Patho exam 2 practice questions

Right sided heart failure symptoms

-Peripheral edema (legs and hands common) -Weight gain -JVD

clinical manifestations specific to left sided HF 1.jugular vein distension 2.tachpnea 3.ascites 4.crackles on aucultation 5.peripheral edema 6.fatigue 7.decreased urine output 8.dyspnea

2.tachypnea 4.crackles on auscultation 8.dyspnea

A 29 y.o. patient has an acute episode of ulcerative colitis. What diagnostic test confirms this diagnosis? 1. Barium Swallow. 2. Stool examination. 3. Gastric analysis. 4. Sigmoidoscopy.

4. Sigmoidoscopy.

If a blood pressure is 120/80, what would the MAP be? A. 93 B. 100 C. 40 D. 1.5

A. 93

Where to leukocytes come from? A. Bone marrow B. Spleen C. Kidney D. Heart

A. Bone marrow

What substances assist with lysis of clots? A. Plasminogen and plasmin B. Fibrinogen and fibrin C. Hemoglobin D. Erythropoeitin

A. Plasminogen and plasmin

When do the coronary arteries receive blood flow? A. During systole B. During diastole C. During inspiration D. During expiration

B. During diastole

When do coronary arteries primarily receive blood flow? A. During inspiration B. During diastolic C. During expiration D. During systole

B. During diastolic

The layer of the heart that forms a smooth, protective lining of the heart chambers and valves is the: A. Epicardium B. Endocardium C. Pericardium D. Myocardium

B. Endocardium

Where are senescent (old) RBCs destroyed: A. Kidney B. Spleen C. Pancreas D. Large intestine

B. Spleen

Clinical manifestations of peripheral arterial disease include: A. Edema B. Tissue necrosis C.decreases pulses D.clubbing

B. Tissue necrosis C.decreases pulses

Where is erythropoietin produced? A. Bone marrow B. Spleen C. Kidney D. Liver

C. Kidney

Which of the following is where adult active bone marrow occurs? A. Tibia B. Radius C. Vertebrae D. Cranium

C. Vertebrae

Which of the following is characteristic of the megaloblastic anemias? • A.Small cell size B.Decreased thickness C.Presence of macrocytes D.Caused by increased folate

C.Presence of macrocytes

A significant cause of venous thrombosis is: A. Altered blood coagulation B. Stasis of blood C. Vessel wall injury D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What is the normal lifespan of platelets? A. about 24 hours • B. about 30 days C. about 120 days D. about 10 days

D. about 10 days

Which are the most abundant cells of the blood, responsible for tissue oxygenation? • A.Platelets B.Leukocytes C.Neutrophils D.Erythrocytes

D.Erythrocytes

Septic shock

Vasodilation

Most nutrients are absorbed in the

small intestine

Left sided heart failure symptoms

-Crackles, -blood tinged sputum/ cough -dyspnea/tachypnea

Hepatic encephalopathy develops when the blood level of which substance increases? 1. Ammonia 2. Amylase 3. Calcium 4. Potassium

1. Ammonia

In which of the following infections would you be more likely to see an Elevated neutrophil count? Select all that apply 1.C.diff 2.influenza 3.MRSA 4.Candida 5.Covid 19

1.C.Diff 3.MRSA

clinical manifestations of decreased cardiac output include: 1.delayed cap refill 2.bradycardia 3.cyanosis 4.hypertension 5.dercreased urine output 6.fatigue 7.fever

1.delayed cap refill 3.cyanosis 5.decreased urine output 6.fatigue

Regina is a 46 y.o. woman with ulcerative colitis. You expect her stools to look like: 1. Watery and frothy. 2. Bloody and mucous. 3. Firm and well-formed. 4. Alternating constipation and diarrhea.

