PAIS Exam 2

How does the consumer determine the expertise of a fitness authority? What makes someone seem reliable or not? How do we determine whether the exercise or diet advice of an expert is valid? Is there a scientific backing to these expertise? Do these people have the body that we are trying to achieve?

1. Endowment effect a. Things that are our own, we tend to invest more value or endowment in them more than what its actually worth. b. Sell object more for what you bought it as 2. Decision Fatigue a. Relationship between decision quality and decision quantity 3. Anchoring effect a. Something that's marked down seems better than a similar object charged the same amount but not marked down 4. Heuristics 5. Framing a. How you present an aspect of an item will change its worth b. 80% fat free or 20% fat c. Promotes physical activity 6. Loss aversion a. Pain we have from losing something is greater than the pleasure we have from getting it 7. Prospect theory a. People are more sensitive to the prospect of losses than gains by about 2:1 b. People are risk averse even if there is slight gain, vs bigger chance of loss 8. Relation to Physical activity a. Some businesses are beginning to take advantage of this b. Gym-pact is a company that partners with gyms c. You can gain money by completing workouts d. Lose money if you miss workouts 9. Nudge a. A simple adjustment to the environment that can change someone's life for the better b. Based on libertarian paternalism i. People should be given free choice (libertarianism) but that choice should be guided by experts (paternalism) c. When evidence shows people making poor choices, we should nudge them toward better decision making d. Nudge fatigue

Give examples of PE curricula or initiative driven by each of the three purposes. What purpose currently drives PE in the U.S.?

3 purposes: Citizenship, morality, and health Worry about debauchery after young men were coming back from war. YMCA was established as a physical outlet for these young men to practices these purposes.

Explain the purpose, priorities, and organization of the National Physical Activity Plan. Be able to discuss where tactics in the public health sector are upstream or downstream and how they consider sociocultural factors.

ALL are trying to increase activity and try to decrease inactivity throughout the country Are the different tactics → upstream or downstream? - majority are upstream Priorities: FEDERAL OFFICE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH - Establish at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an Office of Physical Activity and Health, and allocate to that Office the resources needed to provide effective national leadership. -upstream COMPREHENSIVE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM - Establish a robust and comprehensive surveillance system for monitoring: 1) compliance with physical activity guidelines in all segments of the U.S. population, and 2) the status of environments, policies, and programs designed to promote physical activity. -upstream NATIONAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REPORT CARD - Develop and disseminate a comprehensive physical activity report card that, at regular intervals, evaluates the status of physical activity and physical activity promotion efforts in the United States. -downstream PHYSICAL ACTIVITY POLICY DEVELOPMENT - Promote translation of evidence-based strategies for promoting physical activity to policies for adoption at the national, state, community, and institutional levels -downstream NATIONAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAMPAIGN - Launch a national physical activity campaign coordinated with state and local resources to guide Americans toward effective behavioral strategies, programs, and places for increasing physical activity. -downstream STATE AND LOCAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ACTION PLANS - Support the development and implementation of comprehensive physical activity strategic plans at the state, regional, and community levels. -downstream INCREASED FUNDING FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INITIATIVES - Advocate to local, state, and national policy makers for increased funding to implement the physical activity promotion strategies identified in the National Physical Activity Plan. -downstream

What are the CDC's physical activity recommendations? How do the recommendations vary by age group?

Children - 60 min a day, strength 3x a week Adults - 150 min moderate or 75 min high intensity, strength 2 or more x a week Older Adults - same as above but add fall prevention exercises 3x a week

What is Thaler and Sustein's "nudge"? Describe how nudges are used to promote physical activity. How does framing also help to promote physical activity? Finally, describe the role of technology and big data in physical activity promotion.

Choice architecture --> there should be a choice for the individual to decide; make a decision on the "healthier" option vs. the "unhealthier" option Framing → example: yogurt container Technology: Medication reminders, bedtime alarms, smartphones buzz to remind you to move after a period of inactivity can all lead to nudge fatigue. Apps that help you earn money with each time you exercise (GymPact)

How did Burdsey (2016) explain the media representation of Mo Farah? How did nation, nationality, and race intersect?

Elite runner for the UK who was born in East Africa. Coverage didnt have same nationalistic language, just focused on how he was different from the norm "This article has argued that Mo Farah's identity complicates normative framings of sport, race, religion and masculinity in Britain. As a consequence, the athlete is constructed and represented by the media using narratives that are familiar, palatable and reassuring to the public; and that sustain hegemonic models of nationhood and dominant ideologies around sport. These include his construction as a multicultural icon and embodiment of "successful" immigration policies; the displacement of race and religion from his subjectivity onto the bodies of other minority ethnic citizens; his positioning as a tolerable individual whose achievements are really those of the nation itself too; and his identification with dominant symbols of nationhood. His skinny frame, soft-spoken nature and lack of physical prowess in a traditional sense also enable him to be distinguished from the "threaten-ing" black athlete (Carrington, 2010; Hyland, 2014). He is seen to represent an alternative racialized masculinity, as highlighted in his role in television advertisements for Quorn, a meat substitute product."

How does fitness equipment and apparel change the way someone exercises? What effect do these material goods have on an individual's comfort or confidence in fitness spaces (e.g. weight room, track, exercise studio, etc)?

Is there a change in performance? There can be a difference in performance, but it can also change the way we feel when we exercise. Usually, the clothes that "look" correct will change how we feel working out in regards to a social point of view.

Very broadly, what type of foods should be consumed in a day? What may cause recommendations from the CDC and USDA differ? Explain why "healthy eating pattern" is used instead of "diet." In what categories to Americans fail to meet minimum recommendations? What are food deserts and how do they make it hard to eat as recommended?)

