part 2 finals prep
Genotype refers to... the number of genes that are the so-called junk DNA genes. the actual DNA sequences in the chromosomes. the resulting physical, chemical, or behavioral characteristics of the individual. All of these are true of the definition for genotype.
the actual DNA sequences in the chromosomes. Genotype is the DNA sequences, the actual base pairs in the chromosomes or strands of DNA and the sequence they are in. The genotype is what is actually in your DNA when it is read.
The endocrine system is very dependent on the _____ in order to operate effectively. immune system digestive system muscular system the circulatory system
the circulatory system
Keystone species are... the largest species in the ecosystem in terms of size and feeding habits. the most endangered species in terms of extinction in the ecosystem. the species whose removal from an ecosystem has a dramatic effect on the diversity (number of species) of the entire ecosystem. the species that do not have any natural predators. They are the top carnivores in the food web or food chain of the ecosystem.
the species whose removal from an ecosystem has a dramatic effect on the diversity (number of species) of the entire ecosystem.
What might be one of the biggest advantages of the needle shaped leaves of the pine trees? less carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis water loss is reduced dramatically, especially in dry months of the year animals won't eat the leaves as much because they are shaped like needles leaves can be longer and there can be more of them on the tree
water loss is reduced dramatically, especially in dry months of the year Needle-shaped leaves reduced the water loss so much that the trees did not have to drop the leaves in the winter months. This removed the necessity of growing a full new set of leaves every year, even if it did reduce the ability of the needle leaves to do photosynthesis as efficiently.
What three things are historically the biggest sources of toxic lead for humans (not counting bullets)? water pipes, paints, and gasoline food, clothing, and computer screens glass, clay containers, and printed pages .
water pipes, paints, and gasoline Pipes contained lead until the 1980's in many states because it made them easy to manufacture, and very resistant to corrosion and leaking. Paints included lead as an anti-mold agent and to help with mixing and flowing properties. Gasoline burned better in the engine with lead added to it. All of these products are now manufactured without lead, but the damage is done in many cases, because lead does not break down quickly in the environment (which was one of its best qualities as an additive).
What is the density, in g/cm3, of a wood block with a volume of 55 cm3 and a mass of 40 grams? 1.38 g/cm3 .73 g/cm3 .69 g/cm3 .50 g/cm3
.73 g/cm3 Divide 40g by 55 cm3 to get .7272 and round up to .73g/cm3
Which of these conditions might affect the results (either negatively or positively) when a reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme? pH presence (or absence) of co-enzymes or activators All of the above can influence the activity of an enzyme. temperature
All of the above can influence the activity of an enzyme.
What is the best definition of a population, in evolutionary biology and ecology terms? A group of individuals of two different species that interact with each other regularly. A group of individuals of the same species, in a given area, that can potentially breed with each other. All of the different species of organisms (including plants and fungi) in a given area. All the different species of organisms in several geographical regions (e.g. diff areas of single continent).
A group of individuals of the same species, in a given area, that can potentially breed with each other.
If a solution has a pH of 12, how would it best be described? A solution of pure water. A strongly acidic solution. A strongly basic solution. A weakly acidic solution.
A strongly basic solution.
How do members of the Kingdom Fungi get their food? They break down dead and decomposing plant and animal (organic) material. They live as commensals on land plants and share nutrients with them while helping the plants take up nitrogen and phosphorus. They live as parasites on land plants (and on humans!) and steal nutrients from them. All of the above descriptions are true of Fungi food gathering
All of the above descriptions are true of Fungi food gathering
Which of these naturalists was a contemporary of Darwin, and developed almost exactly the same ideas on evolution? Georges Cuvier Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Charles Lyell Alfred Russell Wallace
Alfred Russell Wallace
Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure? rear molars in vampire bats eye sockets in eyeless cave-dwelling fish pelvic bones in whales All of these are examples of vestigial structures.
All of these are examples of vestigial structures.
Single-celled fungi have important roles in human culture. Which of these are related to single-celled fungi? wine-making vaginal and urethral infections sources of medicines All of these are related to single-celled fungi.
All of these are related to single-celled fungi. Yeast are the players in all of these human activities or conditions. Yeast are single-celled fungi, and come in various species. But they all have unicellularity in common
What makes lead really tough to deal with as a pollutant and toxin? Lead affects many different systems in the human body, but especially the brain. All of these are true of lead as a toxin and pollutant. It accumulates in human and other animal body tissues and is stored for many years. It is very durable and does not corrode easily, so it lasts in the environment for long periods of time.
All of these are true of lead as a toxin and pollutant.
Why do I (and most other educators and virtually all biological scientists) refer to the theory of evolution by natural selection as the cornerstone of all modern biological science? Virtually all biological science research is done with the theory of evolution as the guiding principal. The theory helps answer many of the questions about how the huge diversity of organisms that we see today on our planet came about. The theory helps answer questions about what may have happened to species of organisms that are represented in the fossil record, but are now extinct on the planet. The theory helps answer questions about complicated relationships between species of organisms, and how or why those relationships might have developed. All of these are true regarding evolutionary theory and its role in modern biology.
All of these are true regarding evolutionary theory and its role in modern biology.