2. Bloody and mucous.

A patient had significant blood loss due to surgery has very low hemoglobin in red blood cell count what other finding would be expected? 1.bradycardia 2.fever 3.low blood oxygen 4low blood carbon dioxide

3.low blood oxygen

What is more like;y to occur with ulcertive colitis than with churns? 1.small volume diarrhea 2.abd pain 3.rectal bleeding 4.vommitting

3.rectal bleeding

Donald is a 61 y.o. man with diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is characterized by: 1. Periodic rectal hemorrhage. 2. Hypertension and tachycardia. 3. Vomiting and elevated temperature. 4. Crampy and lower left quadrant pain and low-grade fever.

4. Crampy and lower left quadrant pain and low-grade fever.

A female patient who has just been diagnosed with hepatitis A asks, "How could I have gotten this disease?" What is the nurse's best response? A. "You may have eaten contaminated restaurant food." B. "You could have gotten it by using I.V. drugs." C. "You must have received an infected blood transfusion." D. "You probably got it by engaging in unprotected sex."

A. "You may have eaten contaminated restaurant food."

Which of the following symptoms should the nurse teach the client with unstable angina to report immediately to her physician? A. A change in the pattern of her pain B. Pain during sex C. Pain during an argument with her husband D. Pain during or after an activity such as lawn mowing

A. A change in the pattern of her pain

Which of the following terms describes the force against which the ventricle must expel blood? A. Afterload B. Cardiac output C. Overload D. Preload

A. Afterload

Mike, a 43-year old construction worker, has a history of hypertension. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, is nervous about the possibility of being unemployed, and has difficulty coping with stress. His current concern is calf pain during minimal exercise that decreased with rest. The nurse assesses Mike's symptoms as being associated with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The nursing diagnosis is probably: A. Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation B. Dysfunctional use of extremities related to muscle spasms C. Impaired mobility related to stress associated with pain D. Impairment in muscle use associated with pain on exertion.

A. Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation

Which of the following statements best describes arteries? A. Arteries carry blood away from the heart B. All arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart C. All arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood D. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium

A. Arteries carry blood away from the heart

The major purpose of platelets are: A. Blood coagulation B. Oxygenation C. Immune system functioning

A. Blood coagulation

A heartbeat of less than 60 beats per minute is called _____. A. Bradycardia B. Bradypnea C. Arrhythmia D. Fibrillation

A. Bradycardia

Which of the following factors can cause hepatitis C? Check all that apply A. Contact with infected blood B. Blood transfusions with infected blood C. Eating contaminated shellfish D. Sexual contact with an infected person

A. Contact with infected blood B. Blood transfusions with infected blood D. Sexual contact with an infected person

The most abundant cell in the body is: A. Erythrocytes B. Hemoglobin C. Protein D. Leukocyte

A. Erythrocytes

Leukocytes are made up of: • A. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes B. Monocytes and lymphocytes C. Macrophages and phagocytes

A. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Iron in the body is bound to: A. Heme B. Erythrocytes C. Proteins D. Vitamin K

A. Heme

Erythropeitin is released in response to: A. Hypoxia-low oxygen B. Hyperoxia C. Hypocapnia D. Anemia

A. Hypoxia-low oxygen

Destroyed RBCs are excreted: A. In the bile B. In the urine C. In the feces

A. In the bile

Clinical manifestation that occurs in Reynards but not buergers A. It is intermittent B. Result in tissue necrosis C. Who is more often in smokers D. Is not painful

A. It is intermittent

What is true about blood? A. It is made up of over 90% water B. It contains about 25% solutes C. 50% of it is plasma D. The human body contains about 10 L of blood

A. It is made up of over 90% water

The spleen is considered what type of organ? A. Lymphoid B. Vascular C. Gastrointestinal D. Accessory

A. Lymphoid

The primary cells of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System are: A. Monocytes B. Erythrocytes C. Basophils D. Mast cells

A. Monocytes

Granulocytes consist of: A. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils B. Monocytes and macrophages

A. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Hemostasis means: A. to stop bleeding B. to apply pressure to a bleeding area C. To increase the production of hemoglobin D. To stop the production of hemoglobin

A. to stop bleeding

Further testing indicates that the woman suffers from vitamin B 12 deficiency or PA this condition is often associated with A.chronic gastritis B.thalassemia C.excessive blood loss D.inadequate dietary intake

A.chronic gastritis

Which of the following increased afterload? A.hypertension B.hypotension C.tachycardia D.bradycardia

A.hypertension

A patient with DVT is prescribed anticoagulant therapy this is to prevent what complication? A.pulmonary emboli B.MI C.pneumonia D.shock

A.pulmonary emboli

Erythrocytes live about: A. 300 days B. 120 days C. 60 days D. 30 days

B. 120 days

The physician refers the client with unstable angina for a cardiac catheterization. The nurse explains to the client that this procedure is being used in this specific case to: A. Open and dilate the blocked coronary arteries B. Assess the extent of arterial blockage C. Bypass obstructed vessels D. Assess the functional adequacy of the valves and heart muscle.

B. Assess the extent of arterial blockage

Layers of the heart A. Pericardium B. Endocardium C. Myocardium D. Epicardium E. Mediastinum

B. Endocardium C. Myocardium D. Epicardium

What is the process of blood cell production? A. Erythropoesis B. Hematopoiesis C. Macropoesis

B. Hematopoiesis

With peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by: A. Elevating the limb above heart level B. Lowering the limb so it is dependent C. Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses D. Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body

B. Lowering the limb so it is dependent

Which condition is most likely to have a nursing diagnosis of fluid volume deficit? A. Appendicitis B. Pancreatitis C. Cholecystitis D. Gastric ulcer

B. Pancreatitis

A patient comes to the outpatient clinic and tells the nurse that he has had legs pain that began when he walks perceives when he stops walking. Which of the following conditions would a nurse assessed for? A. On a cute obstruction in the vessels of the legs B. Peripheral vascular problems in both legs C. Diabetes D. Calcium deficiency

B. Peripheral vascular problems in both legs

A patient comes to the outpatient clinic and tells the nurse that he has had legs pains that began when he walks but cease when he stops walking. Which of the following conditions would the nurse assess for? A. An acute obstruction in the vessels of the legs B. Peripheral vascular problems in both legs C. Diabetes D. Calcium deficiency

B. Peripheral vascular problems in both legs

Which of the following is usually present at birth? A. Anemia B. Polycythemia C. Hypoxia D. Leukopenia

B. Polycythemia

A 24-year old man seeks medical attention for complaints of claudication in the arch of the foot. A nurse also notes superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower leg. The nurse would next assess the client for: A. Familial tendency toward peripheral vascular disease B. Smoking history C. Recent exposures to allergens D. History of insect bites

B. Smoking history

The heart's natural pacemaker is termed the: A. The atrioventricular node B. The sinoatrial node C. The Purkinge fibers D. The right and left bundle branches E. The Bundle of His

B. The sinoatrial node

When evaluating a male client for complications of acute pancreatitis, the nurse would observe for: A. increased intracranial pressure. B. decreased urine output. C. bradycardia. D. hypertension

B. decreased urine output.

A student is explaining the process of hematopoiesis. Which statement made by the student is accurate? A.Involves on stage (proliferation) B.Occurs in the bone marrow after birth C.Occurs in the liver and spleen after birth D.Decreases in response to hemolytic anemia

B.Occurs in the bone marrow after birth

A student is explaining the process of hematopoiesis. Which statement made by the student is accurate? • A.Involves one stage, proliferation B.Occurs in the bone marrow after birth C.Occurs in the liver and spleen after birth D.Decreases in response to hemolytic anemia

B.Occurs in the bone marrow after birth

The treatment for iron overload is: • A.Vitamin C supplements B.Phlebotomy C.Aspirin D.Plasmapheresis

