Patho Midterm
A patient presents to the emergency room with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for three days. The patient's lab values are as follows: K is 3.8, Na is 149, pH is 7.32, etc. Which of the following IV fluids should be ordered?
0.45% normal saline with 100 meq/L of sodium bicarb
A patient needs an infusion of a hypertonic solution. Which of the following is an appropriate intravenous solution to administer?
5% dextrose lactate ringer's
Lymphoid progenitor stem cell lines differentiate into:
B and T cells
A nurse is providing group education about lipids to patients who have been diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. What does the best instruction include?
HDL is called good cholesterol because it removes cholesterol from your body and gets rid of it in your liver
Which of the following describes the microbiome?
It consists of normal flora such as E. coli in the intestines
Which of the following statements regarding Legionnaire's disease is true?
It is a bacterial infection.
Which of the following statements regarding disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome is not true?
It is a frequent complication of pulmonary embolism
The order of impulse conduction in the heart is from the:
SA node to AV node to bundle of His to Purkinje system
A patient comes to the emergency department complaining of coughing and difficulty breathing. The patient's diagnosis is heart failure. How does heart failure cause shortness of breath?
The left side of the heart is weak and pulmonary fluid accumulates
Which of the following individuals has a positive tuberculin skin test reaction?
a 2-year-old with an induration of 11 mm
Which of the following human immunodeficiency virus positive patients has AIDS?
a 28-year-old woman with advanced cervical cancer
Which of the following patients has the greatest risk of developing heart failure?
a 69-year-old black male with hypertension
Which of the following assessment findings is most concerning and would require immediate action?
a palpable lump in the left breast of an 18-year-old with klinefelter syndrome
Which of the following cellular exchange mechanisms requires adenosine triphosphate and the use of a carrier protein?
active transport
Which of the following differentiates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from asthma?
airflow obstruction caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is irreversible, whereas it is reversible in asthma
Tuberculosis is:
an airborne disease
Which of the following is the primary regulator of water excretion?
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid?
bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
A patient presents to the emergency room with a K level of 6.5. What potentially life threatening complication would you assess for?
cardiac dysrhythmias
A 5-year-old female takes a hike through the woods during a school field trip. Upon returning home, she hugs her father, and he later develops poison ivy. Which of the following immune reactions is he experiencing?
cell mediated
Which of the following is not a function of the kidney?
conversion of ammonia into urea
Tay-Sachs is caused by a(n):
deficiency or absence of hex a
A 58-year-old man was gardening and mowing his lawn for a few hours in the heat. He started developing cramps and feeling dizzy. He has no significant past medical history and is in generally good health. He was transported to the emergency room. His serum osmolality is high. What is the likely explanation for this finding?
dehydration
The effects of histamine 1 release during mast cell degranulation includes:
edema
Which of the following laboratory tests would be indicative of worsening heart failure?
elevated b-type natriuretic peptide
Which of the following serum levels is the best measurement for evaluating the effectiveness of iron therapy and adequacy of iron stores?
ferritin
The definition and criteria used to diagnosis chronic kidney disease is:
glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following is an example of the chemical barriers that are part of the innate immune system?
hydrochloric acid production in the stomach
Progression of chronic kidney disease is thought to occur as a result of
intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy
A routine ultrasound of a 38 year old woman of 26 weeks' gestation reveals that the fetus has trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Most cases of Down syndrome are due to:
nondisjunction
A patient has a serum creatinine level of 2.5 mg/dL, a serum potassium level of 6 meq/L, an arterial pH of 7.32, and a urine output of 250 mL/day. Which phase of acute kidney injury is the patient experiencing?
oliguric
latent tuberculosis infection means the:
person is infected by asymptomatic
Which of the following is the major effect produced by an increase in the rate and depth of respiration?
plasma PCO2 falls
Which of the following blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 10 days?
platelets
The juxtaglomerular complex is the site of the production of which enzyme and hormone involved in blood pressure and fluid balance?
renin
A 15-year-old is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis and is told to avoid contact sports because of the:
risk for splenic rupture
Which of the following is the most serious complication of an aortic aneurysm?
rupture of the aneurysm
What is a key determinant of osmotic pressure?
sodium
Which of the following is responsible for most of the osmotic pressure?
sodium
A patient who has chronic kidney disease and a hemoglobin of 9 g/dL will be receiving synthetic erythropoietin injections. The therapeutic effect of this medication is:
stimulation of red blood cell production
A patient is receiving a heparin infusion. After the second day of infusion, his platelets decrease to 50,000 cells/mL3. The next best action would be to:
stop the infusion and switch to another anticoagulant
A man had a radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. When teaching him about urine function, what would be one of the complications of this surgery that he may develop?
stress incontinence
While discussing treatment options with a parent of a newly diagnosed monosomy X (Turner syndrome) child, the nurse practitioner should state which of the following?
symptoms of the condition are treated with estrogen
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a hemoglobin of 7.0 g/dL. Which of the following complaints would be indicative of tissue hypoxia related to anemia?
syncope
The forced expiratory volume (FEV) measures:
the amount of air you can forcibly exhale in one second
What happens at the end of diastole?
the atria contract to empty the remaining amount of blood into the ventricle
What causes the aortic valve to open?
the left ventricle pressure becomes higher than the aortic pressure
A woman is complaining that she often gets a strong need to urinate and then she sometimes "wets herself" because she cannot make it to the bathroom in time. The type of incontinence she is describing is:
urge
Which of the following situations represents a break in the "first line of defense" against infection?
use of an indwelling bladder catheter
Education pertaining to prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) includes:
use of pre exposure prophylaxis if engaging in high risk sexual behavior
