Paper 1 Case Study #2: South Africa
What system did the National Party implement after coming to power?
A system of apartheid
In what sort of jobs did Indian South Africans find work? (2)
Administrators Merchants
When did the ANC turn into a violent organization?
After the Sharpeville Massacre
What sort of ideology did the ANC have?
An Africanist one
What are the five rights that the Freedom Charter proclaimed all Africans should have?
An end to discrimination Human Rights Equal political rights Peaceful foreign relations Equality before the law
As a result of the Population Registry Act, what were all South Africans issued?
An identity card, which would determine their freedom of movement and ability to find a job
Where did Nelson Mandela first become involved in political protest?
As a law student at Fort Hare University
What is one reason why Apartheid developed so much after the establishment of the Department of Native Affairs?
Because the livelihoods of many depended on enforcing Apartheid legislation
Why did the residents of Alexandria boycott the Putco Bus Company?
Because they raised prices from 2 pence to 3 pence
Who constituted the majority of the population in 1904? What percentage of South Africa's population did they constitute?
Black Africans (from a variety of tribes) who constituted 67.4% of the population
What were the Four main races in South Africa at the beginning of the 20th century?
Black Africans, Whites (including Boers and English speakers), Indians & Cape Coloreds
What racial group was Alexandria dominated by?
Blacks
Who did the ANC look to for support on the international stage?
Britain
Who was the South African Prime Minister from 1948-1953?
Daniel Malan
Who was the leader of the South African Indian Congress?
Dr. Yusuf Dadoo
What was the significance of the 1911 Mines and Works Act?
Excluded Black Africans from high paying jobs in mines, which were reserved for whites
Who was the Minister for Native Affairs in 1950?
Future Prime Minister, Hendrik Verwoerd
Why did the ANC go from being a nonviolent organization into a violent one? (3)
Government Deceit The failure of nonviolent protest Failed negotiations between the government and the ANC
What type of Apartheid is the Group Areas Act of 1950 an example of?
Grand Apartheid Petty Apartheid
Who was South Africa's Prime Minister from 1958-1964?
H Verwoerd
When and where was Nelson Mandela arrested?
He was arrested on the 11th of July 1963, in a suburb of Johannesburg named Rivonia
What was the "Department of Native Affairs" tasked with?
Implementing Apartheid
When was the Union of South Africa formed?
In 1910
When was UmKhonto Wesizwe created?
In June 1961
When did the "Rivonia Trial" begin?
In October 1963
What was the effect of the Natives Laws Amendment Act?
It centralized the Pass Laws
Where is Alexandria?
It is a suburb of Johannesburg
Who was the South African Prime Minister from 1953-1958?
JG Strijdom
When was the Alexandria Bus Boycott?
January 1957
What was the name of the judge on the Rivonia trial?
Judge Quartus De Wet
When was Nelson Mandela born?
July 1918
Who were the majority of Indian South Africans descendants of?
Laborers who were brought by the British
At the end of the Rivonia Trial, what were Nelson Mandela and his codefendants sentenced to?
Life imprisonment
When was the Sharpeville Massacre?
March 21st 1960
In collaboration with other organizations, what three forms of non violent protest did the ANC champion?
Marches Demonstrations Non Cooperation
Where did the majority of Indian South Africans live?
Natal
Who was the leader that played the greatest role in the campaign?
Nelson Mandela
Who were the main recruits of the Department of Native Affairs, and when did they join?
New Afrikaner members of the National Party, who joined following their victory in 1948
What form of protest did the ANC and SAIC collectively practice?
Non Cooperation
Who was selected to run the ANC in exile after it was banned in 1960?
Oliver Tembo
When did the ANC and PAC become illegal?
On April the 8th 1960
What was the significance of the 1923 Natives (Urban Land) Act?
Outlined the rules behind segregated living areas in South African cities
Why was working collaboratively difficult for these organizations?
Pass laws
What sort of apartheid is the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act an example of?
Petty Apartheid
What are the two forms of Apartheid?
Petty Apartheid and Grand Apartheid
What did the Extension of Universities Act entail? (2)
Placing barriers preventing Africans studying until degree level Stopping English Language Universities from admitting Black students
What were three reasons as to why the National Party won the 1948 election?
