular ways. We might, then, say that people, like products, can be _____.
branded
Leonard has a staff of 30 millennials who engaged in volunteerism, are active social media users, and work best with a flexible schedule. Leonard decided to allow employees to set their own schedules and honors the employee of the month by making a donation to a charity of their choice. Employees appreciate the fact that their boss seemingly has shaped corporate values around the values of the staff. This is an example of ______.
branding from the outside in
In Fran's company, if a project is expected to take longer than three weeks to complete, a project plan detailing the objectives, plan of action, and timeline must be written and approved. This practice represents most closely a form of _______ control.
bureaucratic
Which of the following terms best described the argument that organizations ultimately hurt their bottom line if they are not drawing upon the full set of skills offered them by the working population?
business case for diversity
According to Weber's perspective, industry leaders such as John D. Rockefeller and Steve Jobs exhibited which type of authority?
charismatic
Nintendogs is a Nintendo game in which you take care of, train, and bond with an adorable (virtual) puppy. The availability of everything, including virtual puppy ownership, to be bought and sold is a property of capitalism called _______.
commodification
The debate between those who argued that power was equally distributed throughout society and those who argued that power was concentrated in the hands of the privileged became known as the ______.
community power debate
Globalization has led to the growth of places like McDonald's, Starbucks, and Gap. Organizational scholars may call these corporations ______.
consumer-culture landmarks
The short-term thinking and constant change that characterizes modern capitalism means that corporations are constantly expanding and contracting, making employees much more expendable (rather than highly valuable resources with whom deep relationships of loyalty and trust are built). Which of the following terms best describes this new work arrangement's impact on workers and organizations?
corrosion of character
Jake identifies as a gay male, however when he is at work he engages in water cooler talk about sports, provides little information about himself, and avoids conversations that may reveal personal information. Jake is deploying which of the strategies that gay professionals use when negotiating their workplace identity?
counterfeiting
Sue is an inspector on an assembly line at a cupcake plant, tasked to reject defective packaging. She embraces the opportunity to ensure that the company's product meets its high standards, rejecting packaging for any imperfection she notices. She soon punished by the management for rejecting too many. Realizing that she is not going to be single-handedly able to increase the standards of her company's product, she randomly starts two cupcakes a minute instead of carefully analyzing the ones that pass. Which principle of meaningful work did management violate when they punished her for, essentially, doing a good job?
creates opportunities for influence
Which of the following is an example of "murketing"?
creating a fake documentary in which characters use the prodcut
In the book Let My People Go Surfing, CEO of the adventure equipment company Patagonia Yvon Chouinard (2005) writes that the company takes a very slow approach to hiring because they want to ensure that any new organizational members embody the same philosophical beliefs of the organization. By taking their time to hire people who "truly believe" in the philosophy of the company, Patagonia reduces turnover and internal conflict. Which of the following functions of pragmatist approaches to culture best describe their hiring policy/practice?
creating a shared identity among organizational members
The ability to question common sense assumptions about the world is done through the development of ______.
critical communication capacities
A ______ on leadership is less interested in heroic leaders than the way in which leadership is distributed throughout the organization.
critical perspective
The term used to describe a great deal of neo-Marxist theory and research based on the ideas of the Frankfurt School is ________.
critical theory
The Audubon Society of Minneapolis launched a new chapter. After five years, the chapter had grown to over 200 members, each of whom had thousands of photos of regional birds. One of the requirements for local chapters of the National Audubon Society is for those chapters to digitally archive images of regional birds. The Minneapolis chapter called upon its members (as well as members from other chapters) to label photos of birds, write a brief narrative, and upload the information to the website. The Audubon Society of Minneapolis engaged in what form of knowledge management to accomplish this task?
crowdsourcing
Terms such as Disneyfication and Coca-colonization are used to point out ______, the predominately one-way flow of cultural products from the West to other nations.
cultural imperialism
______ is the process of globalization in which money, information, and people flow around the world without regard for national boundaries
deterritorialization
The technology we utilize in the workplace can be viewed as ______ because they make what we do visible to those within the organization.
