PDBIO Final Content Exam
Match the label with the name of the tunic.
(From internal to external): lumen (space), mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
Match the following structures with their appropriate functions.
-large intestine: water absorption -small intestine: nutrient absorption -stomach: mechanical and chemical digestion
Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. a. pressure b. pain c. chemicals d. temperature e. light
1. mechanoreceptors: a 2. photoreceptors: e 3. nociceptors: b 4. chemoreceptors: c 5. thermoreceptors: d
The stages of neurulation are as follows
1. neural plate stage 2. neural fold/groove stage 3. neural tube stage
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
12
Place the five layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most superficial:
1: stratum basale 2: stratum spinosum 3: stratum granulosum 4: stratum lucidum 5: stratum corneum
Arrange the middle ear bones in the numbered list from lateral to medial. Components: 1-incus 2-stapes 3-malleus
3, 1, 2
The figure below shows the gross anatomy of a long bone. Which number indicates the medullary cavity?
4
Implantation usually occurs around ___ days after fertilization.
7
The transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period occurs at about week ______ in development.
8
There are ____ carpals and ____ tarsals.
8, 7
The distal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle inserts on the __(A)__, thereby positioning the effort __(B)___ to the elbow joint, making forearm flexion at this joint classified as a __C)___ class lever.
A: radial tuberosity B: distal C: third class
In the conducting system of the heart, the ________________ carries the electrical impulse from the right atrium to the apex, allowing for distribution of the electrical impulse so that ventricular contraction occurs timely and properly.
AV bundle/bundle branches
Which of the following disorders results from hyposecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
Addison's disease
________ is a male reproductive system disorder that affects about 90% of men over the age of 80.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What prevents the trachea from collapsing?
C-shaped cartilaginous rings
What key developmental event happens during the process of gastrulation?
Ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form
Which of the following is true concerning stages of labor?
Expulsion lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby.
Each B- and T-cell can respond to a wide variety of infected cells, whereas natural killer cells can only respond to a single antigen.
False
The gallbladder produces and releases bile into the gastrointestinal tract.
False
From personal experience relating to mobility of your fingers in comparison to your toes, how do you think their areas on the primary motor cortex compare? Think back to the homunculus.
Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex.
Place the following steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order:
First, a hematoma forms, then a fibrocartilaginous callus forms, and then a hard (bony) callus forms. Finally, the bone is remodeled.
Which cranial nerve connects to the CNS near the anterior region of the medulla oblongata, and is responsible for conducting taste information from the posterior region of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Which is true of heart valves?
Heart valves are made of dense connective tissue.
Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Helper T-lymphocyte
The lymphocyte disease characterized by large malignant cells (called Reed-Sternberg cells) in lymphatic structures is
Hodgkin's disease.
What letter is associated with the region where only thin filaments are found?
I
Based on the image above, which Roman numeral identifies the spermatic cord?
IV
What is meant by a tropic hormone?
It affects the release of other hormones
Which description(s) relate(s) to the pancreas? (Select all that apply.)
It has endocrine functions, it is an accessory digestive organ, it has exocrine functions
Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?
It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
Which is true concerning the neurohypophysis?
It releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Which organ(s) is(are) retroperitoneal? (Select all that apply.)
Kidney
Ovulation occurs after a surge in
LH
Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the stomach?
LUQ
Which imaging technique is best for soft structures?
MRI
What cell type acts as a sensory-type cell in the epidermis?
Merkel cell
___________ are ___________ that form myelin sheaths.
Oligodendrocytes, glial cells of the CNS
__________ is muscular contractions that move food through GI tract; _________ is mixing and churning in the small intestine.
Peristalsis, segmentation
________ is responsible for milk production in the breast, while ________ is responsible for milk release during breast feeding.
Prolactin, oxytocin
Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the appendix?
RLQ
The glial cell that myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system is the _________.
Schwaan cell
Choose the correct pathway for wave vibration in the cochlea.
Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window
Which is not true concerning the endocrine system?
The endocrine has a fast response but lasts shorter than nervous system.
Male and female pelvises are different. Which of the following is true of the female pelvis?
The ischial tuberosities are further apart.
Which is not true of shingles?
The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.
What is true of lymphatic vessels?
They have valves to prevent backflow.
At which timepoint shown in the figure above would a surge in LH occur?
