Pathology 2, Exam 1 - Diseases of the Blood

Types of cardiac failure

Acute - Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) and Chronic - congestive heart failure.

Myocarditis

An inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart, the myocardium which commonly occurs after rheumatic fever and diphtheria, or it may be idiopathic.

Primary anemia

Anemia due to the decrease in the production of red blood cells. Nutritional deficiencies: Iron is the most common deficiency and is essential for R.B.C. development. There are two types of primary anemia Pernicious Anemia and Aplastic Anemia/Aplasia.

Layers of the cranium

Bone, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater, and Brain.

Results of Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Occlusion, Myocardial Infarction (heart attack).

Cause of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci

Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes around the spinal cord and brain.

Pernicious Anemia Treatment

Intramuscular injection of vitamin B12.

Congenital Heart Disease

Septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, a defect in the closing of the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta which causes mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood. More importantly, this defect predisposes to infection and thrombosis.

Leukopenia

Temporary decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells which is often seen in typhoid fever, measles, mumps, flu, and T.B.

Leukocytosis

Temporary increase in the number of circulating white blood cells which is part of the protective mechanism in inflammation.

Hematopoietic (Hemopoietic) disorders

The disruption of any substance that assists in or stimulates the production of blood cells.

How does Pernicious anemia develop?

The intrinsic factor is the carrier for B12 and it is not secreted in pernicious anemia. Therefore, B12 is not being absorbed from the small intestine, because of this, R.B.C. cannot develop properly.

Petite Mal or Absence Seizures

The loss of consciousness for short periods of time with dizziness, this form is more common in children they often appear to be day dreaming.

Arteriosclerosis

The thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries which results in altered function of the tissues and organs because of decreased blood flow.

Aplastic Anemia/Aplasia

This is anemia due to marrow suppression and is the result of drug and chemical damage, radiation, infection, and metabolic disorders.

Grand Mal or Tonic Colnic Seizures

Violent convulsions which includes the making of peculiar sounds, biting the tongue, excess salivation.

Contusion

a bruise on the brain that causes swelling and pain, the skin is not broken at the site of the injury but it may lead to hydrocephalus.

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease

a central nervous system disease that causes a slow degeneration and leads to dementia is caused by a small protein particle called a prion and can be transmitted by a parenteral injury with an object contaminated with the infectious agent.

Multiple Sclerosis

a chronic degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized by remissions and relapses, the myelin sheaths of the nerves are destroyed and the areas of damaged or "demyelinated" nerves are replaced with sclerotic plaques. It impairs both motor and sensory nerve impulses, they become scattered diffusely throughout the gray and white matter of the brain stem and spinal cord and it normally affects young adults between 20 and 40 years of age.

Parkinson's Disease

a chronic degenerative nervous disease, sometimes called "shaking palsy" or paralysis agitans which is characterized by a slow spreading tremor, muscle weakness and rigidity with a peculiar gait. Walking occurs in short, rapid steps and loss of balance and falling often occurs.

Epilepsy

a chronic disorder of the nervous system with reoccurring convulsions and losses of consciousness. The result of some form of interference with normal electrical activity in the brain most cases are idiopathic some are associated with brain injury, trauma at birth, or tumors and is characterized by convulsions.

Alzheimer's Disease

a chronic, organic mental disorder which leads to presenile dementia that tends to occur after the age of 60 and is characterized by loss of memory, mood changes, and other mental disturbances, destruction of neurons in the cortex of the brain occurs and plaques are deposited upon the nerve fibers which is believed to be due to nuerofibril degeneration.

General Paresis

a diffuse meningeoncephalitis seen in the tertiary stage of syphilis causes inflammation and degeneration of brain tissue that will lead to death.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

a febrile inflammatory disease that is a sequelae of rheumatic fever and causes lesions which are small nodules formed within the connective tissue of the heart called Ashcoff's nodules or Ashcoff's bodies, which lead to the formation of scar tissue in the tissues of the heart.

Atherosclerosis

a form of Arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposition of fatty deposits called plaques and specifically occurs in the large elastic arteries such as the aorta, coronary arteries, and cerebral arteries.