disclosure devices
______ selves are those who engage in communicative performances aimed at enabling them to survive and prosper in the workplace.
dramaturgical
The idea that the nature of society is casually determined by its economic foundation is called ________.
economic determinism
Neoliberalism began as a/an _____ and evolved into a taken for granted way of thinking about life
economic philosohy
______ allows organizations to capitalize on unpaid labor like blogging and discussion boards.
economic valorization
Which of the following describes an approach to sexuality through which workers might use their sexuality to resist organizational control?
emancipatory sexuality
The management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display is ______ labor.
emotional
When Mary Kay consultants earn pink Cadillacs for reaching certain sales goals, they go through a rite of ______.
enhancement
In the book Raising the Bar, Clif Bar CEO Gary Erickson spends a great deal of time writing about his company's mission to make the best energy bars, as well as the extensive human relations orientation of his company: as a company, they go on bike rides, sponsor athletic teams, have breakfasts every Thursday morning, and play a lot. What element of "meaningful work" best describes these non-work elements of "working" at Clif Bar?
enhances belonging or relationships
Two presidential candidates decided to take different approaches to "getting out the vote." One political campaign went the social media route, Tweeting, Facebooking, and mobilizing voters online. The other political campaign went the face-to-face route, knocking on doors and holding rallies. On election day, both campaigns were surprised to see that each had mobilized a great number of voters- voter turnout was unprecedented for both candidates. This best illustrates ______.
equifinality
#MeToo and #TimesUp! are symbols of power and allow women to control who exercises power over them.
false
An "alienated follower" tends to adapt themselves to the prevailing conditions of the organization, without claiming any real opinions or stakes in how things unfold.
false
As the knowledge industry around leadership grows bigger and bigger, managers still place more emphasis on a leader's experience and interpersonal charisma than on the data produced about that person.
false
Because open systems are more open to the environment than closed systems, they are more likely to experience entropy than closed systems.
false
When we look at binary differences there are two equal elements.
false
Workers' attempts to get better pay and safer working conditions helped to strengthen capitalism in the United States.
false
You cannot be both a leader and a good follower at the same time.
false
Geographical ____ allows companies to cut cost by moving manufacturing to where labor is cheapest.
flexibility
The effect of attaching literally any meaning or quality to any object, product, company, or person is called the ______.
floating signifier
Mountain Dew ads imply that drinking Mountain Dew will open up a world of excitement where you can do ("dew") anything. The constructed meaning associated with this brand is an example of the ______.
floating signifier effect
A ______ is an area that is designated to eliminate traditional trade barriers, but is often a place in which wages are low, work and environmental regulations are minimal, and conditions for workers are poor.
free trade zone
The idea that certain jobs are "feminine" and others are "masculine" indicates that jobs are ______.
gendered
_____ is the political, economic, and cultural process that involves the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole, and an increased interdependence between nation states and cultures.
globalization
The impact of globalization has been categorized as both positive and negative. One of the most significant criticisms of globalization can best be summed up as ______.
globalization destroys unique, indigenous cultures and in essence, erases differences
In 1999, tens of thousands of people from across the United States (and from around the world) came together in Seattle, Washington, for an anti-globalization protest at a World Trade Organization conference. Organized primarily through the internet, this protest was an example of ______.
globalization from below
"New leadership" focuses primarily on a view of leadership as a(n) ______.
greater emphasis on followership, where the role of the follower in leadership is thoroughly examined
G & G Market encourages employees who are musicians and artists to perform at work and encourages other creative expressions. G & G Market ______.
has integrated individual idiosyncrasies of creative people into the corporate context
A group maintains ______ when it is able to cre3ate a worldview that other people and groups actively support, even though that worldview may not be in their interests.
hegemony
______ is the term used to describe the implicit assumption that heterosexuality is the ideal or standard against which other forms of sexuality are measured.
heteronormativity
Disney employees are required to manage their feelings in order to help create an experience of the "happiest place on earth." However, below Disney World's Magic Kingdom is a system of tunnels for use by employees. In this "off-stage" area, you might run across a ride attendant grumbling about the heat or Snow White taking a smoke break. In other words, this area often functions as a place for ______.
