PDBIO Final Content Exam

Match the label with the name of the tunic.

(From internal to external): lumen (space), mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

Match the following structures with their appropriate functions.

-large intestine: water absorption -small intestine: nutrient absorption -stomach: mechanical and chemical digestion

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. a. pressure b. pain c. chemicals d. temperature e. light

1. mechanoreceptors: a 2. photoreceptors: e 3. nociceptors: b 4. chemoreceptors: c 5. thermoreceptors: d

The stages of neurulation are as follows

1. neural plate stage 2. neural fold/groove stage 3. neural tube stage

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

12

Place the five layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most superficial:

1: stratum basale 2: stratum spinosum 3: stratum granulosum 4: stratum lucidum 5: stratum corneum

Arrange the middle ear bones in the numbered list from lateral to medial. Components: 1-incus 2-stapes 3-malleus

3, 1, 2

The figure below shows the gross anatomy of a long bone. Which number indicates the medullary cavity?

4

Implantation usually occurs around ___ days after fertilization.

7

The transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period occurs at about week ______ in development.

8

There are ____ carpals and ____ tarsals.

8, 7

The distal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle inserts on the __(A)__, thereby positioning the effort __(B)___ to the elbow joint, making forearm flexion at this joint classified as a __C)___ class lever.

A: radial tuberosity B: distal C: third class

In the conducting system of the heart, the ________________ carries the electrical impulse from the right atrium to the apex, allowing for distribution of the electrical impulse so that ventricular contraction occurs timely and properly.

AV bundle/bundle branches

Which of the following disorders results from hyposecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

Addison's disease

________ is a male reproductive system disorder that affects about 90% of men over the age of 80.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

What key developmental event happens during the process of gastrulation?

Ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form

Which of the following is true concerning stages of labor?

Expulsion lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby.

Each B- and T-cell can respond to a wide variety of infected cells, whereas natural killer cells can only respond to a single antigen.

False

The gallbladder produces and releases bile into the gastrointestinal tract.

False

From personal experience relating to mobility of your fingers in comparison to your toes, how do you think their areas on the primary motor cortex compare? Think back to the homunculus.

Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex.

Place the following steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order:

First, a hematoma forms, then a fibrocartilaginous callus forms, and then a hard (bony) callus forms. Finally, the bone is remodeled.

Which cranial nerve connects to the CNS near the anterior region of the medulla oblongata, and is responsible for conducting taste information from the posterior region of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Which is true of heart valves?

Heart valves are made of dense connective tissue.

Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Helper T-lymphocyte

The lymphocyte disease characterized by large malignant cells (called Reed-Sternberg cells) in lymphatic structures is

Hodgkin's disease.

What letter is associated with the region where only thin filaments are found?

I

Based on the image above, which Roman numeral identifies the spermatic cord?

IV

What is meant by a tropic hormone?

It affects the release of other hormones

Which description(s) relate(s) to the pancreas? (Select all that apply.)

It has endocrine functions, it is an accessory digestive organ, it has exocrine functions

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

Which is true concerning the neurohypophysis?

It releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.

Which organ(s) is(are) retroperitoneal? (Select all that apply.)

Kidney

Ovulation occurs after a surge in

LH

Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the stomach?

LUQ

Which imaging technique is best for soft structures?

MRI

What cell type acts as a sensory-type cell in the epidermis?

Merkel cell

___________ are ___________ that form myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes, glial cells of the CNS

__________ is muscular contractions that move food through GI tract; _________ is mixing and churning in the small intestine.

Peristalsis, segmentation

________ is responsible for milk production in the breast, while ________ is responsible for milk release during breast feeding.

Prolactin, oxytocin

Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the appendix?

RLQ

The glial cell that myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system is the _________.

Schwaan cell

Choose the correct pathway for wave vibration in the cochlea.

Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window

Which is not true concerning the endocrine system?

The endocrine has a fast response but lasts shorter than nervous system.

Male and female pelvises are different. Which of the following is true of the female pelvis?

The ischial tuberosities are further apart.

Which is not true of shingles?

The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.

What is true of lymphatic vessels?

They have valves to prevent backflow.

At which timepoint shown in the figure above would a surge in LH occur?

