Organizational management exam 2
hygiene factors
part of the context in which the job is performed
Which statement regarding research on emotional contagion is true?
Emotions are especially salient in teams and thus teams can exhibit emotional contagion just as individuals can
Types of emotional labor
Employee personality Genuine Acting (Get to your genuine acting it really is you and who you are) Deep Acting (Deeper acting) Surface Acting (Surface level acting)
Though goal setting is usually viewed as a positive process, there can be downsides if
Employees can't adapt their behaviors in response to unplanned threats.
Job Enrichment
Enlarge the work, but now you can choose how you do it (You can do it your own way = can be more motivating.)
Expect to maintain equitable relationships . . . .
Experience distress when they feel they are over- or under-rewarded
Reading Emotions
Face can express emotions that are scientifically proven
self-actualization
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
MPS (motivating potential score)
((Skill Variety + Task Identify + Task Significance)) X Autonomy X Feedback
Extrinsic motivation - comes from something else. Not within
1. A job that has high status and prestige 2. A job that provides you with a chance to earn a good deal of money 3. A job where the chances for advancement and promotion are good.
Intrinsic Motivation - Comes within.
1. A job that is interesting to do 2. A Job where you can learn new things, learn new skills 3. A job that uses your skills and abilities - lets you do the things you can do best
Motivating factors include:
1. Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Interesting work 4. Increased responsibility 5. Advancement and Growth
6 emotions of Affective events theory
1. Anger 2. Fear 3. Joy 4. Suprise 5. Love 6. Sadness
Hygiene factors include:
1. Company policy 2. Supervision and relationships 3. Working conditions 4. Salary 5. Security
Erg Theory groups Maslow's basic human needs into three categories:
1. Existence corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety needs 2. Relatedness corresponds to social needs 3. Growth refers to esteem and self-actualization
Equity sensitive individuals:
1. Expect to maintain equitable relationships 2. Experience distress when they feel they are over- or under-rewarded
When are goals more effective?
1. Feedback 2. Ability 3. Goal Commitment.
Downsides to goal setting
1. Learning Decreases. 2. Adaptability declines. 3. Single mindedness develops. 4. Ethical Problems increase.
Downsides to goal setting?
1. Learning decreases (what if you are not capable) 2. Adaptability declines 3. Single-mindedness develops (You could only be focusing on that one goal) 4. Ethical problems increase (Big goals with a lot of money at stake create unethical issues)
Why do SMART GOALS MOTIVATE?
1. Make you think outside the box 2. Give direction 3. Provide challenge 4. Energize
The leads to Psychological States
1. Meaningfulness 2. Responsibility 3. Knowledge of results
Types of Emotion:
1. Positive Emotions 2. Negative Emotions
Causes of Stress
1. Role Demands and overload 2. Work/family conflict 3. Financial Stressors, unemployment, and job insecurity 4. Uncertainty 5. Anticipatory stress and rumination
Mcclelland's Acquired-Needs Theory (Individuals acquire three types of needs as a result of their life experiences:)
1. The need of achievement - want to be successful 2. The need for affiliation - want to be liked and accepted by others 3. The need for power - Want to influence others and control their environment
Type A personality
A schedule-type person. Going on vacation — you have to have a schedule. When shit doesn't go as scheduled they get really stressed.
Emotion
A short, intense feeling resulting from some event. (These can lead to attitudes and behaviors.)
General Adaption Syndrome stages:
Alarm stage: Fight or flight" Resistance Stage: The body tries to adapt to the stress. Exhaustion: The body starts to shut down. (Like burning out). This could lead to death.
What is the best example of anticipatory stress?
Anna's coworker was just let go due to downsizing. Anna worries about whether she will get to keep her job.
Stress is caused by the interaction between demands and resources, or by the mismatch between the amount and type of resources and demands
BIG FAX
psychological needs
Breathing, food, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion.
Type B Personality
Calm and go with the flow.
If hygiene factors are not present →
Dissatisfaction
Reaction to Unfairness
Distort perceptions Increase referent's inputs Reduce own input Increase own outcomes Change referent Leave the situation Seek legal action
Valence
Do I find the outcomes desirable?
love and belonging
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy, sense of connection
Stress is related to which work outcome?
Higher turnover, worse job attitudes, decreased performance.
Hindrance stressors
Jeff Besos: most stress for him was his calender. You had a flat tire on the way to work.
Marta works on an auto assembly line. Last year she was responsible for welding the upper panel of the wheel well onto the left rear wheel area. This year, she is also responsible for welding all parts of the entire left rear wheel area and checking for q
Job Enlargement.