hidden transcripts of resistance
_____ reproduction is a phrase used to describe the ways in which men tend to hire people who look, speak, and think like them.
homosocial
__________ describes the phenomenon when workers frequently make lateral job-changes.
horizontal hypermobility
A ______ environment is created when conduct directed at a personal because of their sex or sexuality interferes with the person's ability to perform his or her job.
hostile
The mechanics at Quick Oil were used to doing oil changes manually. The company introduced a new technology to help to expedite oil changes. Newer employees who were trained on the technology found that it made their job more efficient. Veteran employees who were tasked with relying on their past experience as mechanics and learning how to use the technology on the job found it cumbersome and found themselves relying on the trained employees for guidance. This is an example of ______.
how communication shapes meaning and the actions of users
Lee's father worked for MOT Insurance for over two decades as a claims adjuster. Lee worked for the same insurance company, however in the span of two years, Lee was moved from a claims adjuster, to dispatcher, and then laid off. A few weeks later Lee was rehired as a contractor. Lee experienced ________.
identity insecurity
In order for employees to work in the best interest of an organization, they must be acclimated to the system of beliefs and values. This socialization is a form of ______ control.
ideological
The existence of "culture boot camps" or intensive "cultural training" programs at workplaces attempt to ensure that a workplace has a single, unitary culture. Which form(s) of control are we most likely to see in this approach to organizing?
ideological
______ functions as an interpretive lens through which people come to understand what exists, what is good, and what is possible.
ideology
_________ is a system of attitudes, beliefs, ideas, perceptions, and values that structure reality.
ideology
Some argue that increasing taxation on the nation's wealthiest would harm job creation and therefore harm the nation. This argument is an example of which aspect of idealogy?
ideology represents particular group interests as universal
Weick says that "organizing is like jazz" because organizing, like jazz, requires both a structure and _____.
improvisation
Books like Silent Spring, Working for Ford, and Unsafe at Any Speed highlighted the fact that corporations were often ______.
inhumane and damaging to the environment
A small non-profit educational enrichment program encourages dating among its staff. The hours are long and the work is exhausting - many of the senior staff (with non-colleague partners) have relationship troubles during the busy summer season because their partners "just don't understand." If the staff dates, the senior staff assumes, they'll be happier at work and will experience less work-related relationship conflict. Which of the following best describes the senior staff's views?
instrumental sexuality
Masculinity is worthy of our consideration as organizational scholars because ______.
it has significant implications on how we view men, women, and their relationships
A ______ is not a database but a compilation of information from experts, lessons learned, and best practices that can be shared and used to make improvements within an organization.
knowledge repository
Which of the following best represents the perspective of leadership from a critical communication perspective?
leadership is co-produced among organizational members.
Tyler, Jordan, and Madison enjoy playing games on their cell phones when they're at work. Their boss recently enacted a "no phones" policy. The three employees switched to using their desktop computers. They toggle between screens so they can hide the fact they're now playing games on their computers. The employees are engaging in a form of resistance called _____.
loafing
division of labor
maximizing output by having each worker complete a single repetitive task
Which of Jablin's stages of socialization best describes the stage in which workers adjusts her expectations, resolves organizational conflicts, and develops her own individual job role?
metamorphosis
When someone (B) is prevented from bringing up for public consideration issues that may work against the preferences of someone else (A), this is called _____.
mobilization of bias
Drake is a blue-collar worker who has his weekends off and is only required to do overtime during the holiday season. Drake most likely experiences ______.
more leisure time than a highly paid CEO
Stories about low-level employees saving corporations, standing up to CEOs, or displaying exemplary service or dedication are often examples of ______.
narrative leadership
For 10 years, Leslie worked for Narf Shoes, a family-owned startup company. As a new hire, Leslie thought the corporate values were in line with their personal philosophy of giving back to the community. Narf was bought out by a large shoe retailer, and for years, the organizational mission was in flux. After surviving two rounds of layoffs, Leslie began to reconsider working for the company. Leslie quit their job, became a Lyft driver, listed their home with Airbnb, and volunteered at the local foodbank twice a week. This scenario is a characteristic of employees who ________.