Which of these substances are included in the group of macromolecules called lipids? phospholipids fats sterols All of these are types of lipids.
All of these are types of lipids.
What evidence was beginning to accumulate in the scientific world in the 18th and 19th centuries that was changing accepted thinking, and leading Darwin and others to wonder about where the huge diversity of species on the planet came from? the age of the Earth was recalculated to be much older than earlier estimates discoveries of fossils of extinct organisms were becoming more common there were changes in thinking about geologic processes and the rate of their occurrence, based on new evidence All of these ideas were changing the thinking about species diversity on the Earth.
All of these ideas were changing the thinking about species diversity on the Earth. Buffon, Cuvier, Lyell and others were all starting to see and gather evidence that questioned the young age of the Earth, and the idea that species were immutable (unchanging) and that geologic processes were no longer happening or were not affecting the land and sea anymore. As scientists started to gather evidence from all over the world, they started to question the accepted hypotheses.
A dialysis machine, which mimics and replaces the functions of a human kidney, must be able to do what functions in order to keep the patient alive? remove nitrogenous wastes remove toxins or the breakdown products of toxins manage blood volume All of these must be handled by the dialysis machine if it is to mimic the functions of the kidneys.
All of these must be handled by the dialysis machine if it is to mimic the functions of the kidneys. The human kidney has many functions, including removal of nitrogenous wastes, specifically anything with ammonia or ammonia-like products in it; removal of toxins or the breakdown products of toxins that the liver has rendered harmless; balance the amount of salt and potassium and water in the blood and tissues; and manage the volume of water in the blood and the volume of blood overall. Luckily we have two of them, and we can usually survive with just one functioning kidney. But if both fail, we need a transplant.
Which of these statements is true of hydrogen bonds? They are relatively weak bonds compared to ionic and covalent bonds. They are very important in the biochemistry of living things. All of these statements are true of hydrogen bonds.
All of these statements are true of hydrogen bonds.
What was the big evolutionary advantage of the vascular tissue mutation in the ferns and their ancestor plants? What did vascular tissue change? Allowed for the plants to grow larger, and adapt well to slightly dryer environments. Created plants that did not need to do photosynthesis the same way because they received more sunlight than the non-vascular plants. Created a loss of the alternation of generations process; the vascular plants no longer went through the haploid phase. All of these resulted from the mutation that caused the formation of vascular tissue.
Allowed for the plants to grow larger, and adapt well to slightly dryer environments. The key to vascular tissue is that it allowed the plants to grow larger and taller because the plants didn't have to rely on diffusion of water and nutrients any longer, it could move the water and nutrients around to the cells as needed. This also meant that roots could help the plants get through seasons of dryness when the ground might dry up but the water underground was still there.
Which type of geological area would be the best to search for ancient animal or plant fossils? An area that was formerly a desert. An area that was formerly a mountain, but has now been eroded down to a valley. An area that is currently a desert, but was formerly a lagoon or large bay. All of these areas would have equal amounts of fossils.
An area that is currently a desert, but was formerly a lagoon or large bay. A former desert wouldn't have many fossils, simply because deserts are harsh places to make a living. Mountain that has been eroded may have fossils, but they are probably damaged and/or have been eroded away with rest of the mountain. An ancient ocean, that is now a large desert, would likely be a good place for fossils, because the ancient ocean would have created a lot of organisms that might be fossilized, and yet the current state of desert would keep those fossils more intact than, say, a volcanic island or mountain range that is growing.
Which of the following traits is not a characteristic of an echinoderm (Phylum Echinodermata)? An exoskeleton that must be molted periodically to allow for growth of the body. Radial symmetry in adults, bilateral symmetry in larvae. Exclusively marine (all species are found in the oceans). A "water vascular system" that helps with movement and feeding.
An exoskeleton that must be molted periodically to allow for growth of the body. Echinoderms do not have an exoskeleton, like the Arthropods or the Nematodes, that they have to shed every time the body grows. The Echinoderms just add on to the existing body structure to grow
What do root nodules and mycorrhizae have in common in the Plant Kingdom? They are both related to infections that can kill plants. They are related to the rate of photosynthesis in the plant shoots. Both are found only in mosses and ferns. Both are related to symbiotic relationships that are beneficial to the plant.
Both are related to symbiotic relationships that are beneficial to the plant. Root nodules house bacteria that are helpful in supplying nitrogen to the plant, among other things. Mycorrhizae are fungal tissues that help the plant take in water and mineral from the soil. Both are often critically important to the health of the plant.
Which of these is not a substance made up mainly of carbohydrate? Glycogen in the human liver Cholesterol in human blood and tissues Chitin in insect and crustacean exoskeletons Cellulose and starch in plant cell walls and cell storage vacuoles
Cholesterol in human blood and tissues
After the asteroid impact and subsequent climate changes that probably occurred as a result, every dinosaur species on the planet became extinct. True False
False Nope, the birds are an extant version of the dinosaurs and are doing quite well. True, most of the ancestral dinosaurs are extinct, at least the ones of which we have all the fossils. But the lineage of Theropods which eventually gave rise to the birds, is going strong.
