Original Exam 2 CLAR120 study guide

The Old Capital: Aigai (mid-6 th - 2 nd cent. BC) Macedonian Royal palace and theater (second half 4th cent. BC) - Constructed in 2nd half of the 4th century BCE as one complex - Strategic deployment of greek culture Initially founded by the founder of the macedonian dynasty to which philip II and alexander the great belonged Larger eastern cemetery (c. 10th - 7th, 4th - 2nd cent. BCE) • Royal necropolis of tumuli (350-300 BC)

Aigai

Eastern Emporion The oldest known greek colony, the first documented archaeologically ~800 BCE To the north of Phoenicia "The port" in arabic, modern name: ancient is unknown Moth of orontes river, facilitated water trade into syria Meant to facilitate trade with phoenicians, main goal is to access metal - Access to tin and other metal ore is very important Imported greek pottery, material moving through al-mina and sent via ship to Greece Emporion

Al-Mina

Alexander Mosaic (c. 100 BCE, Pompeii), perhaps copy of painting by Apelles 354-323 BCE Raised/trained from very early to lead and to be the heir - There are a great number of stories surrounding his youth - Taming of bucephalus at 12/13 - - Intended to show his capacity to lead/handle people from a young age PII's son Fighting against the persian king Darius the III Campaigns of alexander - Managed to do a lot in a short timespan - Moved east in a matter of months in some cases - Made it to india, but on the journey back, died in 323 - Notable for a pushing eastward of greek language and culture Conquers entirety of Greece and the achaemenid persians, resulting in the largest empire Started in asia minor and moved eastward Seems to have imagined an intermingling of greek, macedonian, and local (area he was conquering) culture - Not popular w/ his generals and his army, so he had to reassure them he was still macedonian Buried in the city of Alexandria

Alexander III (the Great) (354-323 BCE)

Ptolemaic egypt Founded by alexander by the nile delta - Becomes the capital of the Ptolemeic empire, retains power until the end of the Hellenistic afte cleopatra's VII death in 30 BCE - From this city the entirety of the delta, as well as upper and lower egypt, was controlled - Quickly surpassed athens as cultural center, though most of the city is currently submerged under water Very highly planned: rigid plan wit orthogonal streets and regular building district Partitioned by area Palace, residential, workshop zones

Alexandria

Largest library in the world at the time 40000-100000 papyrus scrolls acquitted by the campaigns - Aggressive collecting expeditions to find text for the library Cultural institutions, recruiting scholars and tried to make as many copies of greek texts as possible - Scholars operated as scribes and critics of art This is what made the city the capital of learning and knowledge during the hellenistic

Alexandria: Library

Resurgent pottery in archaic period Displaced Corinth as center of greek pottery production between 5th-6th century BCE Highly developed and specialized craft industry traded all over the mediterranean, especially from Etruscan tombs 2 types: black and red-figure Attic Black figure is older, focused on religious scenes 600-525 BCE - Tends to feature only one or two non-overlapping figures - Let natural clay color show, finely worked incision Red figure focuses both on mythology and daily life, popular around 525 tp 4th century BCE - Opposite procedure: color of the vase creates figure - Painter uses black paint to insert details: more painterly style - Attic red figure has different subjects Social function of these vessels: Used at symposium—banquet that were part of political life of the city • Attended by elite men, part of aristocratic society and governance of the city also used as grave goods

Archaic pottery production in Athens

Lefkandi phase 2 grave goods - used until 825 BCE - grave goods are more modest - used for 200 more years after heroon. individuals interred here likely connected to it Hydria w/ figural decoraton, middle protogeometric - the arrow scene euboean skyphos from lefkandi Toumba, late protogeometric

(answer is not protogeometric)

Also just below the parthenon Civic center to the parthenon's cultic center Many new buildings built here in classical period Visual testimony to its power and influence after the persian wars Open area w/ shops and public spaces Meeting spaces to host democracy Religious buildings as well - they are not separate Open area for market stalls and economic activities Stoas for shops, public offices, and meeting space Athens now had a full series of monumental civic buildings

Athenian Agora

Archaic period; 5th c BCE After the Persian Wars, Greek city states banded together to form the Delian League, with Athens as the de facto leader. - Mutual protection society: if any one member is attacked, all members will respond - A response to anxieties about a third persian invasion, which never took place - New idea of inter-state cooperation - Over time, becomes increasingly unequal as the city of Athens becomes a clearly over-empowered leader - by the mid 5th, Athens are the leaders of the delian league and it becomes a tool of athenian imperialism The League's headquarters and treasury is on Delos, an island in the Aegean, but in 454 BCE the treasury is moved to Athens. Athens uses this money to build up the acropolis Sparta was not aligned with athens after the persian war In the aftermath of the war, when Athens created the Delian league, the spartans understood the danger present Sparta tries to assemble their own league: their sphere of influence is on the peloponnese and to the north Peloponnesian league

Athenian Empire

Athens beholden to attalid empire, state projects depended on the generosity of private citizens Benefits expected to the patron in return Erection of public building, food donation, monetary support, religious conti=ributions Lesser attalid sculptural group Statues of defeated gauls Stoas became all-purpose, symbol of euergetism and its projects Monumental way of delineating space, showing power, providing shops to the people of athens

Attalid Euergetism in Athens

480-404 BCE Delain league, location fo two wars Creation of new fortification walls Built all the way down to the fortified harbor of piraeus After persian wars, delian league becomes more of a factor in athenian power Major rebuilding program on acropolis The "Periklean" Building programs - Supported by Perikles - New civic and religious buildings agora - New spaces devoted to arts and theater - - Theater of dionysus - Developments in the athenian cemeteries Because athenian practices are much better understood than other greek city states, it can be hard to compare - However, it is true that Athens was the largest of all the greek cities in history - At its height during the Classical period