Intracranial hemorrhage

a hemorrhage categorized according to the location in relation to the meninges.

Hemophilia

a hereditary abnormality resulting in the defect in the clotting mechanism of the blood it affects males but transmitted by females and is characterized by a tendency toward excessive and sometimes spontaneous bleeding.

Aneurysm

a localized weakening and dilation of an artery which may increase in size and rupture causing a severe hemorrhage.

Cerebral Palsy

a non progressive paralysis resulting from some type of brain damage before or shortly after birth, may also include some mental retardation.

Anemia

a reactive change - This is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells and or hemoglobin.

Dissecting aneurysm

a separation of the tissues in the wall of an artery that allows blood to enter and further separate the tissues.

Encephalomalacia

a softening of the brain due to death of the tissues from a lack of blood supply.

Laceration

a tearing of the brain tissue which may occur with or without fracture of the skull.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

a temporary interference with blood supply to part of the brain where no permanent damage occurs and is characterized by dizziness, fuzzy vision in one eye, numbness or loss of sensation on one side of the body and it may last a few minutes or several hours.

Secondary Anemia - Hemorrhage

acute from trauma or chronic from lesions of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Thrombocytopenia

an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets which leads to a tendency toward widespread, spontaneous bleeding into the skin or mucus membranes resulting in: a deep purplish pigmentation known as purpura.

Rabies (hydrophobia)

an acute, viral, infectious disease of warm-blooded animals. Transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal via a bite, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, and results in paralysis and death.

Hypertrophy

an enlargement of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers a result of an increased amount of work put upon the heart and results in enlargement of the heart which is a sign of heart disease.

Dilatation

an enlargement of the heart due to the stretching of the walls and usually occurs as a result of the over-filling of a heart chamber and results in enlargement of the heart which is a sign of heart disease.

Fusiform aneurysm

an equal dilation around the circumference of the vessel creating a tubular swelling.

Valvular insufficiency/incompetence

an imperfect valve closure that permits leakage or regurgitation of blood.

Encephalitis

an inflammation of the brain which can be bacterial or viral, however, the most common is viral and is transmitted to humans via infected mosquitoes; it may also only be a complication of other infectious disease like malaria, influenza, measles.

Endocarditis

an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart (endocardium) and includes inflammation of the heart valves which always means valvular endocarditis.

Pericarditis

an inflammation of the outer sac of the heart, the pericardium which can be caused by T.B., pyogenic organisms, neoplasms, trauma, myocardial infarction.

Myelitis

an inflammation of the spinal cord which occurs due to infection or injury to the spinal cord.

Phlebitis

an inflammation of the veins.

What two factors do erythrocytes require to mature?

an intrinsic factor found in normal gastric juice and an extrinsic factor - vitamin B12.

Polycythemia Vera (Erythrocytosis)

an uncontrolled production of red blood cells; referred to as a chronic, life-shortening myelo-proliferative disorder involving all bone marrow elements.This is secondary to many disorders and leads to an increase in R.B.C. mass and hemoglobin concentration that increases blood viscosity, causes high blood pressure, and extra work on the heart.

Neuropathic disease

any infectious disease of the nervous system.

Concussion

any injury to a soft structure resulting from a blow or violence, causing an immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function which may result in only a temporary grogginess, or there may be a wide spread loss of cerebral control with a sudden drawing of the knees and severe vomiting.

Coronary Artery Disease Causes

atherosclerosis, thrombosis or embolisms, and spasms, usually caused by syphilitic involvement of the mouths of the coronary arteries which leads to uncontrolled contractions of the heart muscle the contractions occlude the lumens of the coronary arteries.

Subarachnoid

between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Extradural or Epidural

between the bone and dura mater.

Subdural

between the dura mater and arachnoid mater, most common and will cause sudden death in severe cases.

Disease of the blood vessels

blood vessels are subject to various disease processes and react to injury and repair, infection, inflammation, and tumors like any other tissue.

Epidemic Meningitis

caused by the meningococcus (neisseria meningitidis) is the most common form of meningitis and is transmitted via the respiratory tract by droplet spray or direct contact with discharges it then reaches the meninges via the blood or lymph stream and is caused by numerous bacteria and viruses.