Poor organization of the United Party The fact that the leader of the United Party, Smuts, was old National Party accusations towards the United Party of being supportive of integration
Why was the Alexandria Bus Boycott successful?
Prices were eventually lowered from 3 pence to 2 pence once again
What was most of the National Party's legislation based on?
Race
Which Security Council Resolution was particularly damning towards South Africa?
Resolution 134
What was the significance of the 1913 Natives Land Act?
Restricted African ownership of South African land to a mere 7% of the country's land All the land that was reserved for them was infertile
Who was the leader of the PAC?
Robert Subukwe
Prior to the 1940s, what did the bulk of the ANCs protest tactics consist of?
Sending delegations and signing petitions
Who was the founder of the African National Congress?
Solomon Plaatje
What are two examples of townships?
Sophiatown in Johannesburg Orlando in Johannesburg
What was the ultimate goal of the forced removals as a result of the Group Areas Act?
Strengthening Grand Apartheid by keeping races segregated from one another
What did the Population Registry Act of 1950 entail?
That all residents of South Africa be classed into different races That races be kept separate
What did the Group Areas Act entail?
That people must seek authorization from the government in order to live in a particular area, and that the presence of one race would lead to the forced eviction of another
What did the Separate Amenities Act entail?
That segregated facilities for whites and coloreds did not have to be equal
What did the Bantu Authorities Act entail?
That the only place Black Africans were "allowed" to live were their tribal reserves
In response to the election of the National Party in 1948, what did the ANC write?
The "Basic Policy"
How did the ANCYL's ideology differ from that of the ANC?
The ANCYL's ideology was more radical
Who were the main Anti Apartheid groups from 1948-1964?
The African National Congress South African Indian Congress Communist Party of South Africa Labour Organizations
Who did the National Party form a coalition with?
The Afrikaner Party
What did the Bantu Authorities Act develop?
The Bantustans as separate homelands for Africans
When did all of the protest groups begin working together?
The Mid 1930s
What four components did the Union of South Africa consist of?
The Orange Free State, The Cape, Natal & Transvaal
Who was the main group protesting outside the Sharpeville Police Station when the Massacre occurred?
The Pan Africanist Congress
How was South Africa's stature in the international community effected by the Sharpeville Massacre?
The RSA became more isolated
Which two states did Afrikaans speaking Boers form following the abolition of slavery?
The Transvaal and The Orange Free State
What were some of the aspects of international attention that the Rivonia trial drew? (3)
The United Nations demanded the release of the defendants Dockworkers threatened to damage goods exported from South Africa British MPs led a 50 man strong protest march against the events of the trial
What did Petty Apartheid refer to?
The day to day apartheid laws that affected the lives of South Africans, such as the separate facilities for different races
What are four reasons as to why the election of the National Party in 1948 was a turning point in South African racial history?
The development of the Bantustans The worsening of Black education The strengthening of the anti apartheid movement Black Africans became guest workers in South Africa
What were Verwoerd's main justifications for Grand Apartheid?
The fact that Africans needed to be "protected", but on terms that he could decide
What were the fundamental ideological differences between the Pan Africanist Congress and the African National Congress?
The fact that the PAC viewed their struggle as one against all non Africans in Africa, while the ANC viewed their enemies as the system of Apartheid
What did the defiance campaign include? (2)
The flooding of white only areas by colored activists Mass demonstrations and protests
What bigger struggle did the ANC view their protests as a part of?
The global struggle against colonialism
What were the Bantustans integral in?
The implementation of Grand Apartheid
When did the anti apartheid movement become far more radical?
The late 1940s
What triggered the shooting during the Sharpeville Massacre?
The misconception police had, that a shot had been fired at one of their ranks
What did Grand Apartheid refer to?
The overall doctrine of racial segregation in South Africa
What is an example of Grand Apartheid?
The separate living areas for different races (eg Townships)
What did the Bantu Education Act entail? (2)
The shifting of control over "native" schools from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Native Affairs Worsening the quality of education for Blacks
What are two problems that the ANC faced in galvanizing support?
Their limited freedom of movement The communication barriers across tribes
What were three white justifications for apartheid?
Their view that Blacks were untrustworthy, lazy and potentially dangerous Without consulting Blacks, they believed that Africans were happiest in their reserves Fears of their safety given their minority status
What did the townships entail? (3)
These were places where blacks were forced to live Rudimentary housing facilities A lack of running water and electricity
How did mK use violence as a means of protest?