Classical Athens

Attention paid to spaces for theater Theater was intrinsically connected to government: sponsor of theatrical performance Democracy was responsible for sponsoring theater, though athenians would also sponsor theatrical competitions Theater becomes a political statement and location of discourse debate and communication Emphasis on locations for theatrical performance

Classical Greek theater

Founder of the achaemenid persian empire

Cyrus the Great

Significant commercial port for the Hellenistic kingdoms Extremely prosperous free port in 166 BCE; destroyed in 1st c. BCE Multicultural center with large Italian population Run by and for merchants, but all major hellenistic kingdoms gave euergetism projects due to its economic power Leto gave birth to apollo and artemis here, so this location served as an important panhellenic sanctuary Severely weakened in terms of population and wealth after pirate attack in 1ist century BCE, never recovered, wsa replaced Large number of royal monuments and dedications, >200 known, though far fewer remain

Delos

2 story court surrounded by colonnades Clubhouse for delos's italian community for them to conduct trade and socialize: spread of roman power Fragments indicated portico and maybe courtyard were decorated with statues of hellenistic style Had baths, which was not typical, especially considering the difficulty of fresh water, intensive plumbing

Delos: Agora of the Italians (mid-2nd c. BCE)

Most located to east of main settlements Syria goddess, 2 to serapis and Isis, samothrace (northern greece), levantine gods, one of the oldest known synagogues, although it is debated whether it was originally a synagogue

Delos: Sanctuaries to Foreign Gods

Intra-urban (inside city) Extra-urban (outside city) Panhellenic (not part of a single community, used by all) - Meeting spaces for many greek city-states and communities - Funded by multiple cities (delphi, olympia, esp in treasuries there) Public religious architecture characteristic of the poleis Temple (houses for cult statue and location of storage) + exterior rectangular stone altar for sacrifice + some kind of entrance way (formal and monumental propylon) Subsidiary buildings called stoas - long covered collonated building for meetings, etc sacred area termed temenos, included the exterior altar (most important), temple, propylon, stoas Could have the same god or goddess represented in two city-states, but they represent different avatars of the same god: they shared traits and attributes, btu because of their different location, they were different avatars Athena in Athens vs in Asia minor Different attributes that belong to her wherever she goes; place-specific characteristics may emphasize one feature or the other, but she doesn't lose any of her characteristics Cults for her might have different practices and rituals Often connections between cults/poleis worshiping the same god, though not as strong as pois sense of community

Developments of polis public religious architecture in the archaic period

From mid 2nd century onward, rome expands its political influence over mediterranean until it takes over all hellenistic cities Major battle: defeat of Antigonid king perseus at Battle of pydna - End of greece history as we known it Attalus III cedes pegamon to rome, allowing them Asia minor Seleucid kingdom under control of Roman general Pompey in 63 BCE Last kingdom to fall: Ptolemaic Egyptian kingdom after Battle of Actium (31 BCE) and defeat of last Ptolemy, Cleopatra VII

End of the Hellenistic

canon of proportions - 1 to 7 part schema contrapposto - subtle weight shift idealized - not engaged w/ viewer Polykleitos

High classical sculpture characteristics

"Dark age" is an exaggeration This was a period of transition - new social systems w/ new characteristics - starts around 1200 BCE, when the collapse of the Hittites, Minoans and Mycenaean palaces leave a power vacuum - Separated into the early iron age and the late iron age - loss of writing, large stone building, and elite crafts; smithing and elite gold objects only exists on a much smaller, less sophisticated scale - Crete: coastal sites to fortified mountain sites, but growth of quantity and intensity of settlement - mainland settlements are small and independent - breakdown of the mycenaean trading networks - iron emerges as choice metal, collapse of trade = no tin for bronze - new greek dialects - migrations and movements of people

Iron Age Greece

Much longer than that of greece 1100-330 BCE Anatolia, levant, and their key political and cultural groups (philistines, Israelites, Phoenicians, Neo-assyrians, Hebrews, Neo-babylonians, Achaemenid persians etc)

Iron age W. Asia

10th century BCE, Israel, founder was David or Solomon - known as the center of power and prestige - first Jewish temple is built in Jerusalem by Solomon, but destroyed in the 6th by Neo-babylonians Threatened by assyrian empire, etc 2nd temple built in jerusalem (wailing wall) after sacking of babylon, establishing the second temple period, which stands under 7th BCE Both a community and political capital, centered around the temple, very much like the other near-eastern cities where political power is anchored to religious power Relatively small, surrounded by fortification wall, zones of domestic residence, crafting, etc, but due to 1000s of years of later occupation, this is not well understood

Jerusalem

Capital founded by Assurnasirpal II after syria/palestine, acted as capital from 879 to 706 BCE in n. mesopotamia on the East bank of the Tigris Rectangular city plan interior citadel, northwest palace Not the largest city, but one of the larger Later kings would use this as their capital, but found their own cities with palatial structures Much like egyptian cases, kings bring courtiers with them large territories w/ central citadels populated by military and religious/political personnel from other zones and cities with now diminished importance, but the old cities are not depopulated On an elevated plateau (natural) Regular city plan - outer wall runs around outer part of the establishment, rectangular city plan (unusual for time and place) Interior citadel, with another wall (yellow) Always located along the city wall - never located in the physical center of the city Palaces and temples together Temples have ziggurats - very similar to the older forms, stepped platforms Conservative religious architecture Exist along very large and elaborate palaces Spatially connected religious/political power Cities usually have a main citadel, and a second citadel Fortification: military fortification inside the city (red) Weaponry storerooms, parade ground, materials for siege, etc Military base inside the city, always located opposite of religious/political zone, though still situated by walls Another palace structure nearby for visits from the king Palace decor - extensive and opulent mostly mudbrick, but with some stone