In a situation in which males guard eggs and care for the young without help from the female, which of the following statements is most likely true? The population is monogamous and males and females look very, very similar. A single male controls a harem of females to which he has exclusive reproductive access. Males are large and more brightly colored in order to attract the very best females. Females are more brightly colored than males and court males aggressively.
Females are more brightly colored than males and court males aggressively. In this case, the males are making a very large reproductive investment, so they have a much higher interest in mating with only the "best" females in the population. Thus they are very picky about who they mate with, which means the females have to do everything they can to entice the males to mate, including bright coloration, courting behavior, and so forth.
Why is behavior "reciprocal altruism" seen much more often in human beings than in other species of animals? Humans are generally more tool-based, and it requires higher technology levels. Reciprocal altruism requires language and spoken word capabilities in the society. Humans live longer, & have good facial recognition for keeping track of "cheaters", so it pays off better for humans. All of these are true of reciprocal altruism in humans.
Humans live longer, & have good facial recognition for keeping track of "cheaters", so it pays off better for humans. . Humans have a relatively long lifespan, and good facial recognition ability, plus a fairly tight social group structure. All of this makes keeping track of cheaters and punishment of cheaters fairly easy, so invoking reciprocal altruism pays off in the long run.If cheating is easy to do and/or the animals don't really live long enough to get an account set up, then it isn't very common, for example in rodents.
Lamarck's theory of evolution by acquired characteristics was correct in the sense that it suggested the environment influences the traits that individual organisms evolve. But it was wrong about how that influence was exerted, because he suggested that the genetic changes were acquired in the parent organism during their lifetime, and then those acquired changes were inherited by the child organism. Where do genetic changes actually have to be created for them to be inherited by the offspring? In the "vital fluid" of the gametes. In the DNA of the brain cells. In the cytoplasm of the immune system cells. In the DNA of the gametes.
In the DNA of the gametes.
Which of the following statements does not align well with the concepts of natural selection and evolution? Natural selection can lead to speciation. Individuals that reproduce most successfully are more likely to have offspring that also reproduce successfully, if the environment remains stable. Individuals in a population normally exhibit variation, some of which is genetic and can be inherited by their offspring. Individuals change their genome during their lifespans in order to adapt to their environment better, and these changes can be inherited by their offspring. Individuals don't evolve, populations do. Individuals might be able to change to adapt to their environment, but those changes will not be genetic, they will be behavioral or physical. They will not be passed on to the gametes and thus to the offspring. They won't be subject to natural selection.
Individuals change their genome during their lifespans in order to adapt to their environment better, and these changes can be inherited by their offspring Individuals don't evolve, populations do. Individuals might be able to change to adapt to their environment, but those changes will not be genetic, they will be behavioral or physical. They will not be passed on to the gametes and thus to the offspring. They won't be subject to natural selection.
Which one of these is false when describing lead and mercury and salt in terms of their typical form, or state? Mercury is normally found in a liquid form. Salt is normally in a solid form as a crystalline substance. Lead is typically found as a gaseous element.
Lead is typically found as a gaseous element. Mercury is the only one that is liquid at a very wide range of temperatures in its normal form. Salt is a crystalline solid, and lead comes mixed with other molecules in various solids, but almost never as a gas.
What is the underlying basis for sexual reproduction behavior in most vertebrates? In other words, why do males and females typically have different roles in mating and reproduction? Females are smaller than males and males are less intelligent, within any given species. Males produce many small gametes (low cost); females produce fewer larger gametes and typically raise the offspring (high cost). Males are less colorful and tend to compete for females with less obvious displays and behaviors. Males have evolved to be the guardians and protectors of the females and the offspring in almost all species, and thus their behavior is different.
Males produce many small gametes (low cost); females produce fewer larger gametes and typically raise the offspring (high cost).
Why is it that fish tend to accumulate mercury in their bodies over time? Fish live extremely long lifespans and have more chances to be exposed to mercury. Mercury binds to fatty acids, and fish tissues tend to be fairly fatty (even though it's the "good" fat from a nutritional standpoint). Fish proteins use mercury to help them fold up correctly, so that their 3-dimensional shapes are correct and held in place.
Mercury binds to fatty acids, and fish tissues tend to be fairly fatty (even though it's the "good" fat from a nutritional standpoint).
Why is it that fish tend to accumulate mercury in their bodies over time? Fish proteins use mercury to help them fold up correctly, so that their 3-dimensional shapes are correct and held in place. Fish live extremely long lifespans and have more chances to be exposed to mercury. Mercury binds to fatty acids, and fish tissues tend to be fairly fatty (even though it's the "good" fat from a nutritional standpoint).
Mercury binds to fatty acids, and fish tissues tend to be fairly fatty (even though it's the "good" fat from a nutritional standpoint).
Choose the statement that best describes the effect of migration (gene flow) of individuals into a population: Migration of new individuals into population usually increases the genetic variation within that population. Migration of new individuals into population usually decreases the genetic variation within that population. Migration of individuals into a population generally causes no change in the genetic variability within a population because it is a case of artificial selection. Migration of individuals into a population generally causes speciation to occur.
