Paper 1 Case Study #2: South Africa

What system did the National Party implement after coming to power?

A system of apartheid

In what sort of jobs did Indian South Africans find work? (2)

Administrators Merchants

When did the ANC turn into a violent organization?

After the Sharpeville Massacre

What sort of ideology did the ANC have?

An Africanist one

What are the five rights that the Freedom Charter proclaimed all Africans should have?

An end to discrimination Human Rights Equal political rights Peaceful foreign relations Equality before the law

As a result of the Population Registry Act, what were all South Africans issued?

An identity card, which would determine their freedom of movement and ability to find a job

Where did Nelson Mandela first become involved in political protest?

As a law student at Fort Hare University

What is one reason why Apartheid developed so much after the establishment of the Department of Native Affairs?

Because the livelihoods of many depended on enforcing Apartheid legislation

Why did the residents of Alexandria boycott the Putco Bus Company?

Because they raised prices from 2 pence to 3 pence

Who constituted the majority of the population in 1904? What percentage of South Africa's population did they constitute?

Black Africans (from a variety of tribes) who constituted 67.4% of the population

What were the Four main races in South Africa at the beginning of the 20th century?

Black Africans, Whites (including Boers and English speakers), Indians & Cape Coloreds

What racial group was Alexandria dominated by?

Blacks

Who did the ANC look to for support on the international stage?

Britain

Who was the South African Prime Minister from 1948-1953?

Daniel Malan

Who was the leader of the South African Indian Congress?

Dr. Yusuf Dadoo

What was the significance of the 1911 Mines and Works Act?

Excluded Black Africans from high paying jobs in mines, which were reserved for whites

Who was the Minister for Native Affairs in 1950?

Future Prime Minister, Hendrik Verwoerd

Why did the ANC go from being a nonviolent organization into a violent one? (3)

Government Deceit The failure of nonviolent protest Failed negotiations between the government and the ANC

What type of Apartheid is the Group Areas Act of 1950 an example of?

Grand Apartheid Petty Apartheid

Who was South Africa's Prime Minister from 1958-1964?

H Verwoerd

When and where was Nelson Mandela arrested?

He was arrested on the 11th of July 1963, in a suburb of Johannesburg named Rivonia

What was the "Department of Native Affairs" tasked with?

Implementing Apartheid

When was the Union of South Africa formed?

In 1910

When was UmKhonto Wesizwe created?

In June 1961

When did the "Rivonia Trial" begin?

In October 1963

What was the effect of the Natives Laws Amendment Act?

It centralized the Pass Laws

Where is Alexandria?

It is a suburb of Johannesburg

Who was the South African Prime Minister from 1953-1958?

JG Strijdom

When was the Alexandria Bus Boycott?

January 1957

What was the name of the judge on the Rivonia trial?

Judge Quartus De Wet

When was Nelson Mandela born?

July 1918

Who were the majority of Indian South Africans descendants of?

Laborers who were brought by the British

At the end of the Rivonia Trial, what were Nelson Mandela and his codefendants sentenced to?

Life imprisonment

When was the Sharpeville Massacre?

March 21st 1960

In collaboration with other organizations, what three forms of non violent protest did the ANC champion?

Marches Demonstrations Non Cooperation

Where did the majority of Indian South Africans live?

Natal

Who was the leader that played the greatest role in the campaign?

Nelson Mandela

Who were the main recruits of the Department of Native Affairs, and when did they join?

New Afrikaner members of the National Party, who joined following their victory in 1948

What form of protest did the ANC and SAIC collectively practice?

Non Cooperation

Who was selected to run the ANC in exile after it was banned in 1960?

Oliver Tembo

When did the ANC and PAC become illegal?

On April the 8th 1960

What was the significance of the 1923 Natives (Urban Land) Act?

Outlined the rules behind segregated living areas in South African cities

Why was working collaboratively difficult for these organizations?

Pass laws

What sort of apartheid is the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act an example of?

Petty Apartheid

What are the two forms of Apartheid?

Petty Apartheid and Grand Apartheid

What did the Extension of Universities Act entail? (2)

Placing barriers preventing Africans studying until degree level Stopping English Language Universities from admitting Black students

What were three reasons as to why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Poor organization of the United Party The fact that the leader of the United Party, Smuts, was old National Party accusations towards the United Party of being supportive of integration

Why was the Alexandria Bus Boycott successful?