Kalhu/Nimrud

Archaic figural art Large scale marble sculpture of men and women Often found in sanctuaries as dedications to deity or grave markers similar to lg vases Kouros for men, Kore for women Always made of stone, inspired in some part by egyptian statutory: NOT AN IMITATION Similarities in techniques and pose Show ideal forms Archaic smile, nude, buff for men - Anabosos kouros - Cap of hair, eyes, etc Long elaborate hairstyles, jewelry, gowns for women - Peplos Kore from Athens Would have been brightly painted Could be used as grave markers or dedications in a temple or sanctuary • Generic portrayals, not portraits

Kore, Kourai

Late Bronze Age - king/wanax - elite warrior class attached to the king - priests and priestesses - provincial and local officials known as Basileis - Local councils - specialist craftpersons - serfs and slaves *A complex social hierarchy*

LBA Greece

Sanctuaries show identity of the cities, identity through example - How they construct an identity for themselves, how it relates to themselves and the larger greek identity Local identity - Specific place and sphere of influence - - Most clearly articulated through writing when authors are about to go to war against another polis - - - Territory, shipping rights, resources, etc - - - Spartans vs athenians, etc Panhellenic identity - Considered themselves part of a larger greek world - Against people who didn't speak Greek - - The greeks/hellenes would set themselves in opposition against the non-greek people - - - Especially against the Egyptians, Scythians, Indians, Thracians - Panhellenic sanctuaries were where panhellenic and local identity would interact - - Delegation sent to compete in athletic or poetic events - - - Shared diplomatic process and broader panhellenic identity, but also establishes local identity - - - - Strict rules and diplomatic events in palace - - - Very similar (in ideation and basic idea) to modern Olympics - - - - Local and pan hellenic contact

Local vs panhellenic identity

Orientalizing Period, c. 710-600 BCE, Corinth - Isthmus connects the Pelloponese peninsula to the Attica peninsula, the location of athens. - Corinthian black figure - floral motifs Archaic Period, c. 600-480/79 BCE, Athens

Main pottery production Centers in Greece, orientalizing and Archaic period

Eastern Emporion Egypt Emporion Located in western side of delta Founded at invitation of Greek Pharaoh ruling in egypt in 7th century ~650, invites settlers to found a trading outpost: may have greek temples and gods, but the pharaoh must be provided with greek mercenaries for his army and money and connections Large colony: several thousand by the end of th 7h Red-figure vases traded into egypt from this emporion

Naukratis

City of Ashur is the center, never abandoned over 400 year break, but it has no power or influence In the 9th century it begins to grow and retain power partly due to new populations settling in and around Expands, gains control of immediate territory, conquers and consolidates cities into one state, particularly to the North At some point, a king of Ashur makes a treaty with the city of babylon not to go to war, but not soon after, the assyrians invade Babylon as they move further south Assurnasirpal II invades syria/palestine, moving through fertile crescent in 883 BCE Within ten years, conquest of whole syria/palestine area

Neo Assyrian empire

Final Neo-assyrian Capital founded by Sennacherib (704-681 BCE), who sacked and destroyed Babylon southwest/incomparable palace similar to Kaphu in 2 zone citadel structure Assurbanipal also built a palace here also on banks of the tigris

Ninevah

Olympic Games 776 - late 4th cent. AD (LG-LC) Every 4 years for 3-5 days Heralds sent around Greek world to advertise games, proclaim sacred truce (3 months) Athletes required to swear oath to Zeus not to cheat Hellanodikai - judges Discus, javelin, chariot race, hoplitodromos (foot race in armor), Stadion (foot race), Pankration (fighting: wrestling, boxing, artificial aides), boxing Very limited evidence for athletics for women - Could own and enter a chariot team, but could not watch it - Heraia, a foot race for women dedicated to hera, runners wore clothes Victors - Sacred olive leaves from a sacred tree to apollo, home city often gave other honors: exemption from taxes, gold, statues, etc - Red figure vase from athens: Nike crowns a victorious runner w/ olive leaf crown - Victorious charioteer - Commemorative awards

Olympia: Olympic Games

Far from any major population centers Sanctuary of Zeus and Hera Early site of contestation Origin both demonstrated in text and archaeologically (776 BCE) - this is when the Olympics start and they function until late 4th century CE (late classical/hellenistic period) Modern olympics begin in 1896 in Athens Large complex Temples (2) There are older temples, but they are not well preserved - the first stone temple is the temple to hera region of Elis, outside of Mainstream politics Ash altar Place where burnt and blood offering could be made, a central greek practice

Olympia: Sanctuary of Zeus and Hera

Near Macedonian capital at Vergina (on mainland) Founded 7th c., re-founded 432 BCE Abandoned in roughly 316 after being destroyed Best-preserved example of Greek domestic architecture Regularized layout, gridded, straight streets Majority of the houses were two stories - Evidence of staircases Primarily Pastas houses - Long hallway in the back of the courtyard connecting to several other rooms - Rooms seem to be multi-functional, not a lot of evidence for distinction of space based on age and gender, with the possible exception of the Andron (id through symposium benches + extensive floor mosaics)

Olynthos

725-600 BCE Overlaps with LG style in LIA, Eastern influence in style Floral motifs Stylistic motifs and vessel shape imitate near east and asian metalwork Near Eastern Influence: stylistic motifs, vessel shapes Light ground (background is light) with figures painted on w/ polychrome decorations, with incised details • Corinthian pottery: colored slips (white, purple, yellow) and incised details Name given due to discrete and clear influence form the near east and mesopotamian art - motifs in art influenced pottery Animals (lions, deer, wild goats) and mythical creatures (sphinxes and griffins), some floral motifs

