PATHO-Endocrine
The thyroid gland secretes what hormones?
1. Thyroxine 2. Triiodothyronine 3. Calcitonin
The parathyroid hormone..
*increases* blood calcium concentration; decreases blood phosphate concentration
Diabetic retinopathy is?
growth of friable and poor-quality new blood vessels in the retina as well as macular edema which can lead to severe vision loss or blindness.
What is Hyporesponsiveness?
hormone receptor dysfunction
Endocrine dysfunction occurs when the?
hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis is disrupted
ADH is stimulated by?
increased osmolality and low intravascular volume
Aldosterone hormone..
is the salt water hormone
What are the causes of Hypoparathyroidism
1. Thyroid surgery 2. Parathyroid surgery 3. Radiation of thyroid
Etiology of hypothyroidism
1. Congenital thyroid defects 2. *Hashimoto disease* 3. Iodine deficiency
PATHO of DI
1. Decreased ADH 2. Nephron doesn't reabsorb water 3. Body looses high amounts of water through urine 4. Dehydration & hypernatremia
Clinical manifestations of Hyperparathyroidism?
1. Deep bone pain 2. Depression 3. Renal damage 4. Dysrhythmias 5. Vomiting 6. Constipation
Clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism
1. Delayed reflexes 2. Feeling cold 3. Sluggishness
The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?
1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine
PATHO of Pheochromocytoma
1. Excess stimulation of alpha & beta adrenergic receptors 2. Increased secretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 3. Increased peripheral vascular resistance
SIADH PATHO
1. Excessive ADH secretion 2. Fluid retention 3. Dilutional hyponatremia
What is the etiology of hyperthyroidism?
1. Graves disease 2. Subacute thyroiditis 3. Toxic ademona
Clinical manifestations of Cushings disease
1. Hirsutism 2. Ecchymotic areas 3. Purple striae 4. Hyperglycemia 5. Hypokalemia
The PATHO of cushings disease
1. Hyperplasia of cells of the anterior pituitary 2. Increased secretions of cortisol, causing *hyperglycemia*
Clinical manifestations of Pheochromocytoma
1. Hypertension 2. HA 3. Tachycardia 4. Palpitations
What are the 3 roles of the hormone insulin?
1. Promotes cellular uptake of glucose 2. Stimulates glyconeogensis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis 3. Stimulates cellular uptake of Na+ and K+
The growth hormone regulates what function? (Pituitary gland)
1. Promotes protein anabolism 2. Promotes fat mobilization 3. Slows carbohydrate metabolism
What is the role of the hormone Thymosin?
1. Regulates immunologic process 2. Synthesizes hormones that regulate growth of T cells
ACTH hormone regulates? (Pituitary gland)
1.Stimulates growth of adrenal cortex 2.Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
What are the clinical manifestations of DI?
3 Ps DHD 1. Polyuria 2. Polydipsia 3. Poor skin turgor 4. Dry mucous membranes 5. Hypotension 6. Dilute urine
This hormone Increases water reabsorption by kidneys & Stimulates vasoconstriction (raises blood pressure)?
ADH (pituitary gland)
Disorder of the adrenal cortex-hyposecretion
Addisons disease
The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?
Aldosterone, cortisol, & corticosterone
the basement membrane to grow thicker and weaker?
Angiopathy
This hormone *decreases* loss of calcium from bone
Calcitonin
Epinephrine...
Causes transient hyperglycemia, reduces glucose uptake in the muscles, and decreases insulin release from the pancreas.
Muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions, + Trousseau's sign, & +Chvostek's sign
Clinical manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism
DI is the inability to..?
Concentrate urine
This hormone accelerates liver gluconeogenesis, and decrease secretion of ACTH
Cortisol & corticosterone
Excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH
Cushing disease
What are the disorder of the adrenal cortex- hypersecretion?
Cushing disease
Excessive level of cortisol, regardless of cause
Cushing syndrome
1. Hyperplasia or tumor of adrenal cortex. 2. Administration of exogenous steroids are the causes of what disease?
Cushings
Obese trunk, moon face, buffalo hump are signs of what disease?
Cushings
Causes of this disease can be from renal tubular defect, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia
DI
Causes of this disease can be from trauma, idiopathic, or family
DI
This is a disorder caused by antidiuretic hormone insufficiency, results in excess fluid retention.
Diabetes Insipidus DI
Hyperthyroidism is?
Elevated T3 and T4 hormones with a *low* TSH
Thyroid storm is..
Extreme, life threatening condition
Autoantibodies bind to and stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid is what disease?
Graves Disease
A nurse is assessing a female client with Cushing syndrome. Which clinical findings can the nurse expect to find?
Hirsutism & buffalo hump
Etiology is adenoma of what disease?
Hyperparathyroidism
The PATHO of this disease ends in hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
This disease causes excess secretion of PTH and increases reabsorption of Calcium by the kidneys
Hyperparathyroidism
The nurse is obtaining a health history on a 36 year old female who reports an increase in appetite, weight loss, intolerance to heat, and nervousness. On physical assessment, the client is noted to have tachycardia and moist skin. Based on this information, the nurse would suspect which disorder?
Hyperthyroidism
This disease can cause nervousness, weight loss, hyperactive reflexes, diaphoresis, and expothalmous..?
Hyperthyroidism
A nurse is caring for a client that had a thyroidectomy. What should the nurse assess for after surgery?
Hypocalcemia
Insufficient PTH, causing decrease in calcium levels ending in hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
This disease causes a slow basal metabolic rate
Hypothyroidism
A client is admitted with a head injury. The nurse identifies that the client's urinary catheter is draining large amounts of clear, colorless urine. What is mostly likely the cause?
Inadequate ADH secretion
What is secreted by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans?
Insulin
Hypothyroidism is?
Low production of T3 and T4 hormones to cause an increased production of TSH
Thyroxine stimulates?
Metabolic rate
Prolonged thyroid deficiency causes generalized hypometabolic state
Myxedema
Extreme hypothyroidism that is life threatening
Myxedema Coma (hypothyroid crisis):
This hormone is a potent vasoconstrictor
Norepinephrine
What organ secretes insulin?
Pancrease
A tumor of adrenal medulla in excessive secretion of catecholamines is?
Pheochromocytoma
Function of ADH
Regulates the osmolality of plasma
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from pituitary gland; results in excessive water retention
SIADH
What is Hypersecretion
Secreting tumors or excessive stimulation of the gland
This hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone?
TSH (Pituitary gland)
Etiology of SIADH
The Toddler May Have Symptoms, Infection & Emphysema 1. Head trauma 2. Tumors 3. Infection 4. Stroke 5. Emphysema 6. Meningitis 7. Therapeutic drugs
The thymus gland secretes what hormone?
Thymosin
What hormone influences the metabolic rate of the body? Therefore every cell depends on this hormones for regulation of their metabolism..
Thyroid
Most common endocrine malignancy
Thyroid carcinoma
This hormone inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of TSH
Triiodothyronine
What are the Clinical manifestations of SIADH?
a Dark Winter Day Can Cause Weight gain & Fatigue? 1. Weight gain 2. JVD 3. Crackles 4. Decreased urine output 5. Dark urine (Specific gravity increased) 6. Fatigue 7. Weakness 8. Confusion
Diabetic Neuropathy is.. ?
abnormal and decreased sensation, usually in a 'glove and stocking' distribution starting with the feet but potentially in other nerves, later often fingers and hands.
What is Hypo- secretion ?
absence of tissue, lack of stimulation
Macrovascular disease can lead to?
cardiovascular disease->accelerated atherosclerosis
Diabetic nephropathy can cause?
damage to the kidney which can lead to chronic renal failure, eventually requiring dialysis.
Due to damage to the arteries
macrovascular disease
Due to damage to small blood vessels
microvascular disease