origins final
If the tree shown in the figure were rooted at the point labeled B, which of the following would be true?
3,4 and 5 form a monophyletic group
There have been at ______ major mass extinctions since the Cambrian, each marked by the relatively abrupt disappearance of at least 75% of marine animals species?
5
Which of the following statements about pedigrees and phylogenies is true?
Pedigrees tell us about the ancestry of individuals; phylogenies tell us about the ancestry of populations.
The formal definition of "fitness" in evolutionary biology
Pertains to reproductive success relative to other individuals in the population
ribozymes are
RNA enzymes
Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?
Selection for cows that produce more milk
According to the endosymbiotic theory, early eukaryotes acquired the mitochondirion from a symbiotic bacterium. What happened to the bacterial genes?
Some bacterial genes were transferred to the nucleus, some were lost, and some comprise the mitochondrial genome.
Which of the following is NOT an organelle that is thought to be the result of endosymbiosis?
endoplasmic reticulum
Which domain of organisms included the major forms of bacteria and the cyanobacteria, the latter being the earliest organisms known as fossils
eubacteria
Which domain of organisms includes some unicellular organisms and the three groups of multicellular organisms
eukarya
organic evolution is not teleological. this means that...
evolution has no goal or ultimate outcome that it is moving towards
Unlike the other Greek philosophers before him, Aristotle made the connection between the use of logic in hypothesis formation and
the significant of testing these hypotheses
a somatic cell is
A body cell that is responsible for growth and maintenance
Which of the following conditions favors fossilization?
A dead organism is covered by soft sediment
Wilson (1980) defined a social group as which of the following?
A group of conspecific individuals that affect each other's fitness
what was LUCA
A population of life-forms that was the last common ancestor of life on Earth today
By mapping a given trait on a phylogenetic tree that we have already constructed using other data, we can
Or generate hypotheses about when and how this trait evolved
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that changes acquired during the lifetime of an individual organism, as a result of adapting to its environment, are passed on to progeny. Why was this incorrect but still important?
Acquired traits are not heritable, but Lamarck's idea was important because he was the first to propose a process for evolutionary change.
Which scientist of those listed below was a contemporary of Charles Darwin and also developed a complete theory of evolution by natural selection?
Alfred russel wallace
Extinction of a species means that:
All members of the species have died out and have left no descendants
In a phylogeny where P species are form the Pacific side and the C species are form the Caribbean side of the Isthmus of Panama. Which of the following is the most likely cause of speciation?
Allopatric speciation via isolation when the Isthmus of panama closed
what is a scientific hypothesis?
An explanation of a phenomenon based on natural processes
How can gene duplication provide an evolutionary pathway by which a protein can switch functions without loss of the original function?
An extra copy of a working gene can gain a new function without impacting the original gene.
Which letter indicates where LUCA is found on this phylogenetic tree?
B
If we are interested in conserving phylogenetic diversity, the extinction of which group of species in the figure shown is a greater loss?
B & C
Which of the following is true of both analogous and homologous traits?
Both can be used as evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Rather than rely on creation myths to explain the natural world, early Greek philosophers were among the first to
Develop a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws used to explain the world around them
The complete division between soma and germ line cells may have been an evolutionary response to which of the following selective pressure?
Certain cells acting as "cheaters" htat over-represent themselves in the next generation
Allopatric speciation requires
Complete geographic isolation
The Miller-Urey experiment is significant because it produced the first scientific evidence that
Conditions on Earth 4 billion years ago could produce amino acids
What is the difference between a rooted and unrooted tree?
Direction on a rooted tree indicated the passage of time.
Which of the following is a reason DNA is favored over RNA as genetic material?
DNA is more stable and thus is more efficient transmission system
Charles Darwin inferred the pattern of common ancestry without understanding the basis for heredity. However, if Darwin's theory of descent with modification is correct, then
DNA sequence similarity should reflect patterns of common ancestry inferred from other evidence
What was one of the ideas that separated Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species as a complete, scientific explanation for evolution when compared to all other previous attempts?