Orientalizing Pottery

Philistines had coastal settlements Israelites settled in the interior w/ Jerusalem as capital, unified in 10th BCE under David and Solomon Phoenicians: independent cities along northern coast highly fragmented during IA, at least during beginning

Overview of IA palestine + levant

Apoikia Founded late-7th cent. BC by Greeks from Sybaris, Italy Later taken over by local Lucanians (end of 5th cent), then Romans West coast of italy, just above the boot, near pompeii Late 7th century from an italian colony (second-stage colony) Taken over by a later local group But in the 7th century, a good example of a polis foundation Independent settlement conceived of as a polis Directly derived from mainland polis structures: plans, outfitting, rituals, were all thought of beforehand Hippodamian plan Grid system (very greek) w/ central agora a necessary central marketplace Temples, monumental architecture, spaces to accommodate institution of a polis, like a meeting house Founder's tomb, memorializing their Oikost (founder of a city) 2 monumental doric order stone temples

Paestum (Poseidonia)

Often centered on a acropolis/citadel Urbanized, with dense urban spaces developed around the citadels Agoras are marketplaces Surrounded by territory controlled and occupied by citizens - Agricultural base of r th city Vary in scale - Athens is the largest by far 100,000 inhabitants Many located on old settlements - like mycenaean settlements Community - oikos/oikoi: primary unit of greek social and economic life - - Management ofthe household: family + slaves + land - - Headed by citizen males - - - All free-born members of a polis were citizens, which=ich could be restricted - - - Women usually not allowed to participate in government, though they could in religion - - Men over 18 were political members, their abilities dependent on their standing - Organized around the polytheistic anthropometry pic greek religion - - Cults were inseparable and unique to each polis - - - Crucial to ensuring the wealth and survival of the city

Poleis

magistrates/judges drawn from elites (wealth + descent) Other aspects were more democratic - Often ruled by boule: constituted by citizenship-holders Classical period - Some cities created democratic government: direct democracy of elected officials

Polis Politics

In some of the communities, apsidal buildings are built Begin to see in late iron age the development of apsidal buildings into more complex structures - Begin to see additions - Lefkandi heroon Greek sanctuaries - develop out of these buildings 1. Precinct wall Wall built of stone around temple and subsidiary buildings demarcated sacred space Limits access 2. Exterior altar Blood sacrifices to the deity Exterior position is important and consistent 3. Temple itself Largest and most monumental of the structures Used to house offerings and cult image/s of the god to which the sanctuary is dedicated Seem to develop out of conflation of apsidal ruler's house + cult practice

Possible Early Greek Temples?

Priene Mid 4th-early 1st Ionian coast of anatolia Rectangular central area surrounded by stoas Civic buildings • Bouleuterion • Prytaneion Both has a bouleuterion for the town council/boule meets, Prytaneion for civic leaders Prytaneion is another local civic group, may have an element of seniority

Priene: Agora

1000-900 thinner walled - technological change, the fast wheel higher + thinner walled: higher quality vessel higher organized, decorations are neater and very different: dark on light decorative scene; light vessel w/ decoration painted on in heavy bands and shoulder decorated with spirals, half circles, etc taller and more regular forms

Protogeometric pottery

From 9th century BCE (EIA) The priestess of apollo would sit near the statue of apollo and answer questions Would sit in a tripod and deliver responses, known as the pythia Responses translate into a poem Fate of city and war, family life, war, should the city form a colony, etc She was described as sitting over a fissure in the earth out of which gas would emanate, inspiring her answers May have been ethylene gas

Pythian Oracle

Key activity are the Stephanitic (crown) Games - Awards given: greek culture was competitive, focused on who could do something the best: Agonistic quality could be worked out in a polis, but the competitive impulse was modulated by diplomatic structures - Most famous are the olympic games - 776 BCE: olympic games, olympia - At delphi, the pythian games - Nemea and the nemean games - Isthmia and the isthmian games start in various places from LIA-Archaic period

Panhellenic sanctuaries

Parthenon, cella, classical May represent the Procession of the Greater Panathenaia Shows people from different groups of society - not just citizen men Humans in the presence of gods Would have been richly painted Different citizen groups: old men, those on horseback, those with offerings On one of the short sides, the gods themselves recline and watch the festival Mythic and realistic depictions: not historical or documentative text, a sort of fantasy blurring the real state and the ideal state and its relation to the gods Includes women and girl: a fairly diverse view Shows images of sacrifice: bulls, priests + axes, musicians, girls with wine vessels and other offerings Painting would have had a deep blue background, making the friezes easier to understand

Parthenon Frieze

The New Capital: Pella (late 5th - 2 nd c. BCE) Macedonian capital after Aigai Hippodamian plan with agora, administrative buildings, residential neighborhoods, city wall Large palace to the north introduces new architectural form to strongly greek element - Greek cities ruled by councils, so the incorporation of the palace into a greek city is new, macedonian innovation House mosaics

Pella

431-404 BCE - high classical Delian League (Athens) vs. Peloponnesian League (Sparta). Lasts for ~20 years, foguth all over the greek mainlanD; land, naval Various periods of peace, one of which brokered by persian king Depletes both sparta and athens of power, resources, military, etc Weakens both empires Athens surrenders around 404 - can no longer sustain the conflict After Pelopponnesian war Athens redevelops slowly and regains wealth

Peloponnesian War

Capital of Attalid empire, founded around 300 BCE by lusimachos (king of Thrace) - Ionian coast - Not founded by oe of alexander's generals after his death, but a powerful independent dynasty propped up around a central city was consistent among hellenistic states - End 133 BCE, conceded territory to rome - While the empire was small, Pergamon itself rivaled Alexandria - Saw themselves as the cultural heir of Athens, which had weakened substantially and was just a university town - - Saw pergamon as the new athens Acropolis of Athen was similar to pergamon Both were centers of art, learning, culture But pergamon had dramatic monumental architecture more reminiscent of Hellenistic cities and not Athens Built on a mesa, so an impressive views and defensible positio End of attalid power in 133 BCE, when it was bequeathed to rome by attalos III and became a roman province One of the only peaceful transitions to roman power i nhellenisticn