Leukemia

commonly called "cancer of the blood", it is a malignancy of hemopoeitic tissues (blood forming organs) bone marrow, lymph nodes, and W.B.C. which results in an uncontrolled over production of white blood cells.

Cerebrovascular accident/stroke/apoplexy

damage to the brain as a result of circulatory interruptions usually due to thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage, are usually secondary to atherosclerotic disease. If hemorrhage occurs where blood escapes into the tissue of the brain it may be due to hypertension or possibly a congenital aneurysm.

Varicose veins

dilated tortuous superficial veins which can occur in almost any part of the body, but are most commonly observed in the lower extremity, the esophagus, and the perianal veins. Other names are varix or plural varacies.

Secondary Anemia

due to increase destruction or loss of erythrocytes due to disease or trauma such as hemolytic anemia and hemorrhage.

Mitral Sclerosis

hardening of the mitral valve of the heart

Where is Rheumatic Heart Disease commonly seen?

in the mitral valve causing stenosis all of this leads to serious, chronic heart disease.

Predisposing conditions leading to heart disease and blood vessel disease.

include but are not limited to hereditary and genetics, obesity, diabetes, cholesterol elevation and social factors which also include but are not limited to smoking, substance abuse, stress, diet choices.

Arteritis

inflammation of an artery.

Valvular Endocarditis

is caused by bacteria that is deposited on a valve which creates thrombi known as vegetative.

Prolapse

is when a valve or cusps of the valves turn inside out.

Causes of Hypertrophy

obstructions of the peripheral vessels, disease conditions involving the heart valves, and inflammatory and degenerative changes in the heart muscle.

Pernicious Anemia

occurs when vitamin b12 cannot be absorbed from our food and it commonly occurs in the white race after 40 years of age but rarely before 35.

Coronary Artery Disease

pathologic changes in the walls of the coronary arteries.

Causes of varicose veins

pregnancy, obesity, and standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time.

Common signs and symptoms of Leukemia

swollen spleen and lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, fatigue, joint pain and a tendency to hemorrhage.

Cardiac failure

the condition resulting from the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs, as a result of high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, prior myocardial infarctions, etc.

Hydrocephalus ("Water on the brain")

the increased accumulation of cerebra spinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain caused by a blockage of the normal outflow of the fluid, the brain is pushed against the skull in adults or it causes dramatic enlargement of the cranium in infants. Severe cases lead to stillbirths or a very short lifespan.

Poliomyelitis

the inflammation of the grey matter of the brain which can often affect brain tissue and is acquired through a viral infection from respiratory system or contaminated food, then reaches the spinal cord through the bloodstream. It affects the motor neurons of the central nervous system resulting in serious damage and paralysis of the muscles controlled by these nerves.

Neuritis

the inflammation of the nerves which may be a direct infection or a complication of other infections like tuberculosis, tetanus, or measles, may also be from damage by trauma or toxins.

Valvular stenosis

the narrowing or constriction of a valve.

Secondary Anemia - Hemolytic Anemia

the rupturing off red blood cells een in Malaria, Sickle cell anemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis.

Sacculated aneurysm

the yielding of a weak area on one side of the vessel not involving the entire circumference appears as a bulging, sac-like dilation.

Acapnia

A marked decrease in carbon dioxide content of the blood which is often seen in instances of asthma, pulmonary embolism, and anxiety.

Hypertensive heart disease

A condition caused by constant pumping against resistance it slowly "wears out" the heart and is caused by hypertension, which is also known as high blood pressure.

Acidosis

A condition in which there is an excess portion of acid in the blood which is often seen in diabetes, renal disease and severe dehydration.

Alkalosis

A condition in which there is an excessive portion of alkali in the blood which is often can be seen in many metabolic disorders.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the myocardium due to a primary disease of the heart muscle which accompanies congestive heart failure, infectious diseases, hypertrophy of the heart chambers, and chronic alcoholism.

Carditis

A general term to encompass inflammation of any of the layers or valves of the heart.