Migration of new individuals into population usually increases the genetic variation within that population. Migration or gene flow is a random addition or subtraction of alleles from the population that will almost always simply cause some variation. At least in the short term. Long term effects might vary, but short term, migration simply causes a change in the genetics of the population and that's that.
What is the mushroom (the part of the fungi we typically eat) in terms of the life cycle of the organism? What does the mushroom do for the fungus to help it survive? Mushrooms are the roots of the fungus, so to speak, and function in taking in water. Mushrooms are responsible for gathering light to be used in photosynthesis. Mushrooms act as the "fruit" of the fungus, helping to create and distribute spores to other locations so they can start a new individual. Mushrooms function as cooling mechanisms, allowing the fungus to cool its internal structure using the mushroom as a fan of sorts.
Mushrooms act as the "fruit" of the fungus, helping to create and distribute spores to other locations so they can start a new individual. he fungus. They are responsible for developing haploid gametes and distributing those gametes (usually by wind) to other areas so that a new individual fungus can be formed. Mushrooms are the part we normally see, but they are typically the smallest part of the fungus in overall mass. Mushrooms don't have vascular tissues, water intake is all done by osmosis and diffusion. None of the fungi do photosynthesis. And the mushroom does not cool the fungus, I just made that one up!
What do lead and mercury have in common that salt does not share with them? Lead and mercury were very valuable even in the earliest days of human civilization. Lead and mercury are both liquid at room temperature. Neither lead nor mercury are required by the human body for good health.
Neither lead nor mercury are required by the human body for good health. Salt is a required element for good health and nutrition, we just tend to get a bit too much of it in our modern diets. Lead and mercury are not required in our diets, they are simply toxins.
What is the key to losing weight and keeping the weight off? Reducing carbohydrate rich foods, and increasing unsaturated fat rich food. Reducing calories from carbohydates and increasing calories from proteins. Reducing protein rich foods and increasing carbohydrate rich foods. Reducing the calories consumed, and increasing the activity level.
Reducing the calories consumed, and increasing the activity level.
What is one of the evolutionary advantages of the seeded vascular plants, over the bryophytes and the seedless vascular plants? In other words, which one of these do you think represents a potential benefit to plants that evolved true seeds? The creation of vascular tissue for strength. The change to an alternation of generations lifecycle. The adaptation of photosynthesis to higher levels of UV radiation. The ability of the seed to "wait" for favorable conditions before the seed germinates.
The ability of the seed to "wait" for favorable conditions before the seed germinates. The favorable conditions might mean rainfall, or being passed through an animal digestive system, or any number of situations. The key is the seed's "care package" gives it a chance to take advantage of the right conditions when they occur.
How was it that just a few genes were different between the ancestral corn (teosinte) and modern corn, but those few genes caused such a difference in the resulting fruit/seed of the plant? The genes were very critical genes that had to do with fruit production in both plants. The answer is still not really known; geneticists are trying to work out the details. The few genes that were different were regulatory genes, so they typically affect many more than just one gene each, when they are changed by mutation. The corn plants only have a few genes in their entire genome, so the five genes that were discovered had a very large effect on the overall number.
The few genes that were different were regulatory genes, so they typically affect many more than just one gene each, when they are changed by mutation. The genes, about 5 of them, are regulatory genes, and they each affect hundreds (or more?) other genes in the teosinte and corn plants. So even though the raw number of genes different in the genome of the two plants is low, the overall affect is huge because the regulatory genes are turning other genes on and off and affecting multiple genes in different areas of the genome depending on the situation. So a change to just one of those has a cascading effect.
What is the result of partially hydrogenating an unsaturated oil, like corn oil? The oil is contaminated with toxic molecules, which are then filtered out. The oil evaporates and is then collected by lowering the temperature and turning it back to a liquid. The oil becomes more saturated and thus more solid or smooth, like "melt in your mouth". The oil remains in a liquid state at room temperature.
The oil becomes more saturated and thus more solid or smooth, like "melt in your mouth".
A fern frond and a fiddlehead growing on the same rhizome of the plant have one important thing in common. What is it? They are clones of each other genetically. Both structures are haploid portions of the plant. They are parent and offspring: the fiddlehead is the sexual reproduction offspring of the fully grown frond. Both structures only grow underground.
They are clones of each other genetically. Rhizomes represent the fern's asexual reproduction method. Like "runners" in grasses and other plants, the rhizomes are how the ferns use cloning to make more fronds quickly in good conditions. The fiddleheads are the new fronds coming from those rhizomes, which would be genetically identical to all of the other fronds on that same rhizome.
Which of these statements is not true about epithelial cells and tissue? They are frequently and continually replaced. They function in protection of the organism and its inner organs and structures. They are embedded in and surrounded by non-living extracellular matrix material. They often make up glands that secrete products like sweat and hormones.
They are embedded in and surrounded by non-living extracellular matrix material. The key is what do epithelial cells do normally, and then find the one that doesn't fit that list. Epithelial cells have many functions, but they are not typically the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix masses. Connective tissue and matrix cells do that job. Epithelial cells do function to protect, transport nutrients, secrete stuff (like earwax) and they are frequently replaced due to wearing out (e.g. skin).
