PALS 2022

Hypoxemia can be indicated in a child when a room air SpO2 reading is less than: a. 94% b. 90% c. 97% d. 88%

94%

Which statement concerning asystole is NOT correct? Systole is one of the rhythms associated with cardiac arrest Drowning, hypothermia, or infection can lead to asystole A flat line on an ECG always indicates asystole An asystolic individual has no detectable electrical activity

A flat line on an ECG always indicates asystole

In assessing level or responsiveness, the AVPU scale consists of all of the following ratings except: a. Voice b. Airway c. Unresponsive d. Alert

Airway

Acute community-acquired pneumonia causes include: a. Streptococcus pneumonia b. Mycoplasma pneumonia c. Chlamydia pneumonia d. All of the above

All of the above

Croup medication used for treatment are the following: a. Dexamethasone b. Nebulized epinephrine c. Heliox (oxygen) d. All of the above

All of the above

Epinephrine may be used in managing which of the following conditions: Anaphylaxis Asthma symptomatic bradycardia All of the above

All of the above

Initial management of respiratory distress or failure include: Opening and supporting the airway Assessing oxygenation with a pulse oximeter Suctioning and providing supplemental oxygen All of the above

All of the above

The purpose of post-resuscitation care of a PALS individual is to: Optimize ventilation Optimize circulation Preserve organ and tissue function All of the above

All of the above

Antiarrythmics that may be considered in the VF/VT algorithm include which of the following? Amiodarone Atropine Magnesium All of the above

Amiodarone

Medications that may be used to treat moderate to severe asthma include all of the following except: a. Albuterol b. Antibiotics c. magnesium sulfate d. Ipratropium bromide

Antibiotics

Exposure in PALS evaluations refers to an assessment for: Trauma Burns Fractures Any of the signs of a problem above

Any signs of of a problem above

When should a child be transferred to tertiary care post-cardiac arrest? After the first phase of resuscitation management As soon as possible Immediately If the child remains comatose post resuscitation

As soon as possible

The first management step in cardiac arrest is to: Stimulate more forceful myocardial contractility Begin high-quality CPR Increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and blood flow Suppress or treat arrhythimias

Begin high-quality CPR

Common causes of lower airway obstruction include: a. Pneumonia b. Bronchiolitis and asthma c. Foreign body aspiration and croup d. Pleural effusion and bronchospasm

Bronchiolitis and asthma

What is caused by an accumulation of blood in the pericardial space that results in impaired systemic venous return, impaired ventricular filling, and reduced cardiac output? Tension pneumothorax Ductal-dependent congenital heart lesions Massive pulmonary embolism Cardiac tamponade

Cardiac Tamponade

The type of shock associated with inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from myocardial dysfunction is: Hypovolemic shock Obstructive Shock Distributive shock Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiogenic shock

Compared to adults, how are children's (under age 10) heart rates different than adults when awake? children are lower children are higher completely unpredictable roughly equal

Children's are higher

Which statements about shock is NOT correct? a. Secondary conditions such as fever, infection, respiratory distress, and pain also contribute to shock. b. Children in shock can progress to cardiac failure c. Decreased urine output is not a symptom of shock d. Children in shock may become disoriented

Decreased urine output is not a symptom of shock

It is appropriate to administer one oral dose of ____________ for mild croup. Dexamethasone Atropine Epinephrine

Dexamethasone

Which statement about dexamethasone is NOT correct? a. Dexamethasone reduces he number and activation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages b. Dexamethasone commonly causes hypotension c. Dexamethasone is indicted for mild to severe croup d. Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid

Dexamethasone commonly causes hypotension

True or False: Cardiovascular dysfunction very rarely continues during the post-resuscitation phase.

False

True or False: Early signs of obstructive shock always resemble distributive shock.

False

True or False: Hypotonic fluids are suggested for volume resuscitation

False

True or False: Medication administration via ET tube is preferred due to it consistency.

False

Which is a common cause of quiet tachypnea? High fever Hypoglycemia Upper respiratory obstruction None of the above

High fever

What is the preferred priority for drug delivery routes? ET route, IV route, IO route IO route, ET route, IV route IV route, ET route, IO route IV route, IO route, ET route

IV route, IO route, ET route

When should cardiac pacing be administered to an individual with symptomatic bradycardia with a pulse? a. If the individual does not respond to CPR b. If the individual does not respond to CPR and pharmacologic support c. None of the above d. If the bradycardia is the result of a complete heart block or an abnormal sinus node function

If the bradycardia is the result of a complete heart block or an abnormal sinus node function