Pergamon

Acropolis: citadel + palace, religious buildings, theatre, agora Demarcated by stoas and staircases Grid plan modified to fit irregular slopes - Modified by ascending terraces to the palace at the highest point - Commercial terrace, religious, etc - Similar to Olynthos at end of classical period - Terraced zones designated by building type (commercial, religious, domestic, etc.) Theatricality of space

Pergamon acropolis

Capital of Attalid empire, founded around 300 BCE by lusimachos (king of Thrace) 2nd largest 200,000 scrolls Monumentality and extent of collection: showcase strength and cultural power of pergamon, also served as a center of learning Statue of athena resided in this library: new athens Word parchment derives from the word pergamon

Pergamon library

IA capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire

Persepolis

Along the coast unclear origins, though some scholars argue that they are ne of the sea peoples (disputed) showed up in 10th century as a cultural group Founded cities are ruled by a warrior elite class wherein kingship is based on military excellence (this can be challenged)

Philistines IA

Starts in 10th century W. mediterranean Greece a little, but most permanent settlements in N. Africa, (southern coastal part of) Spain, Tunisia, Morocco, W. Egypt Roman empire later asserts authority in W. mediterranean = conflict

Phoenician colonization

Phonecian Dye works - Famous for very exclusive and expensive purple dye - Purple is a hard natural color, but phoenicean farms extracted it from murex shells Wood - Cedars of lebanon - durable, doesn't rot easily, very large, long-lasting Glass, ceramics, bionts (blue-green glazed) Jewelry, small high-quality gold work Raw metal ores and other resources

Phoenician resources

12th-4th cent. BCE Prosperous trading civilization From central Levant: coastal cities with natural harbors - Ex. Tyre, Sidon, Biblos, Arwad, Beirut Coalesce and form city states - Ruled by kings - Small city-states - Trading cities orientated to mediterranean - Naval trade Useful to conquering empires This zone often conquered by neo-assyrian/neo babylonian kings - Entangled w/ imperial powers at times, but maintain a certain level of independence Known for their trading facility, useful to aforementioned imperial powers Famous for their large fleets, each associated with a community Large investment Deployed in service of colonization, but also for trade and facilitating trade of good and their resources

Phoenicians

To the north of the Israelites 12th-4th cnetury BCE Western neighbor of the israelites ,northern of the philistines Settled along coastal zone between 12-14th BCE, but heyday is after this period Beirut, tyre, Biblos are major cities - coastal cities w/ natural ports Traders and seafarers, famous for their ships, writing, trade, and colonization (eventually) of the mediterranean - Colonization occurs in mid IA, one of which becomes Carthage - Colonies as far to the west as spain and france Ruled by kings, each city is ruled by an independent king: independent cities w/ the same religious practices and writing system - Cities also centered around central temples, Baal, malpart and istaar were key deities Criticism and concern over phonician system in israelite texts Coastal location responsible for their trading success, taking advantage of EIA trading networks and proximity to cyprus, a stopover to mediterranean and anatolian trade Cannot spread further inland, so focus their efforts on the sea

Phoenicians

1880s Funded in part by Hienrich Schliemann Removal of houses, mosque and other 'non-Classical' structures Once it was restored in late 5th centuries, the acropolis looked much different than it does today Covered in houses, mosque inside the parthenon 1880s: partially funded by Heinrich Schliemann to demolish houses and mosques and non-classical structures Architecture accrued in the time since 5th century Called the purification of the acropolis Result is the current view and sight of the acropolis today

The "Purification" of the Acropolis

•North of the Greek Poleis Spoke a language now termed as ancient macedonian: related to greek, but distinct Ruled by king advised by group of councilors Have existed for a while, but in the 4th, begin to have much more intensive interaction with the greek poleis Territorial state Had a defined area, worked to expand it Philip II, father of Alexander the Great

The Macedonians

Very small buildings, essentially miniature temples Built by city states athens , syphos, etc City would build a treasury at a panhellenic site to house their offering, but also to honor the gods

Treasuries at Delphi

After conquest, they negotiate a treaty with the authorities -Wanted local ruler or installed local ruler to ensure they receive taxes and that the territory doesn't rebel : Control and money - Client kings and tax extraction - A lot of evidence for notorious brutality to enforce laws and authority - feared in antiquity - Used forced resettlement if the population of a territory was causing trouble :Resettle in a more advantageous area, als used by romans :Destabilizes power structures and communities Assyrian elites often used as rulers

What happened to an empire after Assyrian conquest, 700 BCE

"Prostas" house (L): oikos behind colonnaded porch and courtyard Oikos behind a colonnaded porch courtyard w/ long entranceway Oikos: previously meant to be founder/family Means both the family and the physical structure Andron?: men's room meant for symposia

Which Priene house style

Peristyle house (R): more elaborate, greater visual access around central courtyard • Type used for palaces in this period Entering more directly into the courtyard, all/most rooms available from there

Which Priene house style

Development of urban spaces in a new way around 700 -The birth of the polis/greek term for city -Birth of community in ancient in its classical form -In archaic and late iron, population coalesced around villages centered on religious shrines or topographic features (acropolis/citadel) --Economic, religious and defensive centers --Community is invested with certain kind s of new structures -Ruled by their citizens

Why do Greek LIA changes take place?