While mosses can cover a large area, they are never more than a few centimeters tall. Why do mosses not grow tall? The leaflets can only do photosynthesis if they are small, so that the sunlight hits them at the correct intensity. Herbivores constantly eat them to the ground. They are annuals and simply don't live long enough to get very tall. They have no vascular system so they cannot grow large because they cannot transport water or nutrients within a large structure.
They have no vascular system so they cannot grow large because they cannot transport water or nutrients within a large structure. Without vascular tissue, the mosses have to stay small so that diffusion of nutrients and wastes in and out of the individual cells can occur efficiently around the whole organism.
A pine tree has the male cones and female cones on the same tree, typically. However, the cones are usually not randomly placed among the branches of the tree; typically the female cones are in the topmost branches, and the male cones are in the bottom branches. What is the best guess as to why this trait has evolved? This keeps the male cones away from the wind at the top of the tree, so that the pollen doesn't get blown away by the wind during pollination. The female cones are protected from ground predators such as squirrels and raccoons this way. They cannot climb up into the highest branches to get at the seeds in those cones. This gives the female cones more sunlight so they can dry out and open up to release the seeds. This arrangement prevents, for the most part, the pollen on the male cones from falling onto the female cones just due to gravity, and the tree from self-pollinating.
This arrangement prevents, for the most part, the pollen on the male cones from falling onto the female cones just due to gravity, and the tree from self-pollinating. Diversity is the key to all sexual reproduction. So to prevent the tree from mating with it's own pine cones, the cones have evolved a trait where they don't all grow randomly in the tree branches, but rather the male cones are on the bottom, where their pollen cannot just fall directly onto the female cones below them and fertilize them with their own, related DNA. The male pollen has to be blown sideways to another tree, or picked up by animals (not very likely) or in very rare cases it might be blown straight up onto the female cones of the same tree. But overall, the setup tries to eliminate inbreeding.
One non-technical difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that, in general, gymnosperms depend on the wind for pollen dispersal, where angiosperms depend more on insect or other animal pollinators. True False
True The flowering plants have taken insect and animal pollination to an entirely new level, and it has paid off for them in terms of success. On the other hand, the gymnosperms are the most abundant land plants on the Earth, so wasted pollen grains or not, their system works quite well for them.
It is now clear, based on an array of fossil evidence, that feathers evolved in dinosaurs long before flight evolved in dinosaurs. Which of the three requirements for natural selection does this fulfill, in terms of the evolution of flight? Variation for the trait must already exist. Variation for the trait must be heritable. Differential reproductive success must result from the trait.
Variation for the trait must already exist. Natural selection cannot create mutations or changes in alleles. So the trait must already exist in a population for it be available for selection. Then, when the other two requirements are also met, natural selection can occur.
Which of these statements about a healthy diet is false? Physical activity is an important part of any healthy diet program or plan. Complex carbohydrates are preferred over simple sugars for energy foods. Humans should reduce the calories consumed as they get older. Vegetarians can never achieve a good balance of nutrients in their diet, especially of the proteins.
Vegetarians can never achieve a good balance of nutrients in their diet, especially of the proteins.
Which of the following attributes is not true of water? Water molecules take the shape of a straight line, with all three atoms in the same plane. Water has very high cohesion, because of the hydrogen bonds between molecules. Solid water is less dense than liquid water (ice floats). Water is a good solvent (dissolves lots of substances easily).
Water molecules take the shape of a straight line, with all three atoms in the same plane.
What is the key trait of all land plants that is not found in other sexually reproducing organisms? alternation of generations
alternation of generations
Which one of these characteristics would eliminate me as a member of the Plant Kingdom (kick me out of the plants)? ability to perform photosynthesis ability to live in water-based environments being multicellular ability to move around
ability to move around
What is the key trait of all land plants that is not found in other sexually reproducing organisms? alternation of generations meiosis and haploid gametes sometimes asexual reproduction is used sexual reproduction is always used exclusively
alternation of generations Alternation of generations is unique to plants. Alternation of generations is the cycle of reproduction where there are two large multicelled plant structures during the life cycle: the haploid gametophyte that produce the gametes that combine to form the zygote, and the diploid sporophyte that produces the spores that turn into the gametophytes.
Natural selection is typically described as "selfish". What is the term for types of behavior that first appear to be "unselfish", and are often seen in nature, but might actually be selfish too? altruism cheating predation asexual
altruism Altruism is the term used for doing something for another individual that doesn't really help you at all. Natural selection would seem to not select for altruism, because it doesn't help the altruistic individual reproduce more. But, kin selection and reciprocal altruism are used to describe behaviors that seem altruistic, but may actually increase reproduction in the individual performing the behaviors.
The set of reactions known as glycolysis are critically important in which of the following reaction system(s)? chemosynthesis anaerobic and/or aerobic respiration photosynthesis osmosis and diffusion
anaerobic and/or aerobic respiration Whether the cell or organism is using anaerobic or aerobic respiration pathways, or fermentation, glycolysis is always the first step, and is very important.
