OT333 lecture 9/12 week 3
Oligodendrites are in the
CNS
nuclei are found in the
CNS
Hyperpolarization=
IPSP
Getting further away from firing an action potential
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
a specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor
enzymatic degradation
move neuron toward firing an action potential
excitatory reaction
Sodium (Na+) channels in cell membraneopen. Na+rushes into cell, causing the inside of the cell to become less negative
excitatory reactions
Neurotransmitter can cause an ______________ or ___________ reaction in next neuron
excitatory, inhibitory
allow for communication in the brain
fasciculus
more myelination=
faster conduction
a group of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS
ganglion
communicate and protect brain
glial cells
structural support and housekeeping for neurons
glial cells
support cells in the nervous system
glial cells
long term memory involves what neurotransmitter
glutamate
dendrites are found in
gray matter
neuron cell bodies are found in
gray matter
dendrites are found in
grey matter
makes the neuron less likely to fire an action potential
inhibitory
Chloride (Cl-) channels open in the cell membrane. Cl- enters Causing the inside of the cell to become more negative
inhibitory reaction
Process information short distances/locally
interneurons
amplitude of action potential
large
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells are
macroglia
2 types of glial cells
micro and macro
May be involved in pruning synapses that aren't being used
microglia
involved in immune function
microglia
efferent neurons carry _________ info
motor
causes messages to be interrupted from brain to the SC resulting in impairments
multiple sclerosis
demyelination in the white matter; brain and/or spinal cord may be affected
multiple sclerosis
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells produce
myelin
inside of cell is more
negative
Bundles of axons in peripheral nervous system
nerves
The basic functional and structural unit of the nervous system
neuron
make up white matter
neuron axons
communicators in the central nervous system
neurons and glial cells
When we talk about pathways we are talking about....
neurons sending communication signals to other neurons
Ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile, and/or structure
neuroplasticity
Chemicals produced by and synthesized within a neuron
neurotransmitters
The chemicals in the brain are
neurotransmitters
electrical signal reaches end of axon and causes ____________ to be released into the ___________
neurotransmitters, synapse
axon regrowth for oligodendrocytes
no
alertness and attention involves what neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
A group of neuron cell bodies within CNS
nuclei
what produces myelin in our spine
oligodendrocytes
perception of pleasure, inhibition of pain is what neurotransmitter
opioid peptides
when you go for a long run and experience a runner's high
opioid peptides (endorphins)
A Delta carries info about
pain and temperature
C axons carries info about
pain, temperature, itch
multiple sclerosis is caused by
plaque formation
neurotransmitters produce _____________
post-synaptic potentials
EPSP and IPSP happens where:
postsynaptic
passive propagation is when
postsynaptic
graded summation is during
postsynaptic potential
components of synapse
presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane
calcium enters __________ during synapse
presynaptic terminal
A alpha carries information about
proprioception
eliminating synapses that aren't being used
pruning
astrocytes remove the neurotransmitters
removal by glial cells
the neurotransmitter molecule is taken back into the axon terminal where it was released
reuptake
two primary types of myelin
schwann and oligodendrites
what produces myelin for our ulnar nerve
schwann cells
pain regulation, appetite deals with what neurotransmitter
serotonin
lidocaine binds with our __________ of our _________ fibers. there's no sodium, so no action potential, so no pain
sodium channels, C
Add up the IPSPs and EPSPs that come in at the same time:
spatial summation
2 kinds of summations for messages:
spatial, temporal
in people with chronic pain?
substance P
plays a role in pain production and stress
substance p
where communication takes place
synapses
neurotransmitters are stored in ___________ near the ____________
synaptic vesicles, presynaptic membrane
binding of neurotransmitter to receptor
synthesis
if drugs increase availability of neurotransmitter, it increases ________
synthesis of neurotransmitter, causes NT to be released, block re-uptake, breakdown, facilitate release of neurotransmitter
Determine which ones are coming in fastest:
temporal summation
transmits signals to other neurons (releases neurotransmitters)
terminal buttons
myelinated axons can transmit info up to ___________ times faster than unmylinated
100
hypopolarization =
EPSP
bundles of axons in brain
Fasciculus
How does information travel through the nervous system?
Neurons become excited Send an electrical signal down the axon called an action potential Electrical signal reaches end of axon (in the spinal cord) Causes chemical (neurotransmitter) to be released into synapse Neurotransmitter binds to dendrites of next neuron Excites neuron Sends action potential down it's axon
ganglion are found in the
PNS
schwann cells are in the
PNS
changes in the ion concentration on the postsynaptic membrane (can be either excitatory or inhibitory)
Postsynaptic potential
in charge of muscle contraction
acetylcholine
when you raise your hand to answer a question?
acetylcholine
which neurotransmitter does botox block?
acetylcholine-- bc it stops the muscle from contracting
Depolarization is during
action potential
active propagation
action potential
if enough EPSPs=
action potential
neurons send an electrical signal down the axon called an
action potential
what neurotransmitter is responsible for memory, attention, and learning; REM sleep
acyetylcholine
Neurons that carry information to the brain
afferent
Neurons that carry sensory info are
afferent
used to describe neurons in the brain that carry info to another part of the brain
afferent
Categories of neurons
afferent, efferent, interneurons
axonal transport appears to slow with ________ and ___________
aging, neurodegenerative diseases
acts like the neurotransmitter
agonist
key fits and opens lock ex
agonist
neurodenegerative diseases example
alzheimer's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
impedes the neurotransmitter
antagonist
key fits the lock, but does not open it ex
antagonist
Neuronal support, repair damage, regulate communication, maintain blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
macroglia also called
astrocytes
transmits information to other neurons
axon
connects cell body to the axon
axon hillock
duration of action potential
brief
duration of postsynaptic potential :
brief to long
what happens in chemical synapse: _______ enters
calcium
makes neurotransmitters and produces and stores energy
cell body
soma
cell body of a neuron
neurons use ______________and ____________ to communicate.
chemicals, electricity
neurotransmitter binds to ____________ of next neuron
dendrites
receive incoming information from other neurons
dendrites
when calcium enters terminal, the membrane
depolarizes
what influences the speed of transmission of axon?
diameter
axonal transport occurs at
different speeds
neurotransmitter drifts out of the synaptic cleft
diffusion
Neurotransmitters are removed from synaptic cleft via: (4)
diffusion, reuptake, enzymatic degradation, removal by glial cells
movement, cognition and motivation/reward
dopamine
when you get an A on your neurons quiz
dopamine
can impact certain neurotransmitters making them more or less likely to do their job.
drugs
what blocks breakdown and reuptake of neurotransmitter
drugs that increase availability
Neurons that carry info away from the brain
efferent
Neurons that carry motor info are
efferent
used to describe neurons in the brain that carry info away from another part of the brain
efferent
glial cells dont use _____ or _________
electricity, synapses
why do you touch your injury when you hit your leg
touch messages are reaching our brain much faster
A beta carries info about
touch, pressure
Bundles of axons typically starting or ending in SC
tracts
Inside the brain is mostly __________ matter
white
axons are found in
white matter
where information travels
white matter
axon regrowth for Schwann cells
yes