1100-1000 - end of LBA - found in cemeteries in Athens and Mycenae - clung to old Mycenaean styles - round shouldered vessels, doubles handles: stirrup jars; patterned with messily filled bands - shows techniques and preferences do not disappear

sub-mycenaean pottery

Distinct form of neareastern kingship, associated with older forms of neareastern kingship in terms of visual representation Based on the idea of a ruler as a military power - Emphasis as a leader on the battlefield: on a chariot; shooting arrows, hunting lions - Lots on emphasis on military prowess :Developed siege warfare, famous in antiquity for assyrian siege warfare and technology: a large army is key to power, how kings show their value and the favor of the gods :Demanded expansion of the empire :Conquest is a symbol of kingship and prowess, which relates to its rapid expansion - By 700, egypt falls to the assyrians and claim it a s provincial site

Assyrian kingship, IA

Earliest inhabitants: 19th or 18th century BCE 1200-600: a lot of wars, a rough time Mid-Iron Age: NeoBabylonian Empire - 7th-6th cent BCE Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (605-562 BCE) Triangle fortifications, using the river After assyrians take over much of near east + levantine coast,they conquer babylon But in early 7th century BCE, babylon declares independence and rapidly develops into an empire, defeating the assyrians and sacking their cities (nineveh, etc), depose the king, and the neo-assyrian empire falls in 612 BCE Neo Babylon empire emerges around 612, Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II was a great city founder, expression of power Focused on babylon, capital and center of power in the empire Re Energizes and changes it, making the largest city in the near east Largest city that ever existed in ancient mesopotamia 2 walls, sits on either side of the euphrates river Rise of the achaemenid persian empire in modern iran signals the end of babylon - the largest and empire until the romans

Babylon

Grid plan, unusual in antiquity, monumental outer and inner walls City plan includes an inner citadel, a purely religious zone w/ temples (amin focus is a very large ziggurat dedicated to marduk) - tower of babel 1000 year gap w/ old Babylon, so very little structure Nebuchadnezzar expanded to other side of the river palace is large but the city has the cult buildings at the center

Babylon inner city plan

Carthage Founded late 9th century (814 by Elissa/Dido) by phoenicians leaving Tyre on the levantine coast Original settlement on Byrsa hill trading, but a colony 509 BCE - first treaty with Rome Right in the middle of "mare nostrum" (roman term for "our sea" - part of the conflict)

Carthage

Cosmopolitan: - Increases in trade travel, and general diversity - Emanation of greek culture from the leading macedonian elites in their respective kingdoms - New and bigger cities ruled by kings are being founded, smaller villages come together to form larger communities Religious: - Previously separate deities and tenets are formed into a singular religion: syncretism as a result of cosmopolitan trend and transfer of ideas - - State religion was still present, but there were other options people could add in addition to the specific cult/s of the state - Popularity of healing cults, more personal relationships with the god's alternative to state-sponsored group religion of the archaic and classical - Rise of philosophy and personifications - syncretism Dramatic art and architecture: - Massive public monuments: grand palace complexes w/ libraries, gardens, temples, defensive structures etc - One of the most important: the stoa, a colonnaded public hall usually donated by a ruler or elite to demonstrate power - Sculptures show individualism and realism - Culture of eclecticism, patrons wanted art that drew from different periods, styles, and temples - - Beginning of collection and display of art in private spaces for private enjoyment rather than for display in temples/gifts to the gods

Characteristics of the Hellenistic period

The LBA mega powers: Egypt shrinks and the Hittites disappear entirely philistines, Israelites, Phoenicians, Hebrews in levant Neo-babylonians, Neo-assyrians in mesopotamia Achaemenid persians in modern Iran Phrygians in central anatolia

EIA w. Asia, East Med

Mostly bronze, sometimes marble; various sizes; freestanding and relief Trends: more naturalistic musculature, greater range of poses, greater expression Early Classical sculpture (until mid-5 th cent. BC) = Severe style Kritios Boy (c. 480 BC) →

Early Classical Sculpture characteristics

- 1200-750/800 BCE - collapse of the Hittites, Minoans and Mycenaean palaces leave a power vacuum - there is a sub-Minoan and Mycenaean culture - Divided into the geometric - retains the local officials (basileis), local councils, and the slaves of the LBA: however, there were few specialist craftspersons, mostly farmers. - development of new Greek dialects: "dorian" invasion and eastward expansion of existing greek speakers - no evidence other than linguistic groups

Early Iron age Greece

323 BCE kicks off hellenistic period reation of kingdoms out of the once massively united empire: key to the hellenistic Continuation of monarchical competition between states trying to usurp power Ends with rome's conquest of egypt, the last hellenistic empire Rome becomes the supreme power in a once again united mediterranean

Effect of Alexander the Great's death

Often called baroque due to similarity to baroque style of 16th century CE churches and public buildings high emotion, dynamic poses, naturalism, pulls viewer into action Laocoon and his sons, a violent scene from mythology Nike of Samothrace : Victory monument to naval battle at a Panhellenic sanctuary

Hellenistic Baroque

Hellenistic baroque Copies of famous classical and archaic art were created, large range of sculptural styles from the past resulting in new art New themes, inappropriate in the past, were allowed Art collection becomes a feature of elite culture: Before, only meant for sanctuaries and civic sculptures Fascination w/ different, non-conventional body types - Some w/ non realistic states of being like drunkenness, emaciation, extreme old age - Some w/ wrinkles, flaws, etc