Breakdown of the proteins that make up our body tissues and parts, usually only takes place when we... eat more vitamins and minerals than we need. are not taking in enough calories overall for a long period of time. drink too much water overall. include too many lipids (fats) in our diet.
are not taking in enough calories overall for a long period of time.
Most mutations... are random, meaning they are unrelated to how useful or harmful they might be to the organism in which they occur. are beneficial to the organism in which they occur. only occur in small populations and affect individuals of small populations only; individuals in large populations do not experience mutations. migrate from one population to another.
are random, meaning they are unrelated to how useful or harmful they might be to the organism in which they occur. Mutations are mistakes in the DNA. They occur without planning or purpose, so they have no relationship to their usefulness or harmfulness. They are truly random. Their effects on the organism may not be random however, and that is where evolution and natural selection come in to play.
What is the most important job of the flower? secrete poisonous chemicals to keep insects and birds and bats from stealing the pollen and nectar from the flower trap insects to use as nitrogen sources attract pollinators and help pollen get delivered to other flowers/plants protect the pollen from wind and rain so it is not lost
attract pollinators and help pollen get delivered to other flowers/plants
Which one of these vegetables owe their evolutionary origin to the flowers and buds of the plant? turnips broccoli zucchini
broccoli
If a fungicide was applied near a plant, how might it kill the plant? by breaking down the chitin in the plant's cell walls by killing the symbiotic fungus associated with the plant's roots by killing the insects that pollinate the plant's flowers fungicides kill only fungi, so the plant would be fine
by killing the symbiotic fungus associated with the plant's roots
Which mineral does lead tend to mimic in the human body, which causes problems? magnesium zinc calcium
calcium
Which one of these major minerals is not typically found in meat? sulfur sodium calcium magnesium
calcium
On food packages, "insoluble fiber" refers to plant material that we cannot fully digest, but that is important to our health nonetheless. This "insoluble fiber" is a carbohydrate lipid protein nucleic acid
carbohydrate Normally, it is cellulose, for which we have no enzyme that will digest its molecular bonds. And cellulose is a carbohydrate, just like glucose, and sucrose, and amylose and all the other sugars. There are a few other insoluble fiber molecules as well, but the main one is cellulose, because it makes up most of the cell wall material in plants.
What is the key difference between fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in terms of their calorie content? carbohydrates and fats contain 4 calories per gram, where proteins contain 8 calories per gram carbohydrates and proteins contain 4 calories per gram, where fats contain 9 calories per gram fats contain more calories than proteins but less than carbohydrates proteins cannot be stored long term, so they do not really add anything to the overall calories taken in
carbohydrates and proteins contain 4 calories per gram, where fats contain 9 calories per gram
A plant that keeps its stomata closed most of the time (for example, a desert cactus) is going to be limited in a certain molecule needed for photosynthesis. What is the required molecule that will be limited, the limitation of which will result in production of less sugars? water oxygen nitrogen gas carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide Closing the stomata helps retain water in the plant tissues. But it also limits the amount of carbon dioxide gas that can be taken in to the chloroplasts, inside the cells. The carbon of carbon dioxide is what makes up the carbon rings in sugars such as glucose and sucrose. So limiting the carbon dioxide slows down the synthesis of sugars in the plant. But...it doesn't die of dehydration!
The most toxic molecular forms of mercury can do something that lead and salt cannot. What is it that the worst forms of mercury can do that is so dangerous to humans? cause blindness if they enter the eyes cause burns and severe pain cross easily through/across the skin and enter the bloodstream
cross easily through/across the skin and enter the bloodstream Mercury is one of just a handful of elements that is able to quickly and easily cross the skin barrier of humans, and then enter the bloodstream directly and migrate around the body to do various forms of damage. Lead and salt do their damage by being eaten or taken in to the body somehow. Mercury, in its most toxic chemical form, can kill you just by getting on your skin.
Which of the following was a major challenge to plants that were trying to adapt to a land existence, but represented a new challenge they had not faced in their aquatic environment? desiccation, or drying out of tissues predation by other organisms access to sufficient light for photosynthesis access to sufficient nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
desiccation, or drying out of tissues Of the choices listed, the only one that was "new" for plants moving onto land is desiccation, or drying out of tissues. Predation, photosynthesis light, and nutrients were problems for the ancestors of land plants too, but since they lived in aquatic environments, they didn't really worry about drying out. That was a new challenge.
Natural selection... doesn't affect alleles that do not lower reproductive success, even if they are fatal later on. leads to an increase in the frequency of deadly alleles related to reproduction. can influence aging but not the actual length of life. does not influence aging because aging is determined by an individual's environment only.
doesn't affect alleles that do not lower reproductive success, even if they are fatal later on. The hypothesis about aging given in the book is that we age because we accumulate a bunch of alleles that are bad for us, but that don't "switch on" until we get older, and so they do not get selected against by natural selection. In other words, they escape the effects of evolution, and if we get enough of them built up in us, we eventually die of their effects.
Which of these is the name for a group of extremely important molecules in living things, that are all members of the macromolecule group protein? enzymes cholesterol starches nucleic acids
enzymes
If you are looking for cells undergoing mitosis, where in adult humans would be the best place to look? epidermal cells brain or spinal cord neurons mature red blood cells cells inside the ovaries and testes
epidermal cells Epidermal cells are constantly being replaced. Skin, intestinal tissues & any lining tissues would be good place to find lots of dividing epidermal cells. Neurons in the spinal cord & brain usually stop dividing at some point in life cycle, making brain damage permanent in most cases. Heart muscle cells do not actively divide once mature, posing the same problem when a heart attack is suffered. Mature red blood cells don't divide once they formed, they don't even have a nucleus
Which method of heat exchange or transfer is in use (or you are trying to invoke) when you spray yourself with water from a misting spray bottle, while at the beach on a hot, sunny day? radiation evaporation convection conduction
evaporation The misty layer of water that you spray on your skin evaporates (usually more quickly or efficiently than the slightly thicker layer of sweat) and in doing so pulls some heat from the skin, cooling your body a bit. Conduction might be laying on a block of ice (?). Convection really wouldn't come up at the beach, because even a fan or a good wind is really just causing better evaporation rates. But maybe a wind off the water that helps you cool down (not applicable to this example). Radiation from the sun is what makes you hot in the first place and gives you skin cancer!
Which of these events would come last in the life cycle of a typical terrestrial flowering plant (an angiosperm)? (Note: This is a thinking question!) flowering (flowers bloom) fruit development pollination growth of buds and shoots
fruit development Fruit development would be the last thing to happen in the life of a flowering plant, because the fertilized zygotes, the seeds, are inside the fruit and ready to be consumed or distributed in some way. After that, the seeds will germinate and start their life as new offspring of the parent plant. The sequence of the events listed would be: growth of buds and shoots; flowering; pollination; fruit development.
The ovules become the seeds, and the ovaries become the... flowers roots fruits stems
fruits
How, or from where, does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose? gases in the air water in the soil or moisture in the air fungi or bacteria in the tissues the soil
gases in the air
What type of molecule is preferred by cells (it's the most efficient) for creating ATP in the process of cellular respiration? In other words, what is the best starting product of cellular respiration? fatty acids nitrogen glucose phosphate
glucose Glucose (and in rare cases others sugars) is the "best" starting molecule for cellular respiration, the process that ends with the creation of ATP molecules which can be used by the cell to make things happen. It's the best because it doesn't have to be modified at all before entering the cellular respiration process.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria? What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient? cool off the cell's interior allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA increased surface area for cell respiration reactions None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
increased surface area for cell respiration reactions It is thought that the folded inner membrane increases the surface area, which is the surface area of the mitochondria on which ATP is actually created via the Electron Transport Chain.
n the lab, you observe pollen grains from a flower's anther that are microscopic in size, and basically round in shape, but are covered with tiny spines and spikes. How is this flower most likely pollinated, based on the observation of its pollen? (Remember: pollination is not the same as seed distribution) wind water insects eaten by animals
insects
What is the single most important condition inside an animal body for proper functioning of enzymes? blood volume oxygen levels in lungs internal temperature body size
internal temperature
Pancreatitis is a disorder where pancreatic cells destroy themselves. This disorder is related to the rupture of a specific type of organelle inside the cells, which then causes the death of the cell. Knowing what you do about cellular organelles and their structure and function, which of the following organelles would most likely rupture during pancreatitis? lysosomes mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum chloroplasts
lysosomes
The sex (gender) of an animal species that makes the higher investment in reproduction (more energy used, more risk to them individually, more time investment in raising the young) will nearly always be... less picky as to the choice of their mate than the other gender. more picky as to the choice of their mate than the other gender. less competitive with other individuals of their gender as to the choice of their mate. prettier and more lavishly adorned than their potential mate.
more picky as to the choice of their mate than the other gender.
Which one of these mechanisms of evolution is not random? In other words, which one depends on the reproductive fitness of the individuals in the population? mutation genetic drift gene flow natural selection
natural selection
Which atomic particle is responsible for the reactivity of an atom? In other words, what determines an atom's bonding properties? number of neutrons in the nucleus number of protons in the nucleus total number of protons and neutrons and electrons in the atom number of electrons in the outer shell or orbital
number of electrons in the outer shell or orbital
Which of these carbohydrate-rich foods will cause the largest increase in the blood glucose level, in the shortest amount of time? organic all-natural grape juice organic all-natural whole wheat bread canned cooked spinach single serve pouch of microwave oatmeal
organic all-natural grape juice
Which one of these substances is not one of the three required inputs for photosynthesis? sunlight water carbon dioxide oxygen
oxygen Oxygen is a waste byproduct of photosynthesis, not a requirement to start the process.
Based on the results of your iodine and methylene blue staining in the cell lab, would you say that plant cell walls are permeable or impermeable to water and other solutes (molecules dissolved in water)? permeable impermeable I cannot answer based on the information given
permeable The best evidence for permeability of the cell wall is the iodine being able to stain the starch granules inside the potato cells. But you also were able to see the iodine get inside the onion cell and stain the nucleus yellow/gold.