Timepoint B (just before ovulation)
__________ division receives sensory information from internal organs.
Visceral sensory
A muscle fascicle is
a bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells)
In describing certain movements or body positions, a muscle that stabilizes posture and opposes gravity is
a fixator
Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: Cardiac muscle cells have more mitochondria b: Only skeletal muscle has well-defined sarcomeres c: Cardiac muscle tissue has intercalated discs d: Skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei, while cardiac muscle cells have one or two
a,c,d
Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following organs: 1. epidermis 2. liver 3. lung 4. muscle 5. brain 6. kidney 7. lens 8. heart
a. endoderm (ENDO) b. ectoderm (ECTO) c. mesoderm (MESO) 1: b 2: a 3: a 4: c 5: b 6: c 7: b 8: c
Excessive secretion of growth hormone, after the ossification of the epiphyseal plates, can cause
acromegaly
Which disorder is from an excess production of GH during adulthood?
acromegaly
While cooking your dinner, you accidentally touch the hot stove. Trace the path of the impulse from the touch of initial contact to your hand moving away from the stove.
afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron
What condition is characterized by the absence of a limb?
amelia
When classifying joints according to function, _____ are slightly movable while _____ are immovable joints.
amphiarthroses, synarthroses
The aorta is an example of
an elastic artery
The unit of bone that consists of a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone is
an osteon
Which disorder results due to failed neurulation and subsequent malformation of neural tubes at the cranial end of the embryo?
anencephaly
In anatomical position, palms face:
anteriorly
Pick the correct order of female genitalia from posterior to anterior.
anus, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice, clitoris
The posterior chamber of the eye contains which type of fluid?
aqueous humor
The ureters
are lined with transitional epithelium.
The term brachial is associated with what body region?
arm
Vessel structure is composed of a tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. Which of these has the thickest tunica media?
arteries
Where will blood be immediately after leaving a muscular artery?
arteriole
Which of the following is not a function of bone?
articular surface for joints
A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. How would the neuron described above be classified functionally?
as an efferent neuron
After hearing you're a new expert in anatomy, your friend comes to you with concern. When exposed to certain pollen, smoke, and exercise, he often starts wheezing, coughing, and experiencing a shortness of breath. He has no history of cigarette smoking. If he has a respiratory pathology, he most likely has
asthma
Which glial cell controls the ionic environment and induces formation of the blood-brain barrier?
astrocyte
which term describes a progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries that leads to thickening of tunica intima and narrowing of arterial lumen from fatty plaque?
atherosclerosis
Of the following structures, where will electrical impulses in the cardiac conduction system travel next after leaving the sinoatrial node?
atrioventricular node
Which is true about Type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune disorder, often caused by destruction of pancreatic islet cells.
The epidermis is _________; the dermis is _________.
avascular, vascular
Organize these events of a polysynaptic neural reflex arc in the correct sequence. a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
b, a, c, d, e
The term popliteal is associated with what body region?
back of the knee
The layers of the epidermis of thin skin, from deep to superficial, are
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum.
A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. If we think of reflexes, the neuron described above probably would
be one component in a polysynaptic reflex.
Which of the following is not a function of saliva?
begin digestion of lipids
What muscle could be classified as an antagonist in elbow extension?
biceps brachii
The detrusor muscle and trigone are found where?
bladder
In anatomical position, what is the most anterior structure of a vertebra?
body
In a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is
both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium.
Sacs filled with synovial fluid that prevent friction between bones, tendons, and skin around joints are called _____.
bursae
In compact bone, _____ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing a pathway for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.
canaliculi
Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?
capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts
What type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle
Which of the following is not one of the 4 basic tissue types?
cartilage
The structural classification of the pubic symphysis joint is ___________, and the functional classification is ___________.
cartilaginous, amphiarthrosis
Directional terms: tail or rear end?
caudal
A person who has clinical problems with balance and muscle coordination could have a defect in the
cerebellum
The nerve plexus that gives rise to the phrenic nerve is the _____ plexus.
cervical
The term buccal is associated with what body region?
cheek
Olfactions uses which type of receptors?
chemoreceptors
The papillary muscles help anchor to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole by means of the __________________.
chordae tendineae
The highly vascularized finger-like projections of the placenta that extend into pools of maternal blood are
chorionic villi.