Performance =
Motivation X Ability X Environment (Someone could not be performing to their potential if one of these is bad.)
If motivators are not present →
No satisfaction
Extrinsic motivation
Performing an activity because it is related to desirable outcomes such as financial rewards, status, or approval from others.
emotional contagion
Positive Emotions Negative Emotions
Positive reinforcement
Positive behavior followed by positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive behavior followed by the removal of negative reinforcement.
Intrinsic motivation
Pursuing an activity because it is inherently enjoyable and absent of apparent rewards.
Emotional Labor
Regulation of feelings and expressions for organizational purposes.
Emotional Intelligence
Relationship management Social awareness Self-management (regulation of emotions) Self-awareness (starts here)
Emotion
Research on emotions sometimes uses faces to determine how well individuals can detect distinct emotions.
Which statement regarding goal setting and ethics is true?
Research shows that goal setting sometimes leads to unethical behaviors for financial gain.
Core Job Characteristics
Skill variety - I am good at math. I get to use math in this job. Task Identity - You own the responsibility of the task from start to finish Task significance - Does the work that you do have meaning to people? Autonomy - Someone watching over them at all times. Micromanaging scenario. Not very motivating. Feedback - Making sure you are doing good.
Which employee is most likely to report experiencing felt empowerment at work?
Sam uses his judgment to approve the customer's refund.
If motivators are present→
Satisfaction
Safety and security
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization Self-esteem Love and Belonging Safety and security Physiological needs
Jason knows that he is flexible, enjoys challenging goals, and is concerned about the security of his job. Jason demonstrates which building block of the emotional intelligence concept?
Self-awareness
self-esteem
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
SMART GOALS
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-bound
Kathy dislikes her coworker, yet every morning she stops to pleasantly chat for a few moments on the way to her desk. Kathy is using what emotional labor strategy?
Surface Acting
Stress
The body's reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental, or emotional adjustment or response.
Skill variety refers to . . . .
The extent to which the job requires a person to utilize multiple high- level skills.
Demand-Control Model
The highest level of stress occurs when job demands are high and job control is low. Indicated by the feeling of helplessness. You will eventually learn to become helpless if this continues.
job rotation
They gain a new skill and are less bored
Growth needs strength
They place emphasis on Job Characteristics and Psychological States.
What is an advantage of job specialization?
Training costs are higher, but because of the specialized nature of tasks, they are learned more fully.
Marc is a student at Texas Christian University. He is the first to arrive at each of his classes and is very upset with the professor if class does not begin exactly on time. He studies late every night and will argue with his professor for every pos
Type A
Affective events theory
We can all experience the same event, but we feel it differently.
negative emotions
We do not like being around negative emotions, they spread like covid.
General Adaption Syndrome
We get a jolt of cortisol in our body. Too much Stress also causes you to forget.
Positive Emotions
We like being around positive emotions, because they are contagious.
Job Enlargement
When you are given more stuff, but based on your same thing you were doing before.
Goal Setting Theory
When you set challenging goals for your employees they will increase performance by 25% to 35%. Or 10% to 25%
Expectancy
Will my effort lead to high performance?
Instrumentality
Will performance lead to outcomes?
Starts at self-awareness, then moves up to self management (How do we control our emotions. Self control.) Social awareness is where we can start to detect emotions in others. Relationship management is when you can begin to help your employees through whatever emotional struggles.
YOU GAH DAMN RIGHT
Anxiety is the one word(bullseye) to describe of Neuroticism.
YUP
Job Crafting
You can write your own job description without having to be asked.
Challenge Stressors
actual challenges of the job
pessimistic personality
always expecting the worst you are negative
Motivators
are intrinsic to the job
Inputs
are the contributions people feel they are making to the environment
Expectancy Theory
argues that motivation is determined by a rational calculation in which individuals evaluate their situation.
Environmental
factors include the resources, information, and support one needs to perform well
It is empowering to you to not have to ask for permission
fax
Ability
having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job
"Frustration-regression"
hypothesis suggests that individuals who are frustrated trying to satisfy one need may regress to another
If Hygiene factors are present→
no dissatisfaction
Cognitive dissonance
refers to the struggle we have with surface level acting. Our actions are saying one thing, but our emotions are saying something else.
neurotic personality
stressful and anxious
Motivations
the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior
Learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
structural power
to decide how things shall be done, the power to shape frameworks within which. states relate to each other, relate to people, or relate to corporate enterprises
Fairness
when the input to outcome ratio is similar to the input to outcome ratio of a comparison person (Referent other)