MyPlate example: Half is fruits and vegetables with an emphasis on vegetables, the other half is meats and grains with an emphasis on meat. People tend to fall short on the vegetable side of the plate; 9 percent of adults met the intake recommendations for vegetables. CDC: preventing disease, USDA: has a stake in supporting agriculture which has seen criticism with a bias for dairy and meat. A healthy eating pattern does not have a negative connotation that diet has gotten in recent years. A food desert is an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food,

Consider Kathryn Wiley's guest lecture on Ghetto Centrism. What is Ethnocentrism and why/how was it used by the NBA? What are common ghetto centric images/motifs in media? According to the lecture, where does Ghetto Centrism appear outside of sports?

NBA: a lot of black players so they had to create a way to make blackness okay for white consumers because there were held beliefs in the relationship between blackness, basketball, and the ghetto. Tactics: make it cool and compelling (story telling) Appears: in media, commercials, marketing

What is the nation and what is nationalism? Explain imagined communities and boundaries.

Nation: An imagined community built on similar values. Not actually a real thing other than made-up boundaries. Nationalism: a movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy, unity and identity for a nation. Creating a sense of us vs. them → imagined communities

What is "nutritionism" as described by Michael Pollan? How does nutritionism change the way people decide what foods to buy? Give an example of a fad diet and the nutrients or type of eating considered "good" and "evil" by it.

Nutritionism: divides the world in between good nutrients and evil nutrients Good: vitamin c, fiber, antioxidants Evil: saturated fat, sugar, high fructose corn syrup Constantly changing Good nutrients in and bad nutrients taken out, has made eating has become so complicated Its an ideology of believing the nutrient is the key to eating food Pollan introduces idea of priesthood holding the secret knowledge of nutrition to mediate the relationship between you and food Doctors who talk about nutrition, experts, nutrition scientists/book writers

Understand the increased prevalence of obesity and the health risks associated with it. Explain whether body "ideals" seen in media and the fitness industry encourage physical activity for the population or discourage it. Be able to describe the motivation between public health entities and fitness companies in increasing physical activity.

Obesity: BMI greater than 30 better measurements since it takes into account height Encourage: maybe motivation Discourage: body obsessed/market driven

Define physical activity and physical education. How are PA and PE similar or different?

Physical activity is any bodily movement where the heart rate is elevated. Physical education: makes physical activity a routine in someone's life.

Define and give examples of print and electronic media as well as "old" and "new" media. What does it mean to consume media?

Print media: newspapers, magazines, fanzines, books, journals, catalogues, event programs, event programs, trading cards Electronic media: radio, television, film, tablets, phones, etc.

The lecture on behavioral economics. What does it mean to say that humans are predictably irrational? Describe prospect theory and how it explains the success of apps like GymPact.

Prospect Theory = people are more sensitive to prospect of losses than gains (2:1), people evaluate risky choices on the basis of loss vs. gain, humans are risk averse

Compare the two TED talks by Rogmo and Balcetis. How does each determine what the public health problem is? How do they recommend addressing the problem?

Rogmo and Balcetis: how they determined their health problem while avoiding heart disease Rogmo suggest interval training of high intensity exercise to improve physical fitness. Keeping a target goal; eyes on the prize approach

How do sport and nation interact? Discuss sport as spectacle and the militarization of sport. What is the relationship between masculinity, nation, and sport?

Sport can define more sharply the already established boundaries of moral and political communities. Can also give physical expression to certain values like working hard and achieving success, a meritocracy. Sport can have themes of war such as being fierce and games being similar to battles. Symbols are also present through pre-game shows by having patriotic performances.

What are the three purposes of physical education as discussed in lecture? How does each purpose shape the experience of students participating in that type of PE?

Sport education model 1. Seasons rather than units 2. Students are in teams rather than groups 3. Competitive 4. Big game at the end of the season, play-off game 5. Recognized and the stats are recorded, roles are given in what they do well so more students are involved 6. Entertainment 7. Leadership experience is developed Teaching games for understanding (TGfU) 1. Teach games through games 2. Break games into their simplest format- then increase complexity 3. Emphasizes self-decision making, everyone is held accountable 4. Every learner is important and is involved 5. Participants need to know the subject matter, the rules 6. Need to match the participants skill and challenge Teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) 1. Student-teacher relationship 2. Integration of life skills and physical activities 3. Transfer- what does it look like outside of PE lesson? 4. Empowerment- a shift of responsibility from teacher to student. Teachers responsibility- share the ball etc. 5. 5 Goals, respect, effort, self-direction, caring/leadership, and the outside world

What is the relationship between diet and exercise? How does this relationship manifest in products, advice, and programs related to weight loss?

The relationship between diet and exercise is energy intake(calories consumed) vs energy expenditure (resting calories, activity, exercise)

Define upstream vs downstream approaches to health. Know how these frameworks relate to clinical medicine, public health, and the proximate and distal causes of disease. Give an example of each.

Upstream: minimizing risk for certain conditions that can develop into disease. (public health approach) EX: building rec centers, parks, and legislature that would make sure there are no food deserts in a city. Downstream: Attacks a disease directly through medicine or doctor recommendations.

Consider ​She looks out for meals, period​ by Allen, et al. What did Allen, et al. find out regarding gender and race in cooking?

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374446/ → the study Marital happiness vs. food relationships in African American communities between the husband and wife. Men may prioritize marital happiness over taking part in discussion on food decisions regarding taste and health.