Patho Final

The major wave complexes of an ECG include the (select all that apply) A. P wave B. B wave C. TUV Complex D. QRS Complex E. T wave

A, D, E

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the A. stomach B. Small intestine C. Large intestine D. Cecum

B

Physical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include A. edema B. Intermitten claudication C. Decreased pressure proximal to the obstruction D. Distal hyperemia

B

Th process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartment is A. Filtration B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Diffusion

B

The medical reports of a client who experienced an accident show injuries at the sixth thoracic vertebra. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client? A. Concussion B. Neurogenic shock C. Diffuse axonal injury D. Conus medullaris syndrome

B

The nurse is providing teaching to a client diagnosed with hypertension. When the nurse presents information about smoking cessation, the client states, "I dont plan to quit unless someone convinces me of the connection between smoking and high blood pressure." Which information does the nurse present? A. Nicotine is a potent vasodilator of coronary arteries B. Nicotine increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction C. Significant remnants of nicotine remain in the body for 6 to 8 hours D. Nicotine from smoking causes central nervous system stimulation

B

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Increases A. Sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney B. Potassium secretion in the distal tubule of the kidney C. Water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney D. Urinary Output

C

Cor pulmonale refers to A. Biventricular failure B. Left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to lung disease C. Right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension D. Right ventricular failure secondary to right ventricular infarction

C

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of A. Gallbladder disease B. Appendicitis C. Pancreatitis D. Peritonitis

C

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to A. Hepatitis Vaccine B. Feces C. Blood or semen D. Contaminated food

C

More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with A. Trauma B. Stones C. Alcoholism D. High cholesterol

C

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? A. Calcium B. Potassium C. Sodium D. Magnesium

C

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include A. Tachycardia B. Increase serum sodium concentration C. Bounding pulse D. Increased hematocrit

C

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24mEq/l demonstrates A. Metabolic acidosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Mixed alkalosis

C

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called A. Glycolysis B. Glycogenesis C. Glycogenolysis D. Gluconeogenesis

C

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is A. volvulus B. Intussusception C. Adhesions D. Fecal impaction

C

The most important factor for determining the treatment of an acute stroke is A. Location of ischemia B. Thrombotic versis embolic cause C. Ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause D. Age of the patient

C

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include A. Cortical Blindness B. Right visual field blindness C. Expressive and receptive aphasia D. Left-sided muscle weakness and neglect

D

How to clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema? A.Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment B. By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling C. Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure D. By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

D

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to A. Elevated bilrubin B. Diminished protein metabolism C. Fluid accumulation D. Portal hypertension

D

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by A. Decreased carbon dioxide B. Elevated carbon dioxide C. Decreased bicarbonate ion concentrate D. Elevated bicarbonate ion Concentrate

D

Seizures the involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed A. Partial B. complex C. Focal D. Generalized

D

The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the A. Woman who is paraplegic B. Woman who is pregnant C. Man who has glomerulonephritis D. Man who has chronic urinary tract infections

D

The most challenging aspect of treatment for chronic pancreatitis is A. Pancreatectomy B. Strict dietary avoidance of fats C. Abstinence from alcohol D. Pain Control

D

The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of A. viscosity B. The vessel length C. The vessel radium D. Resistance

D

Which are clinical findings usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (select all that apply) A. polyuria B. Polydipsia C. Polyhagia D. Obesity E. Weight gain

A, B, C

It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increases the risk of (select all that apply) A. Stroke B. Renal Disease C. Diabetes D. Ischemic heart disease E. Liver disease

A, B, D

Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection? A. Increased (band) neutrophils B. Elevated temperature C. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate D. Elevated WBC count

A

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation A. Thrombocytopenia B. Vascular trauma C. Stasis of blood flow D. Circulatory Shock

A

Which of the following is an early sign and symptom of hypertension? A. none, most early hypertensive patients are asymptomatice B. Pain in bilateral arms C. Numbness in right arm D. All patients will have headaches

A

Which organ is most susceptible to damage and death due to prolonged ischemia? A. Brain B. Skeletal muscle C. Heart D. None of the above

A

The most common cause of heart failure include which of the follow? (Select all that apply) A. Myocardial ischemia B. Hypertension C. Dilated cardiomyopathy D. High-fats diet E. Urinary retention

A, B

Which electrolyte disturbances occur due to low levels of aldosterone? Select all that apply. A. Hyperkalemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypomagnesemia C. Hypoglycemia

A, B

A client is diagnosed with migraine headaches. Which of the following is an important piece of information to provide to the client? A. Nausea, vomiting, and light and sound sensitivity accompany most migraines B. Most migraines last an hour and have no impact on your daily life C. Migraines are treated surgically D. Migraines classically present with pain and tightness around the cervical and shoulder muscles