no longer find work meaningful
Which of the following can best help us to understand why some white-skinned ethnic groups were categorized as "non-white?"
noticing inherent biological distinctions is what helps us distinguish among racial groups
Algorithms and data analytics may not always be an ______ tool to use because of technological biases.
objective
When one person or group is able to influence directly (and measurably) the behavior of another person or group, they are exercising _____________________ power.
one-dimensional
Tomi best describes his job as a "content designer;" he works on a freelance basis for companies around the world who need to outsource writing to someone who can write persuasive advertising content for their websites. As such, Tomi works from home and his work-life is constantly shifting. Tomi loves what he does but struggles with the precarity of his work. In the last three months, he has joined a church, a community organization, and has become involved in local politics. He is considering moving closer to his family. What might we say that Tomi is searching for?
ontological security
Human resources directors may use ______ in order to make the best decisions about new hires and promotions.
people analytics
The relationship between gender and ______ shapes everyday work and professional contexts.
power
______ is not a thing that someone can possess, but rather is exercised through a dynamic process in which relations of interdependence exist between actors in organizational settings.
power
In post-Fordist organizations, realms of employees' lives formerly deemed ______, such as emotions, can come under corporate control.
private
______________ is the practice in which manufacturers of goods pay for their products to be featured in movies and television programs.
product placement
People who are involved in brand management and branding strategies are called _______.
prosumers
Once used as a derogatory term to describe gay people, the word ________ now helps us understand how normalization marginalizes people.
queer
_____ is used to describe the condition in which traditional stability-maintaining structures of class, family, and industrial forms have waned, and, as a result, people experience greater pressure to create their own sense of stability
reflective modernity
When parodies of commercial advertising messages send a counter message to what is originally intended by the corporate advertiser this ______.
rejects the traditionally accepted form of marketing as a one-way information flow
Kelly and her 30-something friends occasionally use the phrase, "That's so college." Typically, they use this phrase to refer to something that only occurred during their four years at university: partying late into the evening, cramming all night for exams, stressing about grade point averages, and painting their faces and screaming obnoxiously at every home football game. Which of the following symbolic forms best refers to their sense that these things are "so college" and not a regular part of the culture of their post-college adult lives?
relevant constructs
For years, John witnessed employees assembling auto parts with the wrong screws (the screws were a surplus that the company did not want to waste). He contemplated telling someone but was afraid of being labeled a whistle-blower. After an incident on the assembly line, John realized he needed to say something. Two middle-level managers were demoted, the company implemented new policies to address the assembly problem, and the company issued a national recall to replace the screws. John's actions were a form of ______.
resistance leadership
______ is a critical approach to leadership studies that disconnects leadership from management and looks, instead, at the ways in which leadership is a political act that contributes to the wellbeing of a community.
resistance leadership
Stone enjoys working for Anderson and Associates, a tech firm in the Midwest, however, his new manager has imposed a number of rules that Stone (and other employees) don't agree with, including a new dress code and a decrease in hours that employees can work from home. Stone often sits in his office and works on freelance graphic design projects, giving the appearance that he is doing work for Anderson and Associates clients. Which of the following 'selves' does Stone exhibit at work?
resistant
D'Shawn recently read a new book on leadership studies and now believes that the idea of leadership rests almost entirely on followers; her influence only really comes from the extent to which organizational members interact with one another and "construct" her as the leader. Which approach to leadership studies did the author most likely take?
romance leadership
At a staff retreat, Ingrid tells a story about employees being fired for misuse of company technology and makes specific reference to former employees who used company computers to process orders for their online business. Ingrid's story helps to ______.
shape organizational reality and influence the action of members
Early theories of management and organizational communication are connected to the ______ tension society was experiencing in the 20th century.
social and political
Which of the following best exemplifies the meaning of the phrase, "differences that make a difference?"
some differences are structured into society as important, while others are overlooked and thought unimportant
One of the challenges of populating a knowledge repository lies in the fact that ______.
some workers may not fully disclose the knowledge as it may lead to additional work
Investors, suppliers, and consumers are all considered ______.
stakeholders
Studying whiteness enables us to see the ways in which it is the often unspoken ______ of organizational life.
standard
"The personal is political" is a second-wave rallying cry that ______.
stresses the idea that "private" issues like domestic violence, women's health care, and reproductive rights have far-reaching implications on women's societal roles
______ can be either positive or negative depending on the meaning of the individual-organization relationship.
surveillance
In the United States, women might choose to opt out of their company's parental-leave program because they fear that their colleagues might believe ______.
they are less serious about their careers if they choose to take the leave
Those individuals that are a part of the gig economy use platforms because ______.
they build their own presence associated with the platform to make money
Female workers (and the work they do) are often viewed as invisible because ______.
they work in private homes and their roles are often hidden as a result of a negative ideology thrust upon those who utilize female workers
Lori works in a busy advertising firm that places a high value on "going the extra mile." Like her coworkers, Lori chooses to take work home with her and do whatever is needed to get the job done. Which model of power best describes this situation?
three-dimensional model (Bachrach and Baratz)
Many no-collar workers experience ______, the sense that they never have enough time.
time famine
While strong brands connect with stakeholders and send messages of optimism and freedom of choice, the ultimate purpose of branding is ______.
to make profits
______ is an approach to leadership that distinguishes between managers and leaders - leaders promote shared meanings about the organization and how it will develop while managers concern themselves primarily with the here and now of the organization.
transformational leadership
"Creative class" workers are frequently more interested in the quality of the places they live instead of specific jobs.
true
"Light modernity" is an era of disengagement and elusiveness, where people are able to move around without notice.
true
"Meaningful work" doesn't refer to a job, necessarily, but instead refers to a set of social norms.
true
A benefit of the bottom of the pyramid program is that people from underdeveloped nations are viewed as resilient entrepreneurs because they are active participants in developing new enterprises.
true
According to Deetz, organizations are sites of multiple competing stakeholder interests, including those of consumers, suppliers, and host community, all of which must be coordinated.
true
Advertising for household products today uses the same general formula developed nearly 100 years ago.
true
Branding is a primarily communicative process that involves the efforts of corporations to shape human identity and influence the cultural and social landscape in order to sell consumer products.
true
Cities such as New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, Zurich, and Sao Paulo have become the primary players in the global economy, eclipsing nation-states as the new dominant financial centers that coordinate the flow of money and knowledge.
true
Companies developed a brand formula that highlighted what the advertising industry referred to as the unique selling proposition of a product.
true
Consumers are active participants in the meaning creation process of brands.
true
Edward Bernays (founder of public relations) was responsible for a campaign that connected smoking with democracy and freedom.
true
Employees that take work home believe that it is only fair that the work environment reflect the same reciprocity in terms allowing employees to bring their home life to the workplace.
true
In order for a feminist organization to truly advocate for women for the long-term, the organization must adapt to changes in the environment and interact with other organizations.
true
Leadership is more symbolic action than prescribed behavior.
true
Neoliberalism is associated with inequality.
true
Organizations try to exploit human sexuality or harness it as a commodity.
true
Our sense that work is connected to our identity and living a meaningful life emerged with the onset of industrialization.
true
Social, economic, and labor upheaval around the end of the 19th century caused a broad-scale middle-class redefinition of what it meant to "be a man."
true
The narrative of "aging as a time of loss" is typically applied to women.
true
The primary way in which organizations deal with (or need to deal with) race is by thinking about it as an everyday feature of organizational life.
true
Users create meaning around technology, which in turn shapes how we use technologies.
true
Using technology is a political function.
true
While the classic definition of technology encompasses almost any object, the definition most useful when studying organizations focuses on the use of devices that mediate and construct relationships between the user and the world.
true
Followership research grew out of the need to ______.
undermine the continued dominance of the leader in the media and popular culture
Which of the following best describes tokenism in a corporate setting?
viewing someone as contrasting significantly with the dominant culture
In our postmodern economy, _______ work can be dull, alienating, unpredictable, and lacking in job security.
white collar