B.Phlebotomy

Varicose veins can cause changes in what component of Virchow's triad? A. Blood coagulability B. Vessel walls C. Blood flow D. Blood viscosity

C. Blood flow

The nurse is caring for a male client with cirrhosis. Which assessment findings indicate that the client has deficient vitamin K absorption caused by this hepatic disease? A. Dyspnea and fatigue B. Ascites and orthopnea C. Purpura and petechiae D. Gynecomastia and testicular atrophy

C. Purpura and petechiae

Which of the following blood tests is most indicative of cardiac damage? A. Lactate dehydrogenase B. Complete blood count (CBC) C. Troponin I D. Creatine kinase (CK)

C. Troponin I

As an initial step in treating a client with angina, the physician prescribes nitroglycerin tablets, 0.3mg given sublingually. This drug's principal effects are produced by: A. Antispasmodic effect on the pericardium B. Causing an increased myocardial oxygen demand C. Vasodilation of peripheral vasculature D. Improved conductivity in the myocardium

C. Vasodilation of peripheral vasculature

1.Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blood flow through the heart? A.Blood flows from the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. B.Blood flows from the right atrium through the aortic valve to the right ventricle. C.Blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonic semilunar valve. D.Blood flows from the left atrium through the tricuspid valve to the left ventricle.

C.Blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonic semilunar valve.

A client is diagnosed with increased systemic vascular resistance. What will be the effect on the heart? A.Left atrium will be required to pump harder. B.Right atrium chamber will become enlarged. C.Left ventricle will be required to pump harder. D.Right ventricle will become ineffective because of increased pressure.

C.Left ventricle will be required to pump harder.

Which of the following terms best describes a higher-than-normal white blood cell count? • A.Neutrophilia B.Leukopenia C.Leukocytosis D.Granulocytosis

C.Leukocytosis

Which of the following terms is used to describe the amount of stretch on the myocardium at the end of diastole? A. Afterload B. Cardiac index C. Cardiac output D. Preload

D. Preload

Hemoglobin is a: A. Erythrocyte B. Leukocyte C. Red blood cell D. Protein

D. Protein

Buerger's disease is characterized by all of the following except: A. Arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion B. Lipid deposits in the arteries C. Redness or cyanosis in the limb when it is dependent D. Venous inflammation and occlusion

D. Venous inflammation and occlusion

Buergers disease is characterized by all the following except A. Arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion B. Lipid deposits in the arteries C. Redness or cyanosis in the leg when it's dependent D. Venus inflammation and occlusion

D. Venus inflammation and occlusion

Thrombocytopenia commonly is seen with which condition? • A.Multiple myeloma B.Hemolytic anemia C.Non-Hodgkin lymphomas D.Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

D.Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Which are the most abundant cells of the blood, responsible for tissue oxygenation? A.Platelets B.Leukocytes C.Neutrophils D.Erythrocytes

D.Erythrocytes

The nurse knows that the G.I. tract is in innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system's during a time of stress when the sympathetic nervous system has been stimulated the nurse understand that this will cause

Decrease G.I. motility

If a heart rate of a patient is 80 bpm and the stroke volume is 70ml/beat, what would the cardiac output be? A. .78ml/min B. 1.1 ml/min C. 10 ml/min D. 56 ml/min E. 5600 ml/mi

E. 5600 ml/mi

What are the chief functions of the hematologic system: A. Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism B. Removal of wastes C. Defense against microorganisms and injury D. Maintenance of acid-base balance E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Multiple melanoma

Hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone problems

Symptoms of all Shock Types

Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, decreased tissue profusion

WBC with differential

Total leukocytes: 4.00-11.0 x 10 9/L Neutrophils: 2.5-7.5 x 10 9/L Lymphocytes: 1.5-3.5 x 10 9/L

Anaphylactic/hypovalemic

Vasoconstriction

increased bleeding risk

Vitamin K and liver disease

What reduces preload?

diuretics