Which of the following produces cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
The process wherein the fertilized egg divides into many small cells is called
cleavage
The type of cell division that divides the large, fertilized embryo into many smaller cells is called
cleavage
Which choice lists the structures in the correct order, from anterior to posterior?
clitoris, urethral opening, vagina, anus
Receptor cells for hearing are located in the
cochlea
Dense regular connective tissue is rich in tightly packed ______________ fibers. You will find this type of tissue in ______________.
collagen, tendons
Association tracts __________.
connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere
Suppose you had a congenital disease that prevented collagen from forming in your body. Which of these tissues would you expect to be most affected?
connective tissue
Under parasympathetic mode, the pupils will
constrict
What happens first in fertilization?
corona radiata penetration
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the __________.
corpus callosum
The erectile bodies of the penis are the
corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa.
About 85% of kidney nephrons are located almost entirely within the renal cortex, with only a small portion of the loop of Henle dipping into the renal medulla. The majority of nephrons are therefore classified as ________ nephrons.
cortical
During childbirth, the most common and correct position for the fetus to pass through the birth canal is
cranial end first, facing to the posterior of the mother's body
If you were to look at a transverse slice through the diaphysis of the right humerus, you would notice that compact bone tissue is located _____ to the periosteum.
deep
The portion of a neuron that carries electrical impulses toward the cell body is called the
dendrite
The type of connective tissue that is typically found in muscle tendons is
dense regular connective tissue
Which structure forms the bulk of the tooth?
dentin
A _____ is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
dermatome
Which is/are a function of the liver?
detoxification of poisons, metabolites, and drugs/bile production/production of blood proteins
Considering elbow extension, the elbow joint involved could be functionally classified as a
diarthrotic joint.
The derivatives of the _____ include the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and (of course) the left and right retinas.
diencephalon
Which is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
digestion
Directional terms: farther from the attachment?
distal
Directional terms: back side?
dorsal
What structure in fetal circulation bypasses blood away from the liver?
ductus venosus
Arrange the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep.
dura, arachnoid, pia
From what embryonic germ layer are skin and neurons derived?
ectoderm
From which primary germ layer is the nervous system derived?
ectoderm
What type of cartilage is found in the auricle of the ear and the epiglottis?
elastic
The involuntary phase of swallowing (Select all that apply.)
encompasses the esophageal phase., includes the elevation of the larynx so the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening, encompasses the pharyngeal phase.
A football player suffered a broken leg during a recent game. He was rushed to the hospital and told that his fibula has been shattered into 6 pieces. Referring to the situation described above, during embryonic and fetal development the bone that broke on the player was formed by
endochondral ossification.
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the
endosteum
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the ________.
endosteum
All three embryonic germ layers develop from the
epiblast
What layer of the heart wall is also known as visceral pericardium?
epicardium
As sperm are ejaculated, they travel through the male ducts in the following order:
epididymis --> ductus deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced in the adrenal cortex?
epinephrine (it produces norepinephrine)
Put the following nervous tissue coverings in order from superficial to deep: perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath.
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath
The end of a long bone is called the ___________.
epiphysis
The __________ is a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach through peristalsis.
esophagus
Which skeletal muscle is involved in micturition, and is under voluntary control?
external urinary sphincter
In anatomical position, the palms of the hands
face forward
A patient has no sensory function on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. What cranial nerve is most likely impaired?
facial nerve VII
Oogenesis and follicle development begin at the onset of puberty.
false
The diaphragm, external intercostals, and scalenes contract for exhalation.
false
True or false: cell bodies are found in PNS nerves and CNS white matter.
false
What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee and pubic symphysis?
fibrocartilage
Which is NOT a type of cartilage found in the larynx?
fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage
The sagittal suture is classified structurally as a _____ joint and functionally as a(n) _____ joint.
fibrous, synarthrotic
Name the three phases of the ovarian cycle in order.
follicular, ovulation, luteal
In fetal circulation, this structure diverts blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium of the heart.
foramen ovale
Which of the following components of the eye has the highest concentration of cones?
fovea centralis
In the nephron, the process of filtration occurs in the
glomerulus.
The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a
gomphosis
The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a _____.
gomphosis
Where would neuron cell bodies and astrocytes typically be found?
gray matter of the brain
Which of following senses allows us to taste food?
gustation
In this diagram of a taste bud, what cell type does the purple indicate?
gustatory cell
Which cells in the tongue are chemoreceptors?
gustatory cells
Fenestrated capillaries
have small pores in their walls.
The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to
help cool arterial blood flowing to the testes.