Prices were eventually lowered from 3 pence to 2 pence once again

What was most of the National Party's legislation based on?

Race

Which Security Council Resolution was particularly damning towards South Africa?

Resolution 134

What was the significance of the 1913 Natives Land Act?

Restricted African ownership of South African land to a mere 7% of the country's land All the land that was reserved for them was infertile

Who was the leader of the PAC?

Robert Subukwe

Prior to the 1940s, what did the bulk of the ANCs protest tactics consist of?

Sending delegations and signing petitions

Who was the founder of the African National Congress?

Solomon Plaatje

What are two examples of townships?

Sophiatown in Johannesburg Orlando in Johannesburg

What was the ultimate goal of the forced removals as a result of the Group Areas Act?

Strengthening Grand Apartheid by keeping races segregated from one another

What did the Population Registry Act of 1950 entail?

That all residents of South Africa be classed into different races That races be kept separate

What did the Group Areas Act entail?

That people must seek authorization from the government in order to live in a particular area, and that the presence of one race would lead to the forced eviction of another

What did the Separate Amenities Act entail?

That segregated facilities for whites and coloreds did not have to be equal

What did the Bantu Authorities Act entail?

That the only place Black Africans were "allowed" to live were their tribal reserves

In response to the election of the National Party in 1948, what did the ANC write?

The "Basic Policy"

How did the ANCYL's ideology differ from that of the ANC?

The ANCYL's ideology was more radical

Who were the main Anti Apartheid groups from 1948-1964?

The African National Congress South African Indian Congress Communist Party of South Africa Labour Organizations

Who did the National Party form a coalition with?

The Afrikaner Party

What did the Bantu Authorities Act develop?

The Bantustans as separate homelands for Africans

When did all of the protest groups begin working together?

The Mid 1930s

What four components did the Union of South Africa consist of?

The Orange Free State, The Cape, Natal & Transvaal

Who was the main group protesting outside the Sharpeville Police Station when the Massacre occurred?

The Pan Africanist Congress

How was South Africa's stature in the international community effected by the Sharpeville Massacre?

The RSA became more isolated

Which two states did Afrikaans speaking Boers form following the abolition of slavery?

The Transvaal and The Orange Free State

What were some of the aspects of international attention that the Rivonia trial drew? (3)

The United Nations demanded the release of the defendants Dockworkers threatened to damage goods exported from South Africa British MPs led a 50 man strong protest march against the events of the trial

What did Petty Apartheid refer to?

The day to day apartheid laws that affected the lives of South Africans, such as the separate facilities for different races

What are four reasons as to why the election of the National Party in 1948 was a turning point in South African racial history?

The development of the Bantustans The worsening of Black education The strengthening of the anti apartheid movement Black Africans became guest workers in South Africa

What were Verwoerd's main justifications for Grand Apartheid?

The fact that Africans needed to be "protected", but on terms that he could decide

What were the fundamental ideological differences between the Pan Africanist Congress and the African National Congress?

The fact that the PAC viewed their struggle as one against all non Africans in Africa, while the ANC viewed their enemies as the system of Apartheid

What did the defiance campaign include? (2)

The flooding of white only areas by colored activists Mass demonstrations and protests

What bigger struggle did the ANC view their protests as a part of?

The global struggle against colonialism

What were the Bantustans integral in?

The implementation of Grand Apartheid

When did the anti apartheid movement become far more radical?

The late 1940s

What triggered the shooting during the Sharpeville Massacre?

The misconception police had, that a shot had been fired at one of their ranks

What did Grand Apartheid refer to?

The overall doctrine of racial segregation in South Africa

What is an example of Grand Apartheid?

The separate living areas for different races (eg Townships)

What did the Bantu Education Act entail? (2)

The shifting of control over "native" schools from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Native Affairs Worsening the quality of education for Blacks

What are two problems that the ANC faced in galvanizing support?

Their limited freedom of movement The communication barriers across tribes

What were three white justifications for apartheid?

Their view that Blacks were untrustworthy, lazy and potentially dangerous Without consulting Blacks, they believed that Africans were happiest in their reserves Fears of their safety given their minority status

What did the townships entail? (3)

These were places where blacks were forced to live Rudimentary housing facilities A lack of running water and electricity

How did mK use violence as a means of protest?