Timepoint B (just before ovulation)

__________ division receives sensory information from internal organs.

Visceral sensory

A muscle fascicle is

a bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells)

In describing certain movements or body positions, a muscle that stabilizes posture and opposes gravity is

a fixator

Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: Cardiac muscle cells have more mitochondria b: Only skeletal muscle has well-defined sarcomeres c: Cardiac muscle tissue has intercalated discs d: Skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei, while cardiac muscle cells have one or two

a,c,d

Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following organs: 1. epidermis 2. liver 3. lung 4. muscle 5. brain 6. kidney 7. lens 8. heart

a. endoderm (ENDO) b. ectoderm (ECTO) c. mesoderm (MESO) 1: b 2: a 3: a 4: c 5: b 6: c 7: b 8: c

Excessive secretion of growth hormone, after the ossification of the epiphyseal plates, can cause

acromegaly

Which disorder is from an excess production of GH during adulthood?

acromegaly

While cooking your dinner, you accidentally touch the hot stove. Trace the path of the impulse from the touch of initial contact to your hand moving away from the stove.

afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron

What condition is characterized by the absence of a limb?

amelia

When classifying joints according to function, _____ are slightly movable while _____ are immovable joints.

amphiarthroses, synarthroses

The aorta is an example of

an elastic artery

The unit of bone that consists of a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone is

an osteon

Which disorder results due to failed neurulation and subsequent malformation of neural tubes at the cranial end of the embryo?

anencephaly

In anatomical position, palms face:

anteriorly

Pick the correct order of female genitalia from posterior to anterior.

anus, vaginal orifice, urethral orifice, clitoris

The posterior chamber of the eye contains which type of fluid?

aqueous humor

The ureters

are lined with transitional epithelium.

The term brachial is associated with what body region?

arm

Vessel structure is composed of a tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. Which of these has the thickest tunica media?

arteries

Where will blood be immediately after leaving a muscular artery?

arteriole

Which of the following is not a function of bone?

articular surface for joints

A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. How would the neuron described above be classified functionally?

as an efferent neuron

After hearing you're a new expert in anatomy, your friend comes to you with concern. When exposed to certain pollen, smoke, and exercise, he often starts wheezing, coughing, and experiencing a shortness of breath. He has no history of cigarette smoking. If he has a respiratory pathology, he most likely has

asthma

Which glial cell controls the ionic environment and induces formation of the blood-brain barrier?

astrocyte

which term describes a progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries that leads to thickening of tunica intima and narrowing of arterial lumen from fatty plaque?

atherosclerosis

Of the following structures, where will electrical impulses in the cardiac conduction system travel next after leaving the sinoatrial node?

atrioventricular node

Which is true about Type 1 diabetes?

autoimmune disorder, often caused by destruction of pancreatic islet cells.

The epidermis is _________; the dermis is _________.

avascular, vascular

Organize these events of a polysynaptic neural reflex arc in the correct sequence. a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds

b, a, c, d, e

The term popliteal is associated with what body region?

back of the knee

The layers of the epidermis of thin skin, from deep to superficial, are

basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum.

A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. If we think of reflexes, the neuron described above probably would

be one component in a polysynaptic reflex.

Which of the following is not a function of saliva?

begin digestion of lipids

What muscle could be classified as an antagonist in elbow extension?

biceps brachii

The detrusor muscle and trigone are found where?

bladder

In anatomical position, what is the most anterior structure of a vertebra?

body

In a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is

both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium.

Sacs filled with synovial fluid that prevent friction between bones, tendons, and skin around joints are called _____.

bursae

In compact bone, _____ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing a pathway for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

canaliculi

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

What type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle

Which of the following is not one of the 4 basic tissue types?

cartilage

The structural classification of the pubic symphysis joint is ___________, and the functional classification is ___________.

cartilaginous, amphiarthrosis

Directional terms: tail or rear end?

caudal

A person who has clinical problems with balance and muscle coordination could have a defect in the

cerebellum

The nerve plexus that gives rise to the phrenic nerve is the _____ plexus.

cervical

The term buccal is associated with what body region?

cheek

Olfactions uses which type of receptors?

chemoreceptors

The papillary muscles help anchor to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole by means of the __________________.

chordae tendineae

The highly vascularized finger-like projections of the placenta that extend into pools of maternal blood are

chorionic villi.