A

A client who underwent laryngotomy presented with depression, increased sensitivity to cold, and constipation. On assessment, the nurse identifies the client with a puffy face and periorbital edema. The blood report shows a high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Which does the nurse interpret from the findings? A. The client has hypothyroidism B. The client has hyperthyroidism C. The client has hypoparathyroidism D. The client has hyperparathyroidism

A

A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience A. fever B. Oliguria C. Edema D. Hypertension

A

Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of A. Apendicitis B. Peritonitis C. Cholecystitis D. Gastritis

A

At very high heart rates, cardiac output A. Decreases B. Increases C. Stays the same D. Reverses

A

Chief cells secrete A. Pepsinpogen B. Hydrogen chloride C. Intrinsic Factor D. gastrin

A

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to A. Diabetes mellitus B. Crohn Disease C. Gallstones D. Celiac Sprue

A

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by A. pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36 B. pH 7.47, PaCO2 40, HCO3- 28 C. pH 7.26, PaCO2 60, HCO3- 26 D. pH 7.40, PaCO2 40, HCO3- 24

A

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by A. Pulmonary congestion B. Decreased systemic vascular resistance C. Jugular vein distention D. Peripheral edema

A

Radiology reports for a client after an accident show a fracture in the temporal bone of the middle ear. Which type of fracture does the nurse suspect in this client? A. Basilar skull fracture B. Linear fracture C. Depressed fracture D. Temporal bone fracture

A

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of _____ mg/dl for adults with diabetes A. Less than 180 B. More than 180 C. 70 D. 130

A

The MOST common sign/symptom of renal calculi is A. pain B. Vomiting C. Hematuria D. Oliguria

A

The action of bile is to A. emulsify fats B. Digest cellulose C. Convert sucrose D. Release free amino acids

A

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are _____ and an ineffective erythropoiesis A. Hemolysis B. Metabolism C. Fibrosis D. Canalicular bilrubin transport

A

The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is A. Serum Creatine B. Serum Potassium C. Blood urea nitrogen D. Mental status changes

A

The nurse educator is teaching a family about athetosis movements in clients with Huntington's disease. Which statement made by a family member indicates understanding? A. "Athetosis refers to twisting and writhing movements" B. "Athetosis refers to brief, irregular, dancing-like movements" C. "When athetosis is severe, there are thrashing motions referred to as ballsmus" D. "Antipsychotic medications are symptomatically beneficial to treat athetosis."

A

The nurse if providing care for multiple clients being treated for seizure disorder. Which client does the nurse expect to be diagnosed with status epilepitcus? A. A client experiencing a series of three tonic-clonic seizure B. A client experiencing rapid alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles C. A client experiencing seizure who appears to be staring into space for a few moments D. An conscious client with rhythmic jerking movements of the arms and legs

A

The nurse is assessing the blood glucose levels of a client at regular intervals. The nurse finds 55mg/dL of blood glucose at 2:00 a.m. and 150 mg/dL at 7:00 a.m. Which mechanism does the nurse suspect behind the change in the glucose levels in the client? A. Somogyl effect B. Dawn phenomenon C. Prediabetes D. Rebound Hypoglycemia

A

The nurse is caring for four clients in a health-care setting diagnosed with different endocrine disorders. Which client requires treatment by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt A. The client diagnosed with pineal tumor B. The client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus C. The client diagnosed with pheochromocytoma D. The client diagnosed with Crushing's syndrome

A

The nurse is obtaining a history on a client who reports recent, severe headaches. Which factor(s) in the client's history most likely cause the nurse to identify migraine headaches A. Female gender, 58 years of age B. History of closed head injury C. Male, history of alcohol abuse D. Recurrent upper respiratory infections

A

The nurse is providing care to a diabetic client who is experiencing prolonged wound healing. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client? A. Immunosuppression B. Peripheral neuropathy C. Transient ischemic attack D. Accelerated atherosclerosis

A

The nurse is teaching a group of staff nurses about managing hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) in clients. Which response by an attending nurse indicates effective learning. A. "fluids are administered before administering IV insulin to the client" B. "IV insulin will be administered until blood glucose is 150 mg/dL C. "IV insulin administration is to be followed by subcutaneous insulin" D. "fluid administration is to be followed by IV fluid administration"

A

A client experienced traumatic brain injury (TBI) participating in a contact sport. The health-care provider is focused on preventing increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which intervention does the nurse expect the health-care provider to prescribe daily. A. Placing a catheter in the ventricles B. Lowering blood pressure C. Infusing hypertonic IV solution D. Decompressing with a craniotomy

B

A client is diagnosed with failure of the thyroid gland due to increase in apoptotic cells death. Which condition is the client most likely to have? A. Xanthomas B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis C. Peptic ulcer D. Anthracosis