Hellenistic art chacrteristics

800-500 BCE Starts after phonician colonization by abt a century To compete w/ phoenicians (greek also ideally situated for trade) for economic influence and prestige Also interested in increasing access to resource: food, grain, metal ore Relieve population pressures in 8th 7th, 6th centuries - Poleis were growing quickly and exponentially - Population pressure in some communities: not enough land, so groups of colonists were formed and sent off to find and develop resource sources Independent ventures sent by city states (not in cooperation) - Poleis were in competition with one another: until 5th century (persian invasion), no sense of hellenic identity - Not going to vacant territory - similar to colonization of N. America - - Sometimes peaceful (intermarriage, cooperation, etc), sometimes violent - Sent to places where they feel they would be able to assert their presences Emporion/emporia pl: trading post (earliest - desire for materials) - Founded by city for the express purpose of facilitating economic expansion - Often operate independently, may have a local ruler sent out by founding city/mother city - Mother city maintains economic connections, benefits from them Apoikia/Apoikiai pl: ritual foundation (religious ceremony accompanying the founding) slightly later - Appointed Oikist as the founder - sent w/ cult and leader, archaic period - Founding of a new community: a mini-city breaking off from its mother city - Politically independent, but discursive connection

Greek Colonization

Over time: Increase in complexity More durable and expensive construction materials More lavish decoration (painted and sculptural) Orders evolved over centuries, with regional variation Used for more than just temples Earliest evidence for each order Doric: late 7th c. BCE Ionic: early 6th c. BCE Corinthian: 4th c. BCE

Greek architectural Orders

cella/naos: most interior room, with highly restricted access: location of any cult statue - Entered through Pronaos, a collonaded porch that is roofed On the opposite side, a small room the opisthodomos, that does not communicate with Naos, used as a treasury room Internal structure surrounded by colonnade or peristyle Entire structure sits on a platform/step, where the columns sit Columns are important, support roof structure w/ friezes -Akroteria -Art on roof -Pediment -Often triangular formed by sloping roof, can be decorated or not -Come to greece from egypt (mortuary temple of hatshepsut) -Knossos, mycenae: early greek examples -Archaic period: architectural orders - sets of architectural design that increase in complexity, decoration, opulence, and durability over time

Greek temple architecture, archaic

First wave in 9th century bc: phoenicians colonization Second wave in 7th century: waves of greek colonization Important context for roman history Carthage (phoenician) becomes a key enemy for roman republic

IA and Archaic mediterranean migrations

On the interior of the levant better known due to hsitorical texts like bible originally, very fractious with competing beliefs - fought over territory, access to coastal port, respurces (esp water) - unify under david and solomon in 10th century BC into kingdom of david/israel - lasts for a century of rule, though the extent of the kngdom is unknown MAin city is jerusalem, founded in the 10th century by either david or solomon

Israelites/hebrew tribes IA

8th century BCE population + settlements increase - this is due in part to expansion of agriculture :reflected in 8th century poetry, very agriculture centric :hesiod + crop manual wealth, trade as tool of social differentiation among elites - accumulation of goods, house size, opulent trade-given materials - increase in trade and colonization - communities of mainland greece have increasing contact abroad, esp w/ levant, asia minor, n.. africa, resulting in colonization trade and colonization, increasing contacts abroad re-emergence of writing - phoenician alphabet, Homer adn Hesiod - existed in mycenaean period, linear B, disappears during EIA, re-emerges in a different context and script (though there are still mundane examples) - phoenician alphabet has existed since 1000 BCE in levantine zones, evolves, phonograms re-emergence of craft production, esp pottery - Corinth + athens are major centers of greek culture and pottery production Rise of sanctuaries, monumental architecture, esp temples Figural art increased late geometric leads into orientalizing period (725-600 BCE), then on to the Archaic period (600-479 BCE)

LIA/orientalizing Greece changes

800-750 BCE - acceleration of changes - much more intensive and complex community organizations transitions into archaic period of greek and mediterranean history

Late Iron age Greece

Pelopponisian war ends in 404 BCE - In athenian greek imagination, the war to end all wars - Sparta deposes athens as de facto empire, leaving a slight power vacuum - Much more turbulent, smaller scale interpoleis wars, slowly growing Macedonian threat to the North - Persians still a threat located in Anatolia, trying to politically influence greek cities Marked by increased contact throughout the greek speaking world - Marked increase in number of intercity corporations - Working out what it means to be a greek city without an overarching power or threat

Late classical Greece events

Much more personal relationship with the gods More direct visual engagement of the statuary w/ potential viewers More visual allegory and experimentation Personification of abstract ideas - More statuary representation of divine abstract ideas like fortune Greater amount of personalization of statues high emotion Mixing of the old and the new, especially Greek elements with non-Greek elements - Rises to new subject matter, god and goddess depiction Praxiteles, Hermes and baby Dionysus

Late classical Greek art

760-690 Figures appear on pottery more frequently Horror Vacui: custom of filling all available shapes w/ geometric patterns, no significant part of the vessel is filled in one color - vessels get larger and larger, with the biggest generally marking graves: filled with ashes of the deceased - Amphora for women, Krater for men - dipylon amphora

Late geometric period (include grave customs)

Locus of action in IA Changes after collapse of LBA, series of migrations and new groups, esp from the North - Part of the general displacement of people at the end of the LBA Not protected by water, so this area is a crossroads Neo Babylonian and old babylonian are distinct, assyrian and neo assyrian (400 yrs later) are distinct: neither are continuous Population shift Lots of new developments distinct to this time period with little to no connection to the old empires

Mesopotamia IA

Amazonachy: battle of the amazons Gigantomachy: giants v gods Centauromachy: centaur v lapiths Sack of troy

Metope and triglyph frieze, parthenon

900-850 same form of the protogeometric, but with more color applied - heavy application of pigment resulted in light on dark decoration - bands of more tightly geometric forms: no circles, mainly straight designs: where the period name comes from - occasional highly schematized animals and figures - still see plain bands (just black)