Which of the following produces cerebrospinal fluid?

choroid plexus

The process wherein the fertilized egg divides into many small cells is called

cleavage

The type of cell division that divides the large, fertilized embryo into many smaller cells is called

cleavage

Which choice lists the structures in the correct order, from anterior to posterior?

clitoris, urethral opening, vagina, anus

Receptor cells for hearing are located in the

cochlea

Dense regular connective tissue is rich in tightly packed ______________ fibers. You will find this type of tissue in ______________.

collagen, tendons

Association tracts __________.

connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere

Suppose you had a congenital disease that prevented collagen from forming in your body. Which of these tissues would you expect to be most affected?

connective tissue

Under parasympathetic mode, the pupils will

constrict

What happens first in fertilization?

corona radiata penetration

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the __________.

corpus callosum

The erectile bodies of the penis are the

corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa.

About 85% of kidney nephrons are located almost entirely within the renal cortex, with only a small portion of the loop of Henle dipping into the renal medulla. The majority of nephrons are therefore classified as ________ nephrons.

cortical

During childbirth, the most common and correct position for the fetus to pass through the birth canal is

cranial end first, facing to the posterior of the mother's body

If you were to look at a transverse slice through the diaphysis of the right humerus, you would notice that compact bone tissue is located _____ to the periosteum.

deep

The portion of a neuron that carries electrical impulses toward the cell body is called the

dendrite

The type of connective tissue that is typically found in muscle tendons is

dense regular connective tissue

Which structure forms the bulk of the tooth?

dentin

A _____ is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

dermatome

Which is/are a function of the liver?

detoxification of poisons, metabolites, and drugs/bile production/production of blood proteins

Considering elbow extension, the elbow joint involved could be functionally classified as a

diarthrotic joint.

The derivatives of the _____ include the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and (of course) the left and right retinas.

diencephalon

Which is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

digestion

Directional terms: farther from the attachment?

distal

Directional terms: back side?

dorsal

What structure in fetal circulation bypasses blood away from the liver?

ductus venosus

Arrange the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep.

dura, arachnoid, pia

From what embryonic germ layer are skin and neurons derived?

ectoderm

From which primary germ layer is the nervous system derived?

ectoderm

What type of cartilage is found in the auricle of the ear and the epiglottis?

elastic

The involuntary phase of swallowing (Select all that apply.)

encompasses the esophageal phase., includes the elevation of the larynx so the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening, encompasses the pharyngeal phase.

A football player suffered a broken leg during a recent game. He was rushed to the hospital and told that his fibula has been shattered into 6 pieces. Referring to the situation described above, during embryonic and fetal development the bone that broke on the player was formed by

endochondral ossification.

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the

endosteum

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the ________.

endosteum

All three embryonic germ layers develop from the

epiblast

What layer of the heart wall is also known as visceral pericardium?

epicardium

As sperm are ejaculated, they travel through the male ducts in the following order:

epididymis --> ductus deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced in the adrenal cortex?

epinephrine (it produces norepinephrine)

Put the following nervous tissue coverings in order from superficial to deep: perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath.

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath

The end of a long bone is called the ___________.

epiphysis

The __________ is a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach through peristalsis.

esophagus

Which skeletal muscle is involved in micturition, and is under voluntary control?

external urinary sphincter

In anatomical position, the palms of the hands

face forward

A patient has no sensory function on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. What cranial nerve is most likely impaired?

facial nerve VII

Oogenesis and follicle development begin at the onset of puberty.

false

The diaphragm, external intercostals, and scalenes contract for exhalation.

false

True or false: cell bodies are found in PNS nerves and CNS white matter.

false

What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee and pubic symphysis?

fibrocartilage

Which is NOT a type of cartilage found in the larynx?

fibrocartilage

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

The sagittal suture is classified structurally as a _____ joint and functionally as a(n) _____ joint.

fibrous, synarthrotic

Name the three phases of the ovarian cycle in order.

follicular, ovulation, luteal

In fetal circulation, this structure diverts blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium of the heart.

foramen ovale

Which of the following components of the eye has the highest concentration of cones?

fovea centralis

In the nephron, the process of filtration occurs in the

glomerulus.