Darwin articulated a mechanistic explanation for the change in species over time and the match between organisms and the environment
Thomas Malthus, a political economist, showed that the human population would outstrip available resources unless kept in check by other factors such as famine, war, and disease. How did Charles Darwin apply this principle to his theory of evolution by natural selection?
Darwin realized this also applied to plant and animal populations, and this struggle for existence was the opportunity for natural selection to act on differences within populations.
Consider this figure showing horizontal gene transfer and the early evolution of life. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Eukaryotes have transferred genes among themselves.
What does the study of phylogeny allow us to understand?
Evolutionary relationships among organisms and major events in evolutionary history
The exquisite complexity of traits such as the vertebrate eye seems to pose a problem for evolution by natural selection. How do evolutionary biologists think that complex eyes evolved
Eyes evolved in gradual steps, each of which was fully functional and adaptive in improving visual acuity.
Both Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin traveled extensively and were struck by the strong patterns they observed in the geographic distribution of natures diversity. Which of the following observations did Wallace make?
Geographic features seem to play an important role in the clustering of similar, closely related species, and these similar species clustered together in time and space.
Which of the following was not a person who influenced Darwin?
Gregor mendel
Which of the following is Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) responsible for?
Having the insight that organisms can be organized into hierarchial system of classification without having a theoretical explanation for why these patterns should exist
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin, an English physician and philosopher, was one of the first to propose an idea of evolutionary change. What did he propose?
He proposed that all life developed from what he called a single living filament, which was modified in endless ways over millions of years.
Which of the following statements describes a challenge of applying the phenetic species concept?
How to weigh the relative importance of the characters used
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and chimps have 24 pairs. How has this difference best been explained?
Humans have one chromosomes that is the result of a fusion of two chromosomes in our ancestors
Parapatric speciation and sympatric speciation noth describe how populations diverge into separate species without a geographic barrier to dispersal. WHat distinguishes these two modes of speciation?
In parapatric speciation, the populations are adjacent to each other and typically have a hybrid zone between the populations
In order for traits to evolve by natural selection, individuals must experience differential reproductive success. This means that
Individuals with certain traits are more successful at surviving and reproducing
Natural selection requires that variation exists in a population and that the variation
Is heritable
Why do evolutionary biologists say that Tiktaalik roseae is a "transitional species"?
It is an extinct species whose fossils indicate that it was a morphological intermediate between fish and tetrapods
Aposematic, or warning, coloration in poison frogs was found by Juan Santo and colleagues to be polyphyletic. What does this indicate about aposematic coloration?
It is the result of convergent evolution
Which mass extinction led to the disappearance of the dinosaurs?
K-Pg (T)
What was the primary difference in how Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin explained the evolution of new species and the relationship among species?
Lamarck viewed relationships among species as linear chains, with each group independent of the other; Darwin viewed all species as interrelated due to common ancestry and believed that species sharing a more recent common ancestor more closely resemble each other
Which of the following is NOT a post-zygotic isolating mechanism
Male gametes are not transferred to the female gametes
Why do groups offer protection in foraging?
Many eyes detect predators more quickly
Which of the following is an example of observational research?
Measuring the behavior of different pollinators visiting flowers in a field
Why do the benefits of group living pertain to, or focus on foraging and predation?
Much of an animal's time is spent foraging and avoiding predators
Which of the following statements about multicellularity is true?
Multicellularity has evolved many times in eukaryotes
The transition from unicellularity to multicellularity
Must convey a selective advantage to individuals if it is to occur
Analogous traits are found in two or more species because
Some evolutionary process (usually natural selection) has independently fashioned similar traits in each species.
