ottomans
what made them such successful conquerors
the use of gunpowder and Janissaries
what role did the Mongol invasions of the 1200s play in the history of the Ottoman Empire?
they made the ottomans go and find somewhere else to live
why did they begin their conquests
to spread islam
what type of empire
trading
where were they from originally
turkmenistan
why were they good navigators
used stars to find where mecca is
who was osman
founder/first ruler of the ottomans- most successful Ghazi - military success based on gunpowder changing from archers to foot soldiers
what was the name of their capital
istanbul
What came from the devshirme system
janissaries
what type of trade
maritime
what does the sultan mean in aribic
one with power
In what ways were the Ottoman Turks different to the Mongols?
ottomans fought for religion
where were they based
present day turkey
Infidels meaning
someone from another religion
Why is sultan Suleyman called "Suleyman the Magnificent"?
splendor of court and cultural accievements
what were osman's successors called
sultans
ghazi significance
followed Emirs - e.g. Osman, strict islamic code of conduct, raided people in the frontier of the Byzantine empire,
Who were the dhimmi
the jews and cristians
Byzantine Empire meaning
christian empire of which constantinople was the main city
Constantinople significance (why was constantinople so important)
dominated Bosporus strait- could choke off traffic between ottoman territory in Asia and balkins
who were janissaries and why were they important
elite soldiers 30K soldiers, trained to be loyal only to sultan. Sultan's household troops and bodyguards.
why did they migrate
fear of mongols
what was the devshirme
A system where boys are taken from their families and made to be a soldier or go to a special schools
what is a ghazi (who, what, where, when)
Anatolian Turks, warriors for islam, turkey, in 12-1300s
Why is sultan Mehmed II called "Mehmed the Conqueror?
He conquered constantinople
Byzantine Empire significance to Ottoman history
Constantinople was a crucial city controlled by the Byzantine empire - which connects the Mediterranean to the black sea -
How did the Ottomans rule such a diverse population?
Dhimmi = people of the Book Relied on biblical teachings → Jews and Christians (Jews and Christians) Allowed to keep religion and property but they paid the jizya = non-muslim tax Jizya Millets → used millets or religious communities to run local affairs - religious communities made of up and ruled by people of one religions--Christian, Jewish, Muslim
Constantinople meaning (conquest + date of conquest)
In 1453 the last Roman emperor Constantine XI was killed and Sultan Mehmed II`declared it the capital of the ottoman Empire
What were millets in the Ottoman Empire?
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
Why were the ottomans religiously tolerant of their Christian and Jewish Subjects?
Pastoral nomads have a tradition of religious tolerance Islamic rulers have a tradition of religious tolerance AFTER conquest Their subjects were the people of the book
why did Mehmed II conquer
Practical Control Bosphorus Strait Control access to black sea Entry to/connects asia and europe On trade routes Kick out the Byzantines Symbolic The important christian city in the east Ottomans want it Constantinople is renamed to Istanbul
What is a Harem
Private quarters of the sultan Also where female relatives, wives, and concubines
how did devshirme work
Took christian boys from balkans and their families Converted the boys to islam Sent to either the palace schools or the janissaries based on natural abilities Palace schools - trained to be government official Janissaries - elite soldiers
Infidels significance (who did the Ottomans consider infidels and what role did this play in their conquests)
They considered Christians and Jews to be infidels but when conqured, they tolerated them - did not serve in army but had to pay a small tax
What was the purpose of building such a grand structure such as the Suleymaniye Mosque?
To show off his learning, archictectual skills, and artistic- mosque contained 4 schools, library, hospital
how did the ottomans create an effective bureaucracy
Under Suleman the great - to bind the country - government structure and social organization. Law code for Criminal and Civil. simplified and limited taxes, systematized and simplified bureaucracy.
What was the jizya?
a tax
Why were the Ottomans tolerant of Christians and Jews in their empire
because they were dhimmi
Why did the Ottomans use millets to govern?
because they were useful and made it easier to govern people
what was the devshirme nickname
blood tax
In what ways were the Ottoman Turks similar to the Mongols?
both originally pastural nomads