Hormones that are secreted into the external environment of an organism are called what? autocrine hormones paracrine hormones pheromones steroids
pheromones
The evolution of seeds in plants allowed... for coevolution with bird pollinators. plants to disperse into, and colonize, dryer climates. for the development of a separate sporophyte on the plants. the development of male and female gametophytes.
plants to disperse into, and colonize, dryer climates. Seeds allowed plants to grow in dryer and more inhospitable areas than they would have before the seeds were developed, because the seed protected the newly formed embryo from the harshness until it had a chance to grow some roots and stems and leaves of its own and find water and nutrient sources in the soil.
In Western cultures, we tend to get too much salt in our diets, but not enough of what other mineral? (Hint: there is a lot of this in green vegetables) copper potassium manganese
potassium
What was the alternative hypothesis for dark skin evolution in early humans? What did Dr. Jablonski think was the real reason for our central African ancestors being exclusively dark-skinned? protection of cells below the dermis from excess UV to reduce skin cancer synthesis of vitamin D in the body protection of vitamin D in the body from damage protection of vitamin B9 (folic acid) from damage
protection of vitamin B9 (folic acid) from damage The alternative to protection from skin cancer hypothesis, that Dr. Jablonski came up with, states that the dark melanin-filled cells are trying to protect the blood vessels from UV radiation so that the vitamin B9 flowing around in them does not get degraded by the UV radiation. This would especially help with pregnant females.
Why must insulin be injected by diabetes patients, rather than taken in pill or liquid form? Hint: What type of macromolecule is insulin? so that a diabetes patient can take much more of the drug than a pill would carry so that the effects of the insulin can be immediately felt by the patient so that the insulin molecules will not be destroyed by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine so that the pancreas recognizes the insulin and does not cause an immune response
so that the insulin molecules will not be destroyed by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine Insulin is a protein, and as such it is easily destroyed by pepsin in the stomach and other digestive system enzymes. The low pH in the stomach would also be hard on the insulin molecule. For Type 1 diabetes, where no insulin is produced at all by the pancreas, a patient would likely never be able to take enough insulin in pill form for it to survive the digestive system and still have enough left to reach the cells of the liver.
Regardless of all the other stuff that they might add to it at the natural foods store, salt is still chemically just... sodium and water. activated charcoal. sodium and chloride.
sodium and chloride. Na+ plus Cl- bonded ionically is what makes salt. Very simple, but very important in living things.
What is the main difference between "spores" in mosses and ferns, and "pollen" in gymnosperms and angiosperms? spores are much, much smaller; you can't see them with a light microscope spores are usually very dark colored, apparently for camouflage spores are diploid and go through meiosis to form the next reproductive structure in the life cycle; pollen are haploid, and will fertilize the ovules in the female parts of the plant to make diploid zygotes
spores are diploid and go through meiosis to form the next reproductive structure in the life cycle; pollen are haploid, and will fertilize the ovules in the female parts of the plant to make diploid zygotes Spores are diploid cells that turn haploid and continue the alternation of generations; pollen are the male haploid cells that fuse with the female haploid ovules in the flower to form the seeds. Spores are the last part of the diploid portion of the lifecycle for the mosses and ferns: when the spores leave the sporophyte, they go through meiosis and then enter the haploid part of the alternation of generations. Pollen are the flowering plant equivalent of sperm; they are haploid, and they are looking for the eggs inside the flower structures. When they find the flowers, they burrow down into them, fertilize each ovule, and the flower grows the diploid zygotes into seeds.
Cotton grass (Eriophorum), not the actual cotton plant, is a grass that produces small seeds that are attached to a fluffy mass of "cotton" hairs. These seeds are most likely distributed by... (Note: This is a thinking question!) fire. bees. animals eat them and then defecate them out later. the wind.
the wind. Cotton grass seeds have evolved to be wind dispersed. The little fluffy ball of hairs with the lightweight seeds attached won't float very long when wet, and is too large and unwieldy for insects to carry, and has no nutritional value for animals to eat as a fruit. Remember, we're talking about the fertilized seeds here, not the pollen.
A plant that has flowers with very small petals, or no petals at all, is most likely pollinated by... (This is a thinking question!) the wind. bees. bats. hummingbirds.
the wind. The idea here is that if the plant doesn't need to attract a pollinator with a fancy flower that advertises a food product of some kind, then it probably won't! The wind doesn't really care about nectar or pollen. It just blows anyway.
What two traits exclude the members of the Kingdom Fungi from the Plant Kingdom? (Both statements in your answer choice need to be true) they are not photosynthetic; they do not have a membrane bound nucleus in their cells they are not photosynthetic; they do have a chitin cell wall around their cells all Fungi species are multicellular; they do have a chitinous cell wall around their cells all Fungi species are single-celled; they do have a cellulose cell wall around their cells
they are not photosynthetic; they do have a chitin cell wall around their cells By definition, fungi cannot do photosynthesis. And they all have a chitin cell wall. But not all fungi are multicellular, e.g. the yeasts. And they do all have a membrane bound nucleus in their cells; they have to because they are in the Domain Eukarya.
Which of the following is not true of seeds? they are single-celled structures they enclose the plant embryo inside of them they include a package of nutrient-rich tissue called the endosperm they are usually covered by a protective, damage resistant outer layer
they are single-celled structures
Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time. True False
true