The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a

gomphosis

The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a _____.

gomphosis

Where would neuron cell bodies and astrocytes typically be found?

gray matter of the brain

Which of following senses allows us to taste food?

gustation

In this diagram of a taste bud, what cell type does the purple indicate?

gustatory cell

Which cells in the tongue are chemoreceptors?

gustatory cells

Fenestrated capillaries

have small pores in their walls.

The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to

help cool arterial blood flowing to the testes.

What type of T-lymphocyte secretes chemical signals that bind to activate other immune system cells?

helper T-cells

Bronchi and pulmonary arteries enter the lung at the

hilum

Which is true of the lymphatic system?

houses lymphocytes that generate the immune response, screens lymph for foreign substances, returns interstitial fluid to bloodstream, transports nutrients

What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint?

hyaline cartilage

Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and overproduction of CSF are causes of what disorder?

hydrocephalus

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of hyperactivity and a racing heart. You notice that the patient constantly talks about how hot she is. You also notice her very low body weight. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

High metabolic rate, weight loss, tachycardia are symptoms of

hyperthyroidism.

The bilaminar germinal disc of the early embryo consists of the

hypoblast and epiblast

The portion of the central nervous system that has a major, direct role in endocrine control is the_____________.

hypothalamus

Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity _____________ and _____________.

increases internal lung pressure, air rushes out of lungs

The apex of the heart is located

inferior and to the left.

Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which make the entire embryo?

inner cell mass

The hormone that binds cell-surface receptors to promote glucose uptake by cells is______________ .

insulin

The pancreas secretes _______, a hormone that _______ blood glucose levels.

insulin, decreases

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells is an example of

internal respiration.

What is the term used to describe the process of bone development that does not involve the formation of a cartilage model of the bone?

intramembranous ossification

A typical spinal nerve

is a cablelike bundle of axons

Spermatogenesis

is controlled by FSH and testosterone.

The internal urethral sphincter

is involuntary

Which is NOT true of myelin sheath?

it decreases speed of conduction

Which organ listed below is considered to be completely retroperitoneal?

kidney

Which gland produces tears that coat and protect the eye?

lacrimal gland

Place the pathway of tears in the correct order from secretion to drainage.

lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

larynx

Which lung has the cardiac notch?

left lung

What is known as the "emotional brain?"

limbic system

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

limit posterior movement of the femur

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. In this exercise, the muscle that is the agonist is named according to its:

location and number of heads

Which is a characteristic of emphysema?

loss of elastic tissue, making it difficult to exhale

Put the flow of lymph in order: lymphatic trunks, lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, venous circulation.

lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, venous circulation

Edema due to lymph node obstruction is called?

lymphedema

Key cell types in blood pressure regulation include the ________ cells, modified epithelial cells located in the distal tubule of the nephron, and the ________ cells, found in the walls of the afferent arterioles entering the renal corpuscle.

macula densa, juxtaglomerular

Which of the following is NOT true of a sarcomere?

made of multiple muscle cells

The type of skin cancer that is typically most invasive and life-threatening is

malignant melanoma

These general receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

mechanoreceptors

Place the following bony landmarks in order from medial to lateral.

medial epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, lateral epicondyle

In anatomical position, the ulna lies _____ to the radius and _____ to the humerus.

medial, distal

Which skin cancer type is considered the most highly invasive?

melanoma

The hippocampus has what primary function?

memory

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle in order?

menstrual - proliferative - secretory

______________ glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles.

merocrine

The ___________ eventually develops into the adult human kidney.

metanephros

The type of reflex that lacks any interneurons (i.e. contains only a sensory neuron and a motor neuron) is a ____________.

monosynaptic reflex

The parietal layer of a serous membrane is located

most superficial

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?

movement

_____ involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination.

multiple sclerosis

A certain neuron's soma lies in the ventrolateral spinal cord. One or a few of this neuron's several dendritic branches receives an axonal synapse directly from a spinal interneuron. In addition, this neuron sends out a long axon that branches and terminates on several muscle fibers. The neuron functions to relay impulses from the CNS to the effector organ it innervates. This neuron would be classified structurally as

multipolar

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

muscle

A muscle cell is the same as a

muscle fiber

Which of the following is the smallest in size?

