Part 8

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by inadequate inhalation of carbon dioxide. may be corrected by hyperventilation. is due to a decrease in blood bicarbonate levels. is most commonly caused by excessive vomiting. may be a side effect of diabetic ketosis.

may be corrected by hyperventilation.

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus increases release of acids into the blood. This may cause: metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.

metabolic acidosis.

An infant with severe diarrhea and vomiting may experience greater problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance than an adult with the same disorder because more of an infant's body mass is water. infants have a slower metabolic rate. the less developed kidney function in infants causes increased excretion of acid. body surface area: body volume is less in infants than in adults. newborns have a tendency toward metabolic alkalosis to start with.

more of an infant's body mass is water.

Thirst may be stimulated by 1. decreased flow of saliva. 2. decreased blood pressure. 3. decreased blood osmolarity. 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2, and 3 are correct

1 and 2 are correct

Which of the following statements about phosphate is CORRECT? Parathyroid hormone increases urinary excretion of phosphate ions. Most phosphate ions are covalently bound to organic molecules. About 15% of phosphate is found in ionized form in the body. All of these choices are correct. None of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which is NOT True about bicarbonate ions? Bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine in proportion to hydrogen ion excretion. The kidneys are capable of synthesizing new bicarbonate ions. The kidneys can reabsorb bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions act in a chemical buffer system as a weak base. There are about twenty times more bicarbonate ions than carbonic acid molecules in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine in proportion to hydrogen ion excretion.

Which is NOT involved in the regulation of phosphate levels? Calcitriol PTH Calcitonin Fibroblast growth factor All of these choices are involved in phosphate regulation

Calcitonin

________ plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations in the body fluid compartments. Active transport Osmosis Filtration through intercellular clefts Renal function The sodium/potassium pump

Renal function

The primary difference in electrolyte concentration between blood plasma and interstitial fluid is that interstitial fluid has many more sodium ions. blood plasma has significantly fewer bicarbonate ions. blood plasma has many more protein anions. interstitial fluid has many more potassium ions. interstitial fluid has significantly fewer phosphate ions.

blood plasma has many more protein anions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of ions in the body? help to form ion channels in the cell membrane serve as enzyme cofactors help maintain acid-base balance control osmosis of water between fluid compartments carry electrical current

help to form ion channels in the cell membrane

Atrial natriuretic peptide helps to regulate the volume and osmolarity of body fluids by stimulating the desire to drink fluids to quench thirst. stimulating the secretion of aldosterone. increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water. increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. increasing urinary reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.

increasing urinary excretion of sodium and chloride ions accompanied by water.

Which of the following correctly matches a body fluid compartment with its approximate volume? intracellular fluid: 66% of total body fluids extracellular fluid: 20% of total male body mass interstitial fluid: 20% of extracellular fluid plasma: 20% of interstitial fluid solids: 55% of total female body mass

intracellular fluid: 66% of total body fluids

Low blood calcium levels will stimulate release of PTH. bone formation. release of calcitonin. release of PTH and bone formation are correct. release of PTH, bone formation, and release of calcitonin are correct.

release of PTH.

During COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), gas exchange is reduced. This may causes: respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. metabolic acidosis.

respiratory acidosis.

hysiologic correction for acidosis caused by severe diarrhea may occur through metabolic compensation. renal compensation. respiratory compensation. hypoventilation. fluid repletion of sodium, chloride, and potassium.

respiratory compensation.

The coma and convulsions seen with water intoxication are caused by increased leakage of the excess water from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid. increased leakage of the excess water from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries. swelling of cells due to decreased interstitial sodium content. swelling of cells due to decreased intracellular sodium content. increased extracellular fluid (and therefore pressure) within the cranium.

swelling of cells due to decreased interstitial sodium content.