B

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to A. Hypertension B. Hypotension C. Deep vein thrombosis D. Angina

B

The nurse is reviewing subdural hematomas with a group of staff nurses. Which statement made by an attending staff nurse indicates understanding? A. Subdural hematomas cause bleeding in the space below the skull bone and above the arachnoid membrane B. Subdural hematomas cause bleeding in the space below the dura mater and above the arachnoid membrane C. Subdural hematomas cause cerebral aneurysms in the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery D. subdural hematomas cause tearing of the cerebral and meningeal vessels within the subarachnoid space of the brain

B

The nurse providing care for a client with MS. Which treatment modality does the nurse expect to be prescribed for this client? A. Long-term corticosteroid therapy B. Immune-modulating therapy C. Physical and occupational therapy D. Pain management therapy

B

The nurse reviews the laboratory reports of a client and concludes that the client has diabetes. Which finding helped the nurse to reach this conclusion? A. A fasting plasma glucose level of 100 mg/dL B. A glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of 7 C. A postprandial blood glucose level of 170 mg/dL D. Random plasma glucose testing of 180 mg/dL

B

Which is the most common complication expected in clients with type 2 diabetes? A. Diabetic Ketoacidosis B. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome C. metabolic syndrome D. Exogenous insulin dependency

B

Which of the following clients is most at risk for developing hypertension? A. Client 1: African American, who is obese and quit smoking last year B. Client 2: Caucasian, obese, family history of stroke, and works in a stressful job C. Client 3: Caucasian, exercises three times a week, smokes and drinks alcohol daily D. Client 4: African american, Exercises daily, smokes

B

Which statement made by the parent of a client with spinal cord injury causes the nurse to suspect an axial loading injury? A. My child was injured in a fireworks accident yesterday B. my child was injured while diving in the swimming pool C. My child was injured when he fell from the first floor of our house D. My child was injured during an accident while driving at a fast speed

B

While reviewing the clinical history of a client with brain injury, the nurse finds bruising of the mastoid process behind the ear of the affected side. Which fracture should the nurse suspect in the client? A. Linear fracture B. Basilar skull fracture C. Depressed fracture D. Frontal fossa fracture

B

The manifestation of acute pyelonephritis (select all that apply) A. Are mild and insidious B. Can result in dehydration C. Often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection D. Include fever, chills, and costovertebral angle tenderness E. May include urosepsis

B, C, D, E

The health care provider is monitoring a client who is unconscious. Which assessments does the nurse expect the health-care provider to prescribe? Select all that apply. A. Hearing B. Vital signs C. Orientation D. Pupil Response E. Glasgow Coma scale

B, D, E

A client comes to the clinic and asks for a test to determine the possibility of developing Huntington's Disease (HD). Which preparation does the nurse make to fulfill these requests A. Acquires saliva to test for a genetic biomarker B. Assesses the client for emotional symptoms C. Obtains a small sample of blood from the client D. Prepares testing to determine cognitive symptoms

C

A client complains of repetitive headaches that occur over several weeks and suddenly go away. The provider knows the client could be suffering from which of the following disorders? A. Tension Headaches B. Migraine Headaches C. Cluster Headaches D. Sinus Headahces

C

A client presents with a painful, swollen mass at the ankle of the right leg. Physical examination revealed that the edema is dark red in color, with drainage just above the medial malleolus of the leg. Which condition has the client developed? A. Deep venous thromboembolism B. Pulmonary embolism C. Venbus ulcer D. Varicose veins

C

A client who sustained a rear-end motor vehicle collision is admitted to the emergency department. Which injury does the nurse expect to be present in the client? A. Penetrating Injury B. Rotational injury C. Hyperextension injury D. Hyperflexion injury

C

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is A. serum sodium B. albumin levels C. Serum Potassium D. Serum Calcium

C

A nurse is given which type of fluid in order decrease cellular swelling? A. Isotonic Solution B. Hypotonic Solution C. Hypertonic Solution D. Normal Saline

C

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of A. Arterial obstruction B. Isolated left sided heart failure C. Right sided heart failure D. Peripheral vascular disease

C

The nurse is assessing a client who presents to the emergency room with a spinal cord injury. Which finding in the client's report causes the nurse to suspect central cord syndrome? A. Hemisection of the spinal cord B. Acuter intervertebral disc herniation C. Hyperextension of the cervical spine D. Fractures of L1 and L2

C

The nurse is caring for a client with a history of head injury in a motor vehicle accident. The client reports a lack of coordination and imbalance since the accident. Which part of the cerebrum does the nurse suspect to have been damaged? A. Cerebrum B. Brainstem C. Cerebellum D. Diencephalon

