OT333 lecture 9/12 week 3

Oligodendrites are in the

CNS

nuclei are found in the

CNS

Hyperpolarization=

IPSP

Getting further away from firing an action potential

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

a specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor

enzymatic degradation

move neuron toward firing an action potential

excitatory reaction

Sodium (Na+) channels in cell membraneopen. Na+rushes into cell, causing the inside of the cell to become less negative

excitatory reactions

Neurotransmitter can cause an ______________ or ___________ reaction in next neuron

excitatory, inhibitory

allow for communication in the brain

fasciculus

more myelination=

faster conduction

a group of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS

ganglion

communicate and protect brain

glial cells

structural support and housekeeping for neurons

glial cells

support cells in the nervous system

glial cells

long term memory involves what neurotransmitter

glutamate

dendrites are found in

gray matter

neuron cell bodies are found in

gray matter

dendrites are found in

grey matter

makes the neuron less likely to fire an action potential

inhibitory

Chloride (Cl-) channels open in the cell membrane. Cl- enters Causing the inside of the cell to become more negative

inhibitory reaction

Process information short distances/locally

interneurons

amplitude of action potential

large

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells are

macroglia

2 types of glial cells

micro and macro

May be involved in pruning synapses that aren't being used

microglia

involved in immune function

microglia

efferent neurons carry _________ info

motor

causes messages to be interrupted from brain to the SC resulting in impairments

multiple sclerosis

demyelination in the white matter; brain and/or spinal cord may be affected

multiple sclerosis

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells produce

myelin

inside of cell is more

negative

Bundles of axons in peripheral nervous system

nerves

The basic functional and structural unit of the nervous system

neuron

make up white matter

neuron axons

communicators in the central nervous system

neurons and glial cells

When we talk about pathways we are talking about....

neurons sending communication signals to other neurons

Ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile, and/or structure

neuroplasticity

Chemicals produced by and synthesized within a neuron

neurotransmitters

The chemicals in the brain are

neurotransmitters

electrical signal reaches end of axon and causes ____________ to be released into the ___________

neurotransmitters, synapse

axon regrowth for oligodendrocytes

no

alertness and attention involves what neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

A group of neuron cell bodies within CNS

nuclei

what produces myelin in our spine

oligodendrocytes

perception of pleasure, inhibition of pain is what neurotransmitter

opioid peptides

when you go for a long run and experience a runner's high

opioid peptides (endorphins)

A Delta carries info about

pain and temperature

C axons carries info about

pain, temperature, itch

multiple sclerosis is caused by

plaque formation

neurotransmitters produce _____________

post-synaptic potentials

EPSP and IPSP happens where:

postsynaptic

passive propagation is when

postsynaptic

graded summation is during

postsynaptic potential

components of synapse

presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

calcium enters __________ during synapse

presynaptic terminal

A alpha carries information about

proprioception

eliminating synapses that aren't being used

pruning

astrocytes remove the neurotransmitters

removal by glial cells

the neurotransmitter molecule is taken back into the axon terminal where it was released

reuptake

two primary types of myelin

schwann and oligodendrites

what produces myelin for our ulnar nerve

schwann cells

pain regulation, appetite deals with what neurotransmitter

serotonin

lidocaine binds with our __________ of our _________ fibers. there's no sodium, so no action potential, so no pain

sodium channels, C

Add up the IPSPs and EPSPs that come in at the same time:

spatial summation

2 kinds of summations for messages:

spatial, temporal

in people with chronic pain?

substance P

plays a role in pain production and stress

substance p

where communication takes place

synapses

neurotransmitters are stored in ___________ near the ____________

synaptic vesicles, presynaptic membrane

binding of neurotransmitter to receptor

synthesis

if drugs increase availability of neurotransmitter, it increases ________

synthesis of neurotransmitter, causes NT to be released, block re-uptake, breakdown, facilitate release of neurotransmitter

Determine which ones are coming in fastest:

temporal summation

transmits signals to other neurons (releases neurotransmitters)

terminal buttons

myelinated axons can transmit info up to ___________ times faster than unmylinated

100

hypopolarization =

EPSP

bundles of axons in brain

Fasciculus

How does information travel through the nervous system?

Neurons become excited Send an electrical signal down the axon called an action potential Electrical signal reaches end of axon (in the spinal cord) Causes chemical (neurotransmitter) to be released into synapse Neurotransmitter binds to dendrites of next neuron Excites neuron Sends action potential down it's axon

ganglion are found in the

PNS

schwann cells are in the

PNS

changes in the ion concentration on the postsynaptic membrane (can be either excitatory or inhibitory)

Postsynaptic potential

in charge of muscle contraction

acetylcholine

when you raise your hand to answer a question?

acetylcholine

which neurotransmitter does botox block?

acetylcholine-- bc it stops the muscle from contracting

Depolarization is during

action potential

active propagation

action potential

if enough EPSPs=

action potential

neurons send an electrical signal down the axon called an

action potential

what neurotransmitter is responsible for memory, attention, and learning; REM sleep

acyetylcholine

Neurons that carry information to the brain

afferent

Neurons that carry sensory info are

afferent

used to describe neurons in the brain that carry info to another part of the brain

afferent

Categories of neurons

afferent, efferent, interneurons

axonal transport appears to slow with ________ and ___________

aging, neurodegenerative diseases

acts like the neurotransmitter

agonist

key fits and opens lock ex

agonist

neurodenegerative diseases example

alzheimer's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

impedes the neurotransmitter

antagonist

key fits the lock, but does not open it ex

antagonist

Neuronal support, repair damage, regulate communication, maintain blood-brain barrier

astrocytes

macroglia also called

astrocytes

transmits information to other neurons

axon

connects cell body to the axon

axon hillock

duration of action potential

brief

duration of postsynaptic potential :

brief to long

what happens in chemical synapse: _______ enters

calcium

makes neurotransmitters and produces and stores energy

cell body

soma

cell body of a neuron

neurons use ______________and ____________ to communicate.

chemicals, electricity

neurotransmitter binds to ____________ of next neuron

dendrites

receive incoming information from other neurons

dendrites

when calcium enters terminal, the membrane

depolarizes

what influences the speed of transmission of axon?

diameter

axonal transport occurs at

different speeds

neurotransmitter drifts out of the synaptic cleft

diffusion

Neurotransmitters are removed from synaptic cleft via: (4)

diffusion, reuptake, enzymatic degradation, removal by glial cells

movement, cognition and motivation/reward

dopamine

when you get an A on your neurons quiz

dopamine

can impact certain neurotransmitters making them more or less likely to do their job.

drugs

what blocks breakdown and reuptake of neurotransmitter

drugs that increase availability

Neurons that carry info away from the brain

efferent

Neurons that carry motor info are

efferent

used to describe neurons in the brain that carry info away from another part of the brain

efferent

glial cells dont use _____ or _________

electricity, synapses

why do you touch your injury when you hit your leg

touch messages are reaching our brain much faster

A beta carries info about

touch, pressure

Bundles of axons typically starting or ending in SC

tracts

Inside the brain is mostly __________ matter

white

axons are found in

white matter

where information travels

white matter

axon regrowth for Schwann cells

yes