All of the following are signs of cardiogenic shock except Signs of increased respiration, often times including extended neck veins Signs of pulmonary or systemic venous congestion Improved tissue perfusion in response to fluid therapy Declined respiratory function in response to fluid therapy

Improved tissue perfusion in response to fluid therapy

Respiratory acidosis is caused by: Insufficient ventilation Hyperoxia Hypoglycemia hypocarbia

Insufficient ventilation

Which statement about cardiovascular support during post-resuscitation management is NOT correct? a. Invasive techniques should never be used to monitor blood pressure in individuals with poor perfusion or frequent arrhythmia b. Cardiac dysfunction can last for hours after resuscitation c. You should monitor urine output

Invasive techniques should never be used to monitor blood pressure in individuals with poor perfusion or frequent arrhythmia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) can be caused by all of the following except: Accessory pathway reentry Long QT syndromes Ectopic atrial focus AV nodal reentry

Long QT syndromes

Which conditions do NOT typically produce tachycardia? Acute blood loss Fever Metabolic stress Mobitz type 1 block

Mobitz type 1 block

What is the vasoactive agent of choice for the child with fluid-refractory septic shock who presents in vasodilated (warm) shock with poor perfusion or hypotension? Dobutamine Epinephrine Dopamine Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

When should you use the "pediatric bradycardia with a pulse" algorithm? Only on bradycardia individuals with signs of shock On individuals with symptomatic bradycardia Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of respiratory distress or failure On all bradycardia individuals without a pulse.

On individuals with symptomatic bradycardia

Pulse oximetry is monitored during post-resuscitation care to: Monitor hypovolemia Optimize ventilation and circulation Monitor hypoglycemia Stabilize blood pressure

Optimize ventilation and circulation

The purple of defibrillation is to: Recharge the heart Provide electrically stimulated contractions of the heart Treat symptomatic bradycardia Reset the electrical systems of the heart allowing a normal rhythm a chance to return

Reset the electrical systems of the heart allowing normal rhythm a chance to return

Cardiac arrest in pediatrics is most common caused by____________. Respiratory problems poor diet Injury Exercise

Respiratory problems

Which statement is correct with concerns of PEA? a. Reversible conditions, including hypovolemia and cardiac tamponade, can cause PEA b. An individual in PEA has a detectable pulse c. An individual in PEA has no electrical activity d. PEA always connects to asystole

Reversible conditions, including hypovolemia and cardiac tamponade, can cause PEA

You should immediate begin chest compressions on a bradycardia individual if they: Have a heart rate below 60 bpm Show signs of respiratory distress Show signs of poor perfusion Show signs of syncope, dizziness, and confusion

Show signs of syncope, dizziness, and confusion

The acute treatment of shock consists of all of the following except: Correcting metabolic imbalances Starting therapeutic hypothermia Improving volume and distribution of cardiac output Optimizing oxygen content of the blood

Starting therapeutic hypothermia

Which of the following is a common sign of hypovolemic shock? Hypoglycemia Tachypnea with mildly elevated work of breathing Normal urine output High blood pressure

Tachypnea with mildly elevated work of breathing

A complete heart block is also known as; Mobitz type 1 block Mobitz type 2 block First degree AV block Third degree AV block

Third degree AV block

True or False: A respiratory rate consistently less than 10 or greater than 60 breaths per minute in a child of any age is abnormal and suggests the presence of a potentially serious problem.

True

True or False: Albuterol is a common recommendation for treatment of wheezing in a child with infectious pneumonia.

True

True or False: Cardiopulmonary arrest is a common result of respiratory failure and shock

True

Indicators of adequate tissue perfusion include: Increased lactate Capillary refill time more than four seconds Urine Output above one ml/kg per hour Pulse ox below 90%

Urine output above one ml/kg per hour

Which rhythm should be shocked?

Ventricular fibrillation

Which statement regarding distributive shock is NOT true? a. Warm shock is characterized by cool, pale extremities b. Distributive shock common result in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation c. Distributive shock can be characterized as either warm shock or cold shock d. Common forms of distributive shock include septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock

Warm shock is characterized by cool, pale extremities

Which statement is correct concerning neurological assessment during post-resuscitation management? a. dilated unresponsive pupils, hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory irregularities, or apnea may indicate cerebral herniation b. Prolonged hypoventilation is suggested for imminent cerebral herniation c. Seizures should not be treated d. Hypothermia should be strictly avoided

dilated unresponsive pupils, hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory irregularities, or apnea may indicate cerebral herniation

What is the best vasoactive agent for cold septic shock? Norepinephrine Milrinone Epinephrine Dopamine

epinephrine