Middle Geometric period

EIA in Greece 1. Results in the emergence of Doric greek, the language of Sparta - origins b/t 1100-800 BCE - some believe that there was an invasion of the Dorian people, but there is no archeological record for this - pseudo-history of the Dorian Greeks as white people 2. Movement of dialects away from the greek mainland - shows that greek speakers of various dialects moved around, like the Ionian dialect on the coast of Anatolia

Migrations Greece EIA

Military renovation and political consolidation - Marriage alliances - Investment in infantry and cavalry Strategic use of Greek culture Dedications in Panhellenic sanctuaries Had access to gold in macedon, as opposed to athens, which had access to a silver mine Revamped military ans used it to expand By the time of his death in 336, macedonia expanded significantly and listed moe areas listed as dependents Two macedonian capitals, Aigai and Pella Assassinated before he could conquer the achaemenid persian empire, which extended from turkey to the indus river valley

Philip II of Macedon

After Hittite collapse in 1200, fragmentation occurs - lots of communities develop fairly localized spheres of influence: small-scale competing polities/ city-states with no main power - phrygia is one of these, occupying most of the central territory of the hittite state - the largest of the fragmented states (still much smaller than the hittite kingdom), considered the location of King midas + kingdom - centered around its hoyuk capital Gordion : administrative center, similar implications to LBA aegean palatial structures, scale comparable to city-states - based on assyrian sources ( had conflicts w/ gordion/Phrygia due to Phrygian location on fringes of Assyrian power) - fairly wealthy and developed palace structure, includes long narrow buildings w/ central rooms and columns = smae visual architecture as megarons (continuance of visual flags of royalty, conservatism of phrygian architecture) - access to anatolian gold mines = extreme wealth, basis for rise of king midas - remained a capital fo influence and power un til the 7th century BCE, after conflict with Lydia to the left, as well as bumping into Assyria, a dangerous enemy Image is of gordion

Phrygia

Western emporion ~775/750 Off the coast of italy, on an island Founded c. 775-750 BC on the island Ischia in Bay of Naples by settlers from Eretria and Chalkis (Euboea) Main settlement on promontory (Monte di Vico) Emporion for trade with the Etruscans (Etruria) Primarily exported metals to Greece Inhabited by both a greek and Phoenician colony at the same time Cup of Nestor: best candidate for the first expression of greek language in Phoenician alphabet - Likely this technique developed here, where Phoenicians and Greeks wanted access to mainland Italy market - At the time, that area was occupied by Etruscans, who loved greek pottery (most intact greek vases come from Etruscan tombs) - Etruscans had tin and copper Metalworking quarter, clearly a mixed colony - Etruscan, Phoenician, greek

Pithekoussai

Sanctuary is the entire site, temple describes one specific architectural form with a specific function - Sanctuary: temple + treasuries + stadia + temenos wall - - Temenos: built as part of the sanctuary to distinguish limits of sacred space - - - Rule for how to move within spaces, who was allowed in, etc - - - Rules were more customs: not written down - - - - What was deemed socially appropriate for these situations - - - - Dress, obeisance, who is allowed in - - Treasury buildings - - - Small storerooms built to store offerings and ritual equipment - - Specific cults may have special architecture added, such as athletic architecture at temple of zeus at Olympia

Sanctuary vs temple Greek Archaic

Attalid Euergetism in Athens Stoas became all-purpose, symbol of euergetism and its projects Monumental way of delineating space, showing power, providing shops to the people of athens Now heavily restored in modern times C 150 BCE Student in athens, which, agin, had become little more than a university town: no political power Located in Agora, functionally defined public market in athens 42 shops in the interior, also served as a meeting place Benefit to citizens resulted in increased reputation for attalus Doric columns, ionic columns on top Interior, ionic columns with pergamid columns on top - Another statement of attamid cultural power

Stoa of Attalus II

Archaic period ends due to the persian wars International set of incidents, but combined bc of history from greek side A series of conflicts developed out of the expanding archaic city states - Fairly wealthy, extensive long distance trade networks, all of asia minor is controlled by achaemenid persian empire, Acheaminid is an iranian empire - Very large: indian uplands to western asia minor - Controls w. Asia minor, where western grecian city states in ionia are located - - pay tribute to the empire, but in 499, these cities in collusion overthrow local leaders in stall their own, refuse to pay taxes - Achaemenid persians conquered the ionian cities, decide to invade mainland greece to quell dissent, coming through macedonia and thrace - modern bulgaria - Both a land and sea invasion in 490 BCE - - Large scale land army from the north, persian fleet attacking the coastlands - Attempting to add greece to their empire - Series of long conflicts; land and sea battles take place - - Battle of marathon - - Sea battle at salamis - - Battle of platea - 490: first invasion under athenians + spartans vs persian force - successful repelling xerxes : second invasion In the end, the persians are repulsed and defeated - The greek city states banded together - Athens is heavily fortified, through partially burned during the war - Acceleration of military power, especially in athens and sparta - Successful in battle of marathon For the first time, the conflicting city states band together in the face of an invader - A temporary rhetoric for 10-20 years of resistance against shared invader Ends in 479 Ionian Revolt 499 BC Achaemenid Persian Empire invades Mainland Greece: 490 and 480-79 BC Themistoklean walls: fortification of Athens Construction of the Athenian Navy SACK OF ATHENS IN 480 BCE BATTLE OF SALAMIS 480 BCE, Athens fleet vs persian fleet

The Persian Wars

"Pastas" house: courtyard in front of long hallway ("pastas") with several back rooms Andron: stone benches for symposia Symposia: Phrygian Turkey, Achaemenid Persia, Greece, and Macedon Long hallway in the back of the courtyard connecting to several other rooms Rooms seem to be multi-functional, not a lot of evidence for distinction of space based on age and gender, with the possible exception of the Andron (id through symposium benches + extensive floor mosaics)

olynthos house type