They committed acts of sabotage on government property
What percentage of South Africa's population did Indians account for in 1904?
They constituted 2.4% of the population
What percentage of South Africa's population did Cape-Colored people account for in 1904?
They constituted 8.6% of the population
What did the White ruling class do in order to exploit the "cheap labor" they believed Black Africans possessed?
They formulated laws that would force them off their land
What were the financial circumstances of many Indian South Africans?
They were well off
Apart from the Department of Native Affairs, who was influential in constructing Apartheid policy?
Think Tanks, such as the South African Bureau of Racial Affairs
What was the aim of Apartheid?
To keep races in South Africa as segregated as possible
As a result of the Bantu Authorities Act, who would Blacks be governed by?
Tribal leaders, appointed by the National Party
What was the name of the armed wing of the ANC?
Umkhonto Wesizwe
Who was the founder of the African National Congress' Youth League?
Walter Sisulu
What did passes determine?
Where South Africans could live, work, and travel on the basis of their race
Who was the largest minority in South Africa in 1904? What percentage of South Africa's population did they constitute?
Whites (including Boers and English speakers), who accounted for 21.6% of the population
Were the mK and the ANC independent from one another?
Yes
Was the defiance campaign violent or non violent?
non violent
When did the British abolish slavery within their empire?
1833
When was the first proper census conducted in South Africa?
1904
When was the ANC founded?
1923
When did the ANC begin working with the SAIC?
1940
When was the ANCYL founded?
1943
When did the National Party come to power?
1948
When was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act implemented?
1949
When was the Group Areas Act passed?
1950
When was the Bantu Authorities Act passed?
1951
When did the defiance campaign occur?
1952
When was the Natives Laws Amendment Act signed?
1952
When were the pass laws centralized on a national level?
1952
When was the Bantu Education Act signed?
1953
When was the Natives Labor Act signed?
1953
When was the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act Signed?
1953
When was the Freedom Charter signed?
1955
When was the Pan Africanist Congress formed?
1958
When was the Extension of Universities Act signed?
1959
In 1946, what was the budget of the Department of Native Affairs?
3 Million Pounds
How many evictions was the Group Areas Act responsible for between 1960 and 1983?
3.5 Million
How many people worked in the Department of Native Affairs in 1947?
3479
How many people worked in the Department of Native Affairs by 1953?
4053
How many people were in attendance at the Sharpeville Police Station?
5000-6000
How many protestors were killed, and how many were wounded?
69 were killed, and 200 were wounded
By 1953, what was the budget of the Department of Native Affairs?
7.2 Million Pounds
How many seats did the National Party win in the 1948 election?
79
Who was the first President of the African National Congress?
A Baptist Minister named John L. Dube
Who did they defeat?
A coalition of the Union Party and the South African Labor Party
What were the core components of the defiance campaign?
A letter from the leader of the ANC to South African PM Daniel Malan to repeal the Suppression of Communism Act, as well as the other Apartheid laws by February 1952
What did the "Basic Policy" include?
A proposition to unite Africans across tribal lines for the purpose of collectively resisting Apartheid
What were the Bantustans?
"states within states" in which Black Africans were forced to live
What were the four main roles of the Department of Native Affairs?
-Constructing townships -Allocating Africans jobs -Controlling the Bantustans -Forcibly transporting colored people into townships
What are the three main characteristics that Boers were identified by?
-Extreme racism -Willingness to do hard work, by farming on land that others would consider infertile -Practicing a puritanical form of Christianity
What were the two main policy recommendations of the South African Bureau of Racial Affairs? (2)
-Implementing measures that would strengthen grand apartheid -Influencing Afrikaner youth in a manner that would make them feel as though Apartheid was a desirable way in which to live
What were three main conditions that Africans were subject to?
-They were politically disenfranchised -They had been dispossessed of their land -They were subject to widespread discrimination
What were the racial privileges enjoyed by White South Africans? (2)
-They were the only South Africans who could vote -White Collar and high paying jobs were reserved for them
Of the 3.5 Million forced removals that were the result of the Group Areas Act, how many were removals from urban areas to rural native reserves?
1 Million
What were the pass laws?
A series of laws that outlined the freedom of movement of South Africans on the basis of their race