C

The nurse is counseling a client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Which explanation does the nurse provide if the client asks, "Why all of a sudden do I have this disease" A. Your brain has scare tissue called gliotic plaques from infection" B. At some time you had an infection and did not seek medical care C. Your body created antibodies that re attacking the covering of nerve cells D. This is an inherited disease for which you have no responsibility

C

The nurse observes hyperpigmented, velvety macular lesions on the neck during the assessment of a diabetic client. Which conclusion does the nurse draw from this observation? A. The client has lipoatrophy B. The client has lipohypertrophy C. The client has acanthosis nigricans D. The client has pigmented pretibial papules

C

Which condition exhibits "moon faces" as a characteristic symptom A. Myxedema B. Grave's Disease C. Cushing's Syndrome D. Adrenal Insufficiency

C

Which type of epileptic seizure is characterized by a sudden lapse of consciousness for 5 to 30 seconds? A. Tonic seizure B. Clonic Seizure C. Petit mal seizure D. Tonic-clonic seizure

C

A client complains of gradual loss of muscle control and difficult speaking. During the assessment, the client's sensation remains in tact. The provider knows that these symptoms could be a manifestation of which of the following disorders? A. Multiple Sclerosis B. Myasthenia Gravis C. Huntington's Disease D. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

D

A client with significant brain damage can develop abnormal postures based on the pressure in the brain. Which of the following statements is true about decerebate posturing A. Feet flexed, legs externally rotated, elbows relaxed, arms abducted, wrists and fingers relaxed B. Feet fixed, legs externally rotated, forearms relaxed, arms abducted C. Feet flexed, legs internally rotated, elbows flexed, arms adducted, wrist and fingers flexed D. Feet flexed, wrist and fingers flexed, forearms pronated, elbows extended, arms adducted

D

A male adolescent client with an age of 13 years is assessed at a height of 4 feet 2 inches. The manifestation is related to abnormal growth hormone levels. Which treatment does the nurse expect to be prescribed A. Transsphenoidal surgery of the pituitary B. Regular administration of bromocriptine C. Radioactive iodine ablation therapy D. Growth hormone replacement therapy

D

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is A. Stroke B. Hypertensive Crisis C. Extremely necrosis D. Pulmonary embolus

D

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as __________ Hepatitis B A. Recovered from B. Immunity to C. Chronic Active D. Acute

D

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of _____ in the circulation A. Progesterone B. Corticoglobulin C. ACTH D. Angiotensin II

D

COPD lead to a barrel chest, because it causes A. pulmonary edema B. Muscle atrophy C. Prolonged inspiration D. Air trapping

D

The nurse finds the symptoms of thyroid dysfunction in a client are due to abnormal pituitary activity. The client's laboratory report shows a low TSH level, which supports the nurse's finding. Which type of endocrine disorder is likely present in the client? A. Primary Hypothyroidism B. Tertiary Hyperthyroidism C. Primary Hyperthyroidism D. Secondary Hypothyroidism

D

The nurse is discussing the interictal period with staff nurses. Which statement made by a nurse indicates understanding of the terminology? A. It is the actual time of the episode of the seizure B. It is the time after the completion of the seizure C. It is measured when the brain activity is abnormal D. It is the phase between seizures if multiple seizures occur

D

The nurse is providing care for a client diagnosed with a hemorrhagic stroke. Which part of the brain is at greatest risk for interrupting cardiac and respiratory functions? A. The pons B. The midbrain C. The cerebellum D. The medulla oblongata

D

The nurse is providing care for a client with diabetes mellitus. The nurse obtains a glucose blood level of 35 mg/dL. For which complication does the nurse prepare the client? A. Bradycardia B. Anhidrosis C. Anorexia D. Seizure

D

The nurse is teaching a family member about providing home care for a client with a T1 spinal cord injury. The nurse stresses bowel and bladder management to avoid autonomic dysreflexia. Which additional care does the nurse reinforce to prevent the complication? A. Position that avoids poor body alignment B. Providing massage to keep the leg muscles relaxed C. Performing passive body exercise everyday D. Preventing the development of pressure ulcers

D

The nurse observes the final diagnosis of four clients in their case reports as given here. Which client does the nurse notice the presence of Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign? A. The client diagnosed with pineal tumor B. The client diagnosed with hypothyroidism C. The client diagnosed with pheochromocytoma D. The client diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism

D

The spleen is an important defense against infection because it A. Activates the complement cascade B. Initiates inflammation C. Controls phagocytosis D. Filters the blood

D

Which endocrine gland is called the master gland? A. The pineal gland B. The adrenal Gland C. The thyroid gland D. the pituitary gland

D

Active immunity involves (select all that apply) A. Injection of preformed human anitbodies B. Injection of humane immune globulin C. Injection with performed animal antibodies D. Vaccines with dead or altered organisms E. Active infections

D, E