They committed acts of sabotage on government property

What percentage of South Africa's population did Indians account for in 1904?

They constituted 2.4% of the population

What percentage of South Africa's population did Cape-Colored people account for in 1904?

They constituted 8.6% of the population

What did the White ruling class do in order to exploit the "cheap labor" they believed Black Africans possessed?

They formulated laws that would force them off their land

What were the financial circumstances of many Indian South Africans?

They were well off

Apart from the Department of Native Affairs, who was influential in constructing Apartheid policy?

Think Tanks, such as the South African Bureau of Racial Affairs

What was the aim of Apartheid?

To keep races in South Africa as segregated as possible

As a result of the Bantu Authorities Act, who would Blacks be governed by?

Tribal leaders, appointed by the National Party

What was the name of the armed wing of the ANC?

Umkhonto Wesizwe

Who was the founder of the African National Congress' Youth League?

Walter Sisulu

What did passes determine?

Where South Africans could live, work, and travel on the basis of their race

Who was the largest minority in South Africa in 1904? What percentage of South Africa's population did they constitute?

Whites (including Boers and English speakers), who accounted for 21.6% of the population

Were the mK and the ANC independent from one another?

Yes

Was the defiance campaign violent or non violent?

non violent

When did the British abolish slavery within their empire?

1833

When was the first proper census conducted in South Africa?

1904

When was the ANC founded?

1923

When did the ANC begin working with the SAIC?

1940

When was the ANCYL founded?

1943

When did the National Party come to power?

1948

When was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act implemented?

1949

When was the Group Areas Act passed?

1950

When was the Bantu Authorities Act passed?

1951

When did the defiance campaign occur?

1952

When was the Natives Laws Amendment Act signed?

1952

When were the pass laws centralized on a national level?

1952

When was the Bantu Education Act signed?

1953

When was the Natives Labor Act signed?

1953

When was the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act Signed?

1953

When was the Freedom Charter signed?

1955

When was the Pan Africanist Congress formed?

1958

When was the Extension of Universities Act signed?

1959

In 1946, what was the budget of the Department of Native Affairs?

3 Million Pounds

How many evictions was the Group Areas Act responsible for between 1960 and 1983?

3.5 Million

How many people worked in the Department of Native Affairs in 1947?

3479

How many people worked in the Department of Native Affairs by 1953?

4053

How many people were in attendance at the Sharpeville Police Station?

5000-6000

How many protestors were killed, and how many were wounded?

69 were killed, and 200 were wounded

By 1953, what was the budget of the Department of Native Affairs?

7.2 Million Pounds

How many seats did the National Party win in the 1948 election?

79

Who was the first President of the African National Congress?

A Baptist Minister named John L. Dube

Who did they defeat?

A coalition of the Union Party and the South African Labor Party

What were the core components of the defiance campaign?

A letter from the leader of the ANC to South African PM Daniel Malan to repeal the Suppression of Communism Act, as well as the other Apartheid laws by February 1952

What did the "Basic Policy" include?

A proposition to unite Africans across tribal lines for the purpose of collectively resisting Apartheid

What were the Bantustans?

"states within states" in which Black Africans were forced to live

What were the four main roles of the Department of Native Affairs?

-Constructing townships -Allocating Africans jobs -Controlling the Bantustans -Forcibly transporting colored people into townships

What are the three main characteristics that Boers were identified by?

-Extreme racism -Willingness to do hard work, by farming on land that others would consider infertile -Practicing a puritanical form of Christianity

What were the two main policy recommendations of the South African Bureau of Racial Affairs? (2)

-Implementing measures that would strengthen grand apartheid -Influencing Afrikaner youth in a manner that would make them feel as though Apartheid was a desirable way in which to live

What were three main conditions that Africans were subject to?

-They were politically disenfranchised -They had been dispossessed of their land -They were subject to widespread discrimination

What were the racial privileges enjoyed by White South Africans? (2)

-They were the only South Africans who could vote -White Collar and high paying jobs were reserved for them

Of the 3.5 Million forced removals that were the result of the Group Areas Act, how many were removals from urban areas to rural native reserves?

1 Million

What were the pass laws?

A series of laws that outlined the freedom of movement of South Africans on the basis of their race