myofilament

According to the sliding filament theory, for muscle contraction to occur ____ heads, which are part of ____ filaments, attach to ____ and pull.

myosin, thick, actin

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

nasopharynx

Which of the following is the correct order of nervous system development?

neural plate, neural groove, neural tube

Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception.

neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)

The optic disk contains

no rods and no cones

What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?

non-keratinized stratified squamous

Which cell type in the olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting odor chemicals?

olfactory receptor cells

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

optic disc

The muscle _____, which is where the _____ attaches to bone, is the less-mobile muscle attachment.

origin, tendon

Which of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton?

os coxa

A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called

osteoarthritis

Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear & tear arthritis"?

osteoarthritis

A cell type whose job is to build bone is an

osteoblast

A football player suffered a broken leg during a recent game. He was rushed to the hospital and told that his fibula has been shattered into 6 pieces. Referring to the situation described above, as the player recovers from his injury, what type of cells will be responsible for secreting the bone matrix during bone remodeling?

osteoblasts

Which would most likely be true in osteoporosis?

osteoclast activity is high

Bone cells called _____ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the bone matrix.

osteoclasts

Which is not a hormone produced from the anterior pituitary gland?

oxytocin

The endocrine gland that has exocrine and endocrine function, and plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels is the ___________________.

pancreas

The _________________ layer of the dermis lies adjacent to and deep to the epidermis, and is rich in small blood vessels and nerves.

papillary

The muscles that attach to chordae tendineae, and aid in preventing improper valve opening and blood reflux during ventricular contractions are

papillary muscles.

Erection is under ______________ control; ejaculation is under ______________ control.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

In the stomach, ________ cells produce hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor, while ________ cells produce pepsinogen, an enzyme which becomes active in acidic environments.

parietal, chief

Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa that can be caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the

peptic ulcer

Which type of hormone is an amino acid chain and binds cell surface receptors?

peptide hormone

In a microscopic view of compact bone, which structure connects the central canals of adjacent osteons?

perforating canals

What connective-tissue wrapping surrounds a muscle fascicle?

perimysium

Hemolysis is __________ and takes place in the __________.

phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets, red pulp of the spleen

Air passes from the nose and mouth to the larynx via the

pharynx

What feature is used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

pharynx

Which is a part of the upper respiratory tract?

pharynx

Which of the following nerves emanates from the cervical plexus?

phrenic nerve

Arrange the meninges from deep to superficial.

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

The _____________ secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

pineal gland

The left and right lateral spaces in the thoracic cavity make up the

pleural cavity

The uterus typically is located ________ to the bladder.

posterior and superior

Which knee ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?

posterior cruciate ligament

The two motor neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are

postganglionic and preganglionic neurons.

Respiratory diverticulum and ___________ buds form off of endodermal tube around week 4.

primary bronchial

During gastrulation, cells migrate through the ______________ to form the three primary germ layers.

primitive streak

A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal (deep) layer is to

produce synovial fluid

Plasma B-Cells are responsible for

producing immunoglobulins.

Beginning in anatomical position, rotation of the forearm by moving the palm from facing anterior to facing medially, is called _____.

pronation

Peristalsis is a means of ________ and segmentation is a means of ________.

propulsion, mechanical digestion

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

protection

The nasopharynx is not well adapted for ingesting food and liquid, while the oropharynx is well adapted for this. The type of epithelium in the nasopharynx is ________, while in the oropharynx it is ________.

pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has oxygen-poor blood in its arteries?

pulmonary circuit

Blood that is in the right ventricle will next pass through the ________ valve.

pulmonary semilunar valve

Which of the following vessels contains oxygen-rich blood?

pulmonary vein

Which of the following is not an example of a synarthrotic joint?

radio-ulnar joint

Which is a symptom of hypersecretion of cortisol?

re-distributed body obesity

What muscle does not help with knee flexion?

rectus femoris

The major calyces deposit the urine that they carry into the

renal pelvis

In the image above, where will blood be after it passes through the valve represented by number 2?

right atrium

Lymph from which of the following regions will not drain into the venous system through the thoracic duct?

right axