PATHO-Endocrine

The thyroid gland secretes what hormones?

1. Thyroxine 2. Triiodothyronine 3. Calcitonin

The parathyroid hormone..

*increases* blood calcium concentration; decreases blood phosphate concentration

Diabetic retinopathy is?

growth of friable and poor-quality new blood vessels in the retina as well as macular edema which can lead to severe vision loss or blindness.

What is Hyporesponsiveness?

hormone receptor dysfunction

Endocrine dysfunction occurs when the?

hypothalamus-pituitary-hormone axis is disrupted

ADH is stimulated by?

increased osmolality and low intravascular volume

Aldosterone hormone..

is the salt water hormone

What are the causes of Hypoparathyroidism

1. Thyroid surgery 2. Parathyroid surgery 3. Radiation of thyroid

Etiology of hypothyroidism

1. Congenital thyroid defects 2. *Hashimoto disease* 3. Iodine deficiency

PATHO of DI

1. Decreased ADH 2. Nephron doesn't reabsorb water 3. Body looses high amounts of water through urine 4. Dehydration & hypernatremia

Clinical manifestations of Hyperparathyroidism?

1. Deep bone pain 2. Depression 3. Renal damage 4. Dysrhythmias 5. Vomiting 6. Constipation

Clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism

1. Delayed reflexes 2. Feeling cold 3. Sluggishness

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?

1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine

PATHO of Pheochromocytoma

1. Excess stimulation of alpha & beta adrenergic receptors 2. Increased secretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 3. Increased peripheral vascular resistance

SIADH PATHO

1. Excessive ADH secretion 2. Fluid retention 3. Dilutional hyponatremia

What is the etiology of hyperthyroidism?

1. Graves disease 2. Subacute thyroiditis 3. Toxic ademona

Clinical manifestations of Cushings disease

1. Hirsutism 2. Ecchymotic areas 3. Purple striae 4. Hyperglycemia 5. Hypokalemia

The PATHO of cushings disease

1. Hyperplasia of cells of the anterior pituitary 2. Increased secretions of cortisol, causing *hyperglycemia*

Clinical manifestations of Pheochromocytoma

1. Hypertension 2. HA 3. Tachycardia 4. Palpitations

What are the 3 roles of the hormone insulin?

1. Promotes cellular uptake of glucose 2. Stimulates glyconeogensis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis 3. Stimulates cellular uptake of Na+ and K+

The growth hormone regulates what function? (Pituitary gland)

1. Promotes protein anabolism 2. Promotes fat mobilization 3. Slows carbohydrate metabolism

What is the role of the hormone Thymosin?

1. Regulates immunologic process 2. Synthesizes hormones that regulate growth of T cells

ACTH hormone regulates? (Pituitary gland)

1.Stimulates growth of adrenal cortex 2.Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

What are the clinical manifestations of DI?

3 Ps DHD 1. Polyuria 2. Polydipsia 3. Poor skin turgor 4. Dry mucous membranes 5. Hypotension 6. Dilute urine

This hormone Increases water reabsorption by kidneys & Stimulates vasoconstriction (raises blood pressure)?

ADH (pituitary gland)

Disorder of the adrenal cortex-hyposecretion

Addisons disease

The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

Aldosterone, cortisol, & corticosterone

the basement membrane to grow thicker and weaker?

Angiopathy

This hormone *decreases* loss of calcium from bone

Calcitonin

Epinephrine...

Causes transient hyperglycemia, reduces glucose uptake in the muscles, and decreases insulin release from the pancreas.

Muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions, + Trousseau's sign, & +Chvostek's sign

Clinical manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism

DI is the inability to..?

Concentrate urine

This hormone accelerates liver gluconeogenesis, and decrease secretion of ACTH

Cortisol & corticosterone

Excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH

Cushing disease

What are the disorder of the adrenal cortex- hypersecretion?

Cushing disease

Excessive level of cortisol, regardless of cause

Cushing syndrome

1. Hyperplasia or tumor of adrenal cortex. 2. Administration of exogenous steroids are the causes of what disease?

Cushings

Obese trunk, moon face, buffalo hump are signs of what disease?

Cushings

Causes of this disease can be from renal tubular defect, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia

DI

Causes of this disease can be from trauma, idiopathic, or family

DI

This is a disorder caused by antidiuretic hormone insufficiency, results in excess fluid retention.

Diabetes Insipidus DI

Hyperthyroidism is?

Elevated T3 and T4 hormones with a *low* TSH

Thyroid storm is..

Extreme, life threatening condition

Autoantibodies bind to and stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid is what disease?

Graves Disease

A nurse is assessing a female client with Cushing syndrome. Which clinical findings can the nurse expect to find?

Hirsutism & buffalo hump

Etiology is adenoma of what disease?

Hyperparathyroidism

The PATHO of this disease ends in hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism

This disease causes excess secretion of PTH and increases reabsorption of Calcium by the kidneys

Hyperparathyroidism

The nurse is obtaining a health history on a 36 year old female who reports an increase in appetite, weight loss, intolerance to heat, and nervousness. On physical assessment, the client is noted to have tachycardia and moist skin. Based on this information, the nurse would suspect which disorder?

Hyperthyroidism

This disease can cause nervousness, weight loss, hyperactive reflexes, diaphoresis, and expothalmous..?

Hyperthyroidism

A nurse is caring for a client that had a thyroidectomy. What should the nurse assess for after surgery?

Hypocalcemia

Insufficient PTH, causing decrease in calcium levels ending in hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

This disease causes a slow basal metabolic rate

Hypothyroidism

A client is admitted with a head injury. The nurse identifies that the client's urinary catheter is draining large amounts of clear, colorless urine. What is mostly likely the cause?

Inadequate ADH secretion

What is secreted by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans?

Insulin

Hypothyroidism is?

Low production of T3 and T4 hormones to cause an increased production of TSH

Thyroxine stimulates?

Metabolic rate

Prolonged thyroid deficiency causes generalized hypometabolic state

Myxedema

Extreme hypothyroidism that is life threatening

Myxedema Coma (hypothyroid crisis):

This hormone is a potent vasoconstrictor

Norepinephrine

What organ secretes insulin?

Pancrease

A tumor of adrenal medulla in excessive secretion of catecholamines is?

Pheochromocytoma

Function of ADH

Regulates the osmolality of plasma

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from pituitary gland; results in excessive water retention

SIADH

What is Hypersecretion

Secreting tumors or excessive stimulation of the gland

This hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone?

TSH (Pituitary gland)

Etiology of SIADH

The Toddler May Have Symptoms, Infection & Emphysema 1. Head trauma 2. Tumors 3. Infection 4. Stroke 5. Emphysema 6. Meningitis 7. Therapeutic drugs

The thymus gland secretes what hormone?

Thymosin

What hormone influences the metabolic rate of the body? Therefore every cell depends on this hormones for regulation of their metabolism..

Thyroid

Most common endocrine malignancy

Thyroid carcinoma

This hormone inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of TSH

Triiodothyronine

What are the Clinical manifestations of SIADH?

a Dark Winter Day Can Cause Weight gain & Fatigue? 1. Weight gain 2. JVD 3. Crackles 4. Decreased urine output 5. Dark urine (Specific gravity increased) 6. Fatigue 7. Weakness 8. Confusion

Diabetic Neuropathy is.. ?

abnormal and decreased sensation, usually in a 'glove and stocking' distribution starting with the feet but potentially in other nerves, later often fingers and hands.

What is Hypo- secretion ?

absence of tissue, lack of stimulation

Macrovascular disease can lead to?

cardiovascular disease->accelerated atherosclerosis

Diabetic nephropathy can cause?

damage to the kidney which can lead to chronic renal failure, eventually requiring dialysis.

Due to damage to the arteries

macrovascular disease

Due to damage to small blood vessels

microvascular disease