What type of T-lymphocyte secretes chemical signals that bind to activate other immune system cells?
helper T-cells
Bronchi and pulmonary arteries enter the lung at the
hilum
Which is true of the lymphatic system?
houses lymphocytes that generate the immune response, screens lymph for foreign substances, returns interstitial fluid to bloodstream, transports nutrients
What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint?
hyaline cartilage
Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and overproduction of CSF are causes of what disorder?
hydrocephalus
You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of hyperactivity and a racing heart. You notice that the patient constantly talks about how hot she is. You also notice her very low body weight. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
High metabolic rate, weight loss, tachycardia are symptoms of
hyperthyroidism.
The bilaminar germinal disc of the early embryo consists of the
hypoblast and epiblast
The portion of the central nervous system that has a major, direct role in endocrine control is the_____________.
hypothalamus
Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity _____________ and _____________.
increases internal lung pressure, air rushes out of lungs
The apex of the heart is located
inferior and to the left.
Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which make the entire embryo?
inner cell mass
The hormone that binds cell-surface receptors to promote glucose uptake by cells is______________ .
insulin
The pancreas secretes _______, a hormone that _______ blood glucose levels.
insulin, decreases
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells is an example of
internal respiration.
What is the term used to describe the process of bone development that does not involve the formation of a cartilage model of the bone?
intramembranous ossification
A typical spinal nerve
is a cablelike bundle of axons
Spermatogenesis
is controlled by FSH and testosterone.
The internal urethral sphincter
is involuntary
Which is NOT true of myelin sheath?
it decreases speed of conduction
Which organ listed below is considered to be completely retroperitoneal?
kidney
Which gland produces tears that coat and protect the eye?
lacrimal gland
Place the pathway of tears in the correct order from secretion to drainage.
lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct
What structure is also known as the "voice box"?
larynx
Which lung has the cardiac notch?
left lung
What is known as the "emotional brain?"
limbic system
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
limit posterior movement of the femur
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. In this exercise, the muscle that is the agonist is named according to its:
location and number of heads
Which is a characteristic of emphysema?
loss of elastic tissue, making it difficult to exhale
Put the flow of lymph in order: lymphatic trunks, lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, venous circulation.
lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, venous circulation
Edema due to lymph node obstruction is called?
lymphedema
Key cell types in blood pressure regulation include the ________ cells, modified epithelial cells located in the distal tubule of the nephron, and the ________ cells, found in the walls of the afferent arterioles entering the renal corpuscle.
macula densa, juxtaglomerular
Which of the following is NOT true of a sarcomere?
made of multiple muscle cells
The type of skin cancer that is typically most invasive and life-threatening is
malignant melanoma
These general receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
mechanoreceptors
Place the following bony landmarks in order from medial to lateral.
medial epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, lateral epicondyle
In anatomical position, the ulna lies _____ to the radius and _____ to the humerus.
medial, distal
Which skin cancer type is considered the most highly invasive?
melanoma
The hippocampus has what primary function?
memory
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle in order?
menstrual - proliferative - secretory
______________ glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles.
merocrine
The ___________ eventually develops into the adult human kidney.
metanephros
The type of reflex that lacks any interneurons (i.e. contains only a sensory neuron and a motor neuron) is a ____________.
monosynaptic reflex
The parietal layer of a serous membrane is located
most superficial
Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?
movement
_____ involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination.
multiple sclerosis
A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. This neuron would be classified structurally as
multipolar
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
muscle
A muscle cell is the same as a
muscle fiber
Which of the following is the smallest in size?
myofilament
According to the sliding filament theory, for muscle contraction to occur ____ heads, which are part of ____ filaments, attach to ____ and pull.
myosin, thick, actin
Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?
nasopharynx
Which of the following is the correct order of nervous system development?
neural plate, neural groove, neural tube
Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception.
neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)
The optic disk contains
no rods and no cones
What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?
non-keratinized stratified squamous
Which cell type in the olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting odor chemicals?
olfactory receptor cells
What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
optic disc
The muscle _____, which is where the _____ attaches to bone, is the less-mobile muscle attachment.
origin, tendon
Which of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton?
os coxa
A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called
osteoarthritis
Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear & tear arthritis"?
osteoarthritis
A cell type whose job is to build bone is an
osteoblast
A football player suffered a broken leg during a recent game. He was rushed to the hospital and told that his fibula has been shattered into 6 pieces. Referring to the situation described above, as the player recovers from his injury, what type of cells will be responsible for secreting the bone matrix during bone remodeling?
osteoblasts
Which would most likely be true in osteoporosis?
osteoclast activity is high
Bone cells called _____ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the bone matrix.
osteoclasts
Which is not a hormone produced from the anterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
The endocrine gland that has exocrine and endocrine function, and plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels is the ___________________.
pancreas
The _________________ layer of the dermis lies adjacent to and deep to the epidermis, and is rich in small blood vessels and nerves.
papillary
The muscles that attach to chordae tendineae, and aid in preventing improper valve opening and blood reflux during ventricular contractions are
papillary muscles.
