Overview of Global Health
malaria serotypes asscoiated with meningitis disease and epidemics
A , B, C, W < X, Y
stillbirth rate in USA
3/1000 births
heart disease accounts for _____ of global deaths
30%
simple water treatments
- cholrination : suitable for ground water , spring , rain , pond water for household / rural water
why is menafrivac so helpful ?
- low cost - long term protection - doesn't require refrigeration - also protective against tetanus
meningitis C emergence causes
-insufficient vaccine stockpile - new hyper invasive strain - low population immunity - highly communicable .
resistance mechanisms
1. Beta-lactamase 2. Modification of target Penicillin Binding Proteins 3. Efflux pump 4. Impaired penetration of drug to the target Penicillin Binding Proteins
most common causes of stillbirth
1. Childbirth complications (during delivery) - 45% total stillbirths 2. Infections in womb (syphilis, malaria, toxoplasma, CMV) 3.Maternal illnesses (hypertension, diabetes) 4.Congenital abnormalities (heart defects) 5. Inadequate fetal growth ( placenta problems / oxygen, nutrients
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
1. Enzymatic destruction of drug 2. Prevention of penetration of drug 3. Alteration of drug's target site 4. Rapid ejection of the drug
Prevention of stillbirths
1. Screening for syphilis 2. Folic acid supplements 3. increase C-section 4. Reduce obesity, smoking hypertension 5. steroids for women in early labor
population - based studies of cancer
1. UK : Lung cancer 2. china : liver cancer 3. japan : stomach cancer 4. austrailia : skin cancer 5. US : colon cancer 6. brazil : cervical cancer 7. canada : leukemia
top 10 countries longest life expectancy
1. andoraa 2. san marino 3. japan 4. singapore 5. australia 6. switzerland 7. sweden 8. hong kong 9. canda 10.iceland
sewage disposal systems
1. bucket latrine 2. pit latrine 3. aqua privy 4. septic tank 5. batch composting 6. continuous composting 7. waste stabilization pond 8. aerated lagoon 9. conventional sewage treatment (flush toilet)
contributing factors to mortality reduction in developing countries
1. iron supplements in food , breast milk 2. iodine ( iodized salt) 3. vaccine 4. clean water and good sanitation 5. antibiotics and antimalarials 6. vitamin A
leading causes of childhood mortaility
1. malnutrition 2. respiratory infections 3. diarrhea 4. malaria
composition of breast milk
1. minerals 2. carbs 3. lipids and fats 4. growth factors 5 proteins: whey (protective) and caseins (nutritive) 6. whey:casein ratio: 60:40 (human) and 20:80 (bovine)
what are the four modifiable risk factors for heart disease , diabetes , cancer and chronic respiratory disease ?
1. tobacco use 2. unhealthy diet 3. physical inactivity 4. harmful alcohol use
how many people globally lack access to clean water
1.1 billion
top 10 non-communicable causes of death
1.High blood pressure 12.8 2.Tobacco use 8.7 3.High blood glucose 5.8 4.Physical inactivity 5.5 5.Overweight and obesity 4.8 6.High cholesterol 4.5 7.Unsafe sex 4.0 8.Alcohol use 3.8 9.Childhood underweight 3.8 10.Indoor smoke from solid fuels 3.3 ●
how many preventable childhood deaths occur a year ?
11 million or 30,000 a day
global rate of stillbirths
19/1000 births
how many people globally lack adequate sanitation facilities
2.4 billion
Integron
A genetic element with an attachment site for site-specific recombination and an integrase gene. It can capture genes and gene cassettes.
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
what two infections are likely to be co-infections ?
TB and HIV
what have families who have moved and decrease risk of certain type of cancer proven ?
That cancer risk is not completely determined by genetics , that environmental risk factors play major role in cancer risk
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
country with highest childhood mortality rate
afghanistan
how can one study the causes of cancer ?
by looking at the prevelant cancer types in different populations and correlate behaviors that can be cancer causing within those populations
arsenic in drinking water global health
can cause skin diseases , lung cancer , bladder cancer , kidney cancer .
Example of non-communicable disease
cancer
what disease broke out after disasters in yemen , syria and haiti ?
cholera
what is the leading cause of death in developing countries ?
communicable / infectious diseases
Sono filter
created by Dr. bul Hussam of GMU to remove arsenic from drinking water. consists od sand , charcoal , bits of brick , shards of cast iron
teenage vaccine
diptheria tetanus BCG
Example of communicable disease
flu
traveler vaccine
hep A and B yellow fever typhoid cholera
what is the cause for increase HIV infection in SE asia ?
heroin injection use
trachoma global health
infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis . facilitated by poor sanitation and hygiene. common in children under 6. infection leads to scarring of inner eyelids leading to partial or complete vision loss. treated by tetracyline. prevention includes fly control , access to clean water for hygiene and proper waste management
elderly vaccine
influenza pneumococcus
Transposons
jumping genes
countries with the highest and lowest rates of stillbirth
lowest : singapore and finland highest: pakistan and nigeria
12-18 month vaccine
measles mumps rubella
world wide what are the biggest killers ?
noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease
2-6 month vaccines
polio diptheria pertussis tentanus
MenAfriVac
vaccine that eradicated meningitis epidemic in subsaharan africa in 2015
heart disease is the leading cause of death in _______.
western countries