The basic conceptual approach to phylogenetic tree building assumes that
Species with many character states in common are more closely related that those with few character states in common
As opposed to uniformitarianism, the approach known as catastrophism explains that Earth's geological features are a result of
Sudden, cataclysmic, and large-scale geological events
The figure shows the evolutionary history of light and dark coloration (in yellow and brown, respectively) In this example, dark coloration is a
Sympesiomorphy
Early Greek philosophers failed to exploit one of the greatest advantages of methodological naturalism, which is the ability to
Test hypotheses through observation and sometimes manipulation
On a phylogram, what do branch lengths represent?
The amount of evolutionary change
What is the fundamental idea behind parsimony
The best phylogeny is the one that both explains the observed character data and posits the fewest evolutionary changes for a group of taxa.
Natural selection is a process that results in
The characteristics of populations changing over time.
How did the discovery of affect our understanding of the evolution of proteins and nucleic acids?
The discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that enzymes did not have to be proteins and RNA enzymes (ribozymes) can be both an information carrier and enzymatic molecule.
A paraphyletic groups contains
The group's most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants
What does the "90" on the figure indicate?
The monophyletic clade of species A1, A2, and A3 appears as a monophyletic clade in 90% of all bootstrap replicates.
Which choice is considered to be a fundamental problem with application of the phenetic species concept
The phenetic species concept uses phenotypic traits to create clusters, but phenotypic traits can be similar due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry.
Building on the ideas first proposed by James Hutton, Charles Lyell aimed to explain Earth's geological features using an approach known as uniformitarianism, which hypothesized that
The same geological processes currently observable operate over very long periods of time in a slow and gradual manner.
The primary difference(s) between the processes of natural selection and artificial selection is/are
The selective agent and the period of time over which change occurs
The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as
The smallest monophyletic group distinguished by a shared derived character.
Why does the theory of evolution NOT explain the origin of life?
The theory of evolution explains how life diversified after its origin and does not address the origin of life itself
A small population of a species invades an island where the species is not found. The island population subsequently diverges from the ancestral population and becomes a new species. This is an example of
The vicariance model of allopatric speciation
Genetic distance is a measure of the evolutionary ______ between the two species
divergence
Spines, flowers, and a waxy stem coating are all adaptation of cacti because
These traits increase the fitness of cacti and arose as a result of natural selection for their current function.
Robert Chamber, a Scottish geologist and author of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, is often overlooked for recognizing which critical aspect of evolutionary biology?
Thinking of evolution in terms of populations and not individuals
Homologous traits are found in two or more species because
Those traits have been inherited from a common ancestor
Which of the following is NOT a type of trait that evolutionary biologist might study in regard to natural selection?
Traits acquired during the lifetime of an organism
The relationship between placentals, marsupials, and monotremes as shown in the figure indicates
Uncertainty about the relationships between these groups.
The study of phylogeny predominantly aims to...
Understand the branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendant populations over time
Resource competition is likely to occur
When diet preferences are a function of differences in a phenotypic trait
What is the most common reason for the disappearance of a hybrid zone, resulting in the completion of the speciation process?
When hybrids are at a selective disadvantage compared to offspring from within-population matings
If number 1 represents an ancestral population and the other numbers represent descendant population, the figure above illustrates an example of
a ring species
Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity for slime mold amoebas?
ability to move quickly
According to the phylogeny in the figure which of the following statements is true?
all chordates have a neural tube
Which of the following is/are plesiomorphies of lineages from the UToL
all of these (Common genetic code, Metabolic pathways, DNA replication mechanisms)
Although there may be selective pressures for a frog to lay many large eggs that will hatch into big tadpoles (less predation), which of the following explains why it is not likely?
all of these (Finite parental resources, Principle of allocations, Mom needs resources for growth/metabolism)
Which of the following is/are accurate evolutionary predictions regarding the ancestry of caecilians (legless amphibians)?
all of these (Presence of bony skeleton as opposed to hydrostatic skeleton (like earthworms), Shared embryonic development with other amphibians 9an-amniotes), Same type of skin as other amphibians (no hair or feathers)
Which of the following are embryonic homologies for Deuterostomes?
all of these (Radial cleavage, Blastopore becomes anus, Indeterminate cell development)
Which of the following is/are a fact(s) that support the UToL?
all of these (Similar codon function, Similar nucleic acid use, Similar cell membrane structure)
Which of the following was proposed by Lamarck to explain the gradual modification of a species through time...
all of these (The Principle of Use and Disuse, Acquired Characteristics, The Great Chain of Being)
Which of the following statements regarding rooted trees is TRUE
all of these (The root of a tree represents the common ancestor of the taxa shown on the tree, The most common approach to rooting a tree is to use an outgroup, The root of a tree represents the most earlies divergence event for the taxa shown on the tree)
Organisms may not be perfectly adapted to their environments for which of the following reasons?
all of these (There are physical constraints that cannot be overcome, An organism's surroundings do not present a stationary target to which natural selection can optimize its phenotype, The process of natural selection lacks foresight)
science can be described as
all of these (a body of knowledge, a paradigm, a process)
natural selection relies on which of the following
all of these (differential survival, inheritance, variation)
______ occurs when speciation is initiated within a population
all of these (parametric, sympatric, and allopatric)
Which of the following is true regarding vestigial traits and how they may persist in some organisms.
all of these (the trait is not costly to the organism, the trait has some function that we have not identified, natural selection cannot act to eliminate traits)
Which of the following was not a major idea of the "Galapagos Epiphany"?
all of these were in the reading (Species demonstrate similarity with nearby species, Species demonstrate similarity with more closely related species, Species distributions can be visualized as a creeping ivy with physical and temporal continuity)
_______ occurs when a population is divided bc of a natural physical barrier or because intervening geographical populations become extinct
allopatric speciation
When a feature with similar function arises independently in unrelated organisms because of similar solutions to the same selective pressures, we regard these as ____ features/structures.
analagous
When similarity of a feature arises because of shared ancestry of the organisms with the feature (shared embryonic origin of feature) the features are considered ____?
analogous
More than 100 years ago, Charles Darwin and his colleague Thomas Huxley hypothesized that humans share a common ancestor, based on
anatomical evidence
Comparative anatomists follow the logic that organisms with shared homologous structures share a common ______.
ancestor
Which domain of organisms is/are unicellular without a nucleus, and have cell walls made of different molecules than those found in Eubacteria?
archae
Which of the following was a strong bit of evidence to Darwin and others, that continued selection was powerful enough to cause observable changes in different species (in this case domestic).
artificial selection
The biological species concept may not apply to animals with _____ reproduction.
asexual
When the sexes of two species of animals appear together in the same locality, but they exhibit different patterns of courtship, it is referred as?
behavioral isolation
Current scientific estimates indicate that Earth is approximately 4.5-4.6____ years old and that life began on Earth approximately 3.2-3.5____ years ago.
billion; billion
Both mitochondria and chloroplast rely on which of the following for their reproduction.
binary fission-like process
A ______ species is a sexually interbreeding or potentially interbreeding group of individuals normally separated from other species by the absence of genetic exchange through reproductive and other barriers
biological
In order to determine if individuals from separate populations are indeed distinct species, Drosophila biologists often test to see if individuals from different populations will mate with each other. This is an application of the the _____ species concept.
biological
In what way are natural selection and artificial selection similar?
both results in increased frequency of beneficial traits
Which of the following statements regarding complexity is true?
complexity once gained, can be lost
When a feature arises independently in unrelated organisms because of similar solutions to the same selective pressures, we regard the features as:
convergent structures
A(n) ________ species is a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies
evolutionary
New traits arise from pre-existing traits---a new organ (gene, protein) need not arise de novo but may be present in an organism, but used for a purpose other than that for which it is later selected. This is a description for:
exaptation
Darwin's conception of what an evolutionary "family tree" looked like was nothing like phylogenetic trees as we currently know (many branches, persistence of some branches to present etc.)
false
Science can occur outside the influence of societal values.
false
The argument of a watchmaker for complex structures was proposed by Lamarck
false
There is a sequential "scientific method" (set of procedures) scientists use to discover truths about the physical universe
false
Traits in vertebrates are often transmitted through the cytoplasm of the egg
false
True of False? Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
false
True or False? During embryonic development of chrodates, the formation of a neural plate, then a neural tube is not evident in all clades
false
True or False? Homeobox genes are important for protein construction, rather than regulatory function during the development of animals.
false
True or False? It is impossible to classify a fossil species as a morphological species.
false
True or False? The following are important roles served by fossils... (1) they provide physical record of organismal evolution. (2) they provide an historical order in which characters were acquired or lost, and (3) they provide a basis for the calibration of molecular-based trees.
false
True or False? Traits in vertebrates are often transmitted through the cytoplasm of the egg.
false
If testes size is correlated with number of sperm produced, under what condition is larger testes size more likely to be evolutionarily advantageous?
females mate with multiple males
Based on the figure, which of the following statements is true?
fish are not a monophyletic group
Considering the phylogenetic evidence of feather evolution, all of the following might have been original functions of feathers EXCEPT
flight
WHich group of organisms played a role in helping scientists identify the K-T(Pg) boundary as evidence of a mass extinction event?
foraminifera
Economies of scale occur in major transitions when
groups can perform tasks more efficiently than individuals
A trait that appears in two or more species and was present in their common ancestor but may not have the same function is called a
homology
When life first evolved, ocean temperatures were ____ and there was ____ atmospheric oxygen.
hotter; no
Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic isolating mechanism
hybrid inviability
What sort of natural disaster is thought (and supported by the evidence in the video) to have wiped out the dinosaurs?
impact of a large asteroid
What element was discovered in excess in a distinct layer found widely across the planet?
iridium
A trait that serves one purpose today but evolved under different selective conditions and previously had a different function.
is called an exaptation
Which of the following is an advantage of parsimony analysis
it is conceptually simple
Which of the following statements about organic evolution is true...
it is only a theory
species that are remarkably similar to organisms that have become extinct are referred to
living fossils
The ______ not only survived the K-T boundary, but radiated into many forms and diversified into many new habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic
mammals
The K-T(Pg) boundary separates which two eras?
mesozoic and cenozoic
Variation is generated in a population primarily by
mutation
Which of the following best summarizes the process of evolution by natural selection?
mutations that improve the fitness of individuals will tend to increase in frequency over time
______ refers to the system in which each species name defines its membership in a genus and provides it with a unique species name and identity
none of these
The _____ species concept defines a species as a cluster of individuals that occupy a particular niche
none of these (Phenic, evolutionary, biological, nichelogical)
Scientific work is usually review by other scientists through the process(es) of...
none of these (Repeating and verifying experiments, Conducting independent analyses of the available data university/college review committees)
Which of the following is true regarding Charles Darwin?
none of these (he was raised in a "non-believing" home, he quickly published his ideas on evolution upon returning from his trip, he had a solid grasp of the mechanisms of heredity)
Anatomical structures that are present but seem to have lost all or part of their ancestral function are called _____.
none of these (homologous structures, analogous structures, functional structures)
a pseudogene is a
nonfunctional version of a gene
If the two sister species on the phylogenetic tree shown differ from the other two species in a single character state (e.g., dark or light fur), how many character state changes (evolutionary events) are needed to explain this pattern?
one
taxon not in the clade being diagnosed
outgroup
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution resulted in a ___ because it changed the way we understand how all living things came to be and how they function
paradigm shift
______ occurs when a population at the periphery of a species adapts to different environments but remains contiguous with its parent so that gene flow is possible between them.
parametric speciation
Natural Selection acts on ___ even though that in turn is largely determined by the genotype.
phenotype
Natural selection acts directly on _____ differences in a population
phenotypic, not genotypic
A branching tree showing historical relationships among species is known as a(n)
phylogenetic tree
a clade that contains species that do NOT share the same common ancestor
polyphyletic
a clade that does not include all the species that share the same common ancestor
polyphyletic
The two major cell types currently known are
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Which of the following is NOT a shared property of all living things?
sexual reproduction
Which of the following concepts was a commonality of early Greek theories on how life started and how diverse living forms arose?
spontaneous generation
shared ancestral trait
symplesiomorphy
As shown in the figure, suppose a population splits into two descendant populations prior to the evolution of dark coloration, then splits again after the evolution of dark coloration found in Taxa 1 and 2. Which of the following terms best describes the dark coloration trait in this situation?
synapomorphy
Shared derived character
synapomorphy
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to occur when a gene is duplicated?
the duplicate impedes gene function
The figure shown is a phylogeny created with DNA sequence data and has high bootstrap values. The tree also includes observed phenotypes (in varying shades of gray) for the five taxa. The character states are indicated by "B" or "b", "G" or "g", and "P" or "p". Evaluate the hypothetical phylogenetic tree using a parsimony approach. How many state changes were required for Taxon 5 ("BGP") if the inferred ancestral state was "bGP"?
three
In the video you watched on developmental switches, the study organism was...
tiktaalik roseae
how genes encode
transcription factors
Empirical evidence can result from either/or manipulation-Observation.
true
In general, the mindset of scientist of Darwin's day was such that the "timing was right" for naturalistic explanation of origins.
true
One of the ninteenth-century barriers to the acceptance of evolution seemed to rest heavily on the reality/fixity of species
true
Scientific ideas are tentative and can be modified or disproved, but never proved.
true
T or F? If horizontal gene transfer was predominant in early evolution, this would blur the concept of species, making it difficult to delineate ancestral species.
true
Technically, Wallace wrote his paper describing natural selection before Darwin
true
The Greek Philosopher Xenophanes postulated that marine fossils on mountains indicated that those mountains were once under water.
true
The astronomer. Physicist Isaac Newton calculated the Earth to have begun -4000B.C.
true
The fact that many traits are polygenic is an explanation norm of reaction for most given traits
true
True or False? Although all the hierarchical levels of taxonomy are "abstractions", species are perhaps the least abstract
true
True or False? Early embryos of related species bear more common features than do later, more specialized developmental stages.
true
True or False? Genetic species concepts rely on molecular sequence data (ex. Barcoding of life)
true
True or False? In order for newly forming species to continue at a location where both species co-occur, it is essential that hybrids have lowered fitness than either parent "species"
true
True or False? Paedomorphism is when organisms retain larval features, yet gain sexual maturity.
true
True or False? Speciation can proceed quite rapidly under circumstances in which a peripheral population is genetically isolated from its parent
true
True or False? Tagmosis lends itself to evolution or modification of segments
true
True or False? Temporal separation is the first step in allopatric speciation
true
True or False? The early species concept known as the typological species was based on the philosophical concept of a true type (Similar to the "type" of triangles as the model for all physical triangles)
true
True or False? The rapid evolution of one or a few forms into many different species occupying a variety of habitats within a new geographical area is referred to as adaptive radiation?
true
True or False? The recognition of subspecies is essentially acknowledging a situation of a polymorphic species
true
True or False? There appears to be evidence for Hox gene homologies even between distantly related animals (ex. Flies and mice)
true
True or False? When a small, isolated population establishes a new population that could form the basis of a new species it is referred as the founder effect.
true
Elevated levels of iridium are found in the geologic layer at the K-TP (pg) boundary. Is this unusual?
yes, iridium is a rare metal on earth