Erection is under ______________ control; ejaculation is under ______________ control.
parasympathetic, sympathetic
In the stomach, ________ cells produce hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor, while ________ cells produce pepsinogen, an enzyme which becomes active in acidic environments.
parietal, chief
Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa that can be caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the
peptic ulcer
Which type of hormone is an amino acid chain and binds cell surface receptors?
peptide hormone
In a microscopic view of compact bone, which structure connects the central canals of adjacent osteons?
perforating canals
What connective-tissue wrapping surrounds a muscle fascicle?
perimysium
Hemolysis is __________ and takes place in the __________.
phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets, red pulp of the spleen
Air passes from the nose and mouth to the larynx via the
pharynx
What feature is used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?
pharynx
Which is a part of the upper respiratory tract?
pharynx
Which of the following nerves emanates from the cervical plexus?
phrenic nerve
Arrange the meninges from deep to superficial.
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
The _____________ secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm.
pineal gland
The left and right lateral spaces in the thoracic cavity make up the
pleural cavity
The uterus typically is located ________ to the bladder.
posterior and superior
Which knee ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?
posterior cruciate ligament
The two motor neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are
postganglionic and preganglionic neurons.
Respiratory diverticulum and ___________ buds form off of endodermal tube around week 4.
primary bronchial
During gastrulation, cells migrate through the ______________ to form the three primary germ layers.
primitive streak
A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal (deep) layer is to
produce synovial fluid
Plasma B-Cells are responsible for
producing immunoglobulins.
Beginning in anatomical position, rotation of the forearm by moving the palm from facing anterior to facing medially, is called _____.
pronation
Peristalsis is a means of ________ and segmentation is a means of ________.
propulsion, mechanical digestion
What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection
The nasopharynx is not well adapted for ingesting food and liquid, while the oropharynx is well adapted for this. The type of epithelium in the nasopharynx is ________, while in the oropharynx it is ________.
pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous
Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has oxygen-poor blood in its arteries?
pulmonary circuit
Blood that is in the right ventricle will next pass through the ________ valve.
pulmonary semilunar valve
Which of the following vessels contains oxygen-rich blood?
pulmonary vein
Which of the following is not an example of a synarthrotic joint?
radio-ulnar joint
Which is a symptom of hypersecretion of cortisol?
re-distributed body obesity
What muscle does not help with knee flexion?
rectus femoris
The major calyces deposit the urine that they carry into the
renal pelvis
In the image above, where will blood be after it passes through the valve represented by number 2?
right atrium
Lymph from which of the following regions will not drain into the venous system through the thoracic duct?
right axillary region
The right lymphatic duct drains which quadrants of the body?
right upper quadrant
Where does blood flow immediately after passing through the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve?
right ventricle
Which type of photoreceptor functions best in dim light and does not detect color
rods
What is the plane that divides the left and right sides of the body?
sagittal
Which of the following is not a component of connective tissue?
sarcolemma
What cellular structures store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which cellular compartment stores calcium in skeletal muscle?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve.
sciatic
Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest? This nerve innervates all of the lower limb except anterior/medial thigh.
sciatic nerve
Which is a function of lymph nodes?
screen lymph for foreign antigens
The _____________ provides cooler temperature needed for sperm production.
scrotum
Which type of burn classification includes damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis?
second degree
Alveolar type II cells
secrete surfactant
What inner ear structure detects rotational movement?
semicircular canals
Which one of the following structures is part of the vestibular apparatus, and is responsible for detecting angular acceleration (rotational movement)?
semicircular ducts
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle could be classified as a synergist to the leg curl just described?
semimembranosus
Epidermal Merkel cells function as _____.
sensory cells
What type of neuron cell body is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
sensory neuron
__________ are unipolar neurons. ____________ are bipolar neurons.
sensory neurons, special senses
A bone that is about equal in length and width such as a carpal bone or a sesamoid bone is classified as a/an __________ bone.
short
The carpal bones are classified as _____ bones and are located _____ to the metacarpal bones.
short, proximal
A type of epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells is called ___________ ____________ epithelium.
simple squamous
What type of epithelium makes up the walls of capillaries?
simple squamous
Epithelial tissue made of "one layer of flat cells" is called ________ epithelium. This type of tissue is found in the ________.
simple squamous, alveoli
What is the anatomical name for the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial node
Which type of capillary is found in the bone marrow, and has a unique structure that allows blood cells to easily enter and exit the capillary?
sinusoid
Which muscle tissue is characterized by multinucleated cells?
skeletal muscle
What is the sensory function of olfactory nerve CN I?
smell
The _______ motor is voluntary, whereas the ________ motor is involuntary.
somatic, autonomic
Where would you place organ level when considering the organization of the human body?
somewhere in the middle
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
sphenoid
The peripheral nervous system includes all, except
spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system includes all, except ________.
spinal cord
What is the motor function of accessory nerve XI?
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
sternum
Which type(s) of hormones are derived from cholesterol?
steroid hormones
What layer of the uterine wall is shed as menses?
stratum functionalis
Pennate muscle organization optimizes for
strength
While physiology focuses on the study of body function, anatomy focuses on
structure
Which salivary gland produces the most saliva?
submandibular salivary gland
In the spinal cord, the majority of the white matter is located ________ to the gray matter.
superficial
An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?
sympathetic
An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes the heart rate to increase?
sympathetic
The image is illustrating the __________ division of the ANS.
sympathetic
The presynaptic neuron contains _____________, while the postsynaptic neuron contains _____________.
synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, receptors
Thermoreceptors respond to
temperature
A ___________ is defined as a substance that can cause birth defects.
teratogen
The _______________ is the relay station for sensory and motor information.
thalamus
Structures such as hair and hair follicles, nails and glands all develop from
the epidermis
The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of
the fusion of myoblasts
A synovial joint contains all of the following except
the interosseous membrane.
Where in the body would you find the epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells?
the lung alveoli
In a pennate muscle pattern:
the muscles fascicles are short and attach obliquely to the tendon
The biceps brachii muscle is named based on what criteria?
the number of heads of origin and body region
What type of lever system is demonstrated in elbow extension?
third class lever system
The type of lever with the effort in the middle, and the fulcrum/resistance at either end is
third-class
The heart is found in the ______________ cavity?
thoracic
How many secondary bronchi are on the right lung?
three
T-lymphocytes mature in the __________, whereas natural killer (NK) cells and B-lymphocytes mature in __________.
thymus, red bone marrow
Hormones that are important in regulating blood calcium levels are released from the
thyroid and parathyroid
Calcitonin is produced from the __________ and ________ blood calcium levels.
thyroid gland, decreases
Where in the body would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
trachea
This type of epithelium lines the bladder and allows it to expand.
transitional epithelium
Plane that divides the superior and inferior parts of the body?
transverse
Corticosteroids are used clinically to
treat inflammation.
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced from the thymus?
triiodothyronine
At about the time the blastocyst reaches the uterus and just prior to implantation, two cell types can be identified. Which of these two cell types does not contribute cells and tissue to the embryo?
trophoblast
Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which contributes the placenta?
trophoblast
The Z-discs move closer together upon muscle contraction.
true
The pulmonary valve is anterior to the aortic valve.
true
True or false: dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs.
true
A _____ is a bone marking that typically serves as a site of muscle or ligament attachment.
tuberosity
Active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubules is called
tubular secretion.
The layer of the blood vessel wall primarily responsible for changing vessel diameter is the
tunica media
The movement of foot inversion is
turning the sole medially
Which cells in the lungs produce surfactant?
type II cells
Where is the location of the spleen?
upper left quadrant of the abdomen
The kidney is part of the ______ system.
urinary
Fertilization occurs in the
uterine tubes
Lymphatic vessels are structurally and functionally most similar to the ________ of the cardiovascular system.
veins
What two organs are reproductive homologues?
vestibular glands and bulbourethral glands
Often organs are contained within the membrane system of a body cavity. This membrane system is typically comprised of a ________ membrane which contacts the organ, a space or cavity where the serous fluid is located, and a ________ membrane which contacts the body wall.
visceral, parietal
There is a "homunculus" on the pre-central gyrus. The reason why the face map here is so large relates to the fact that __________.
we have very expressive faces
Think of a synapse and its parts. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found?
within the presynaptic axon terminal
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent _____. (The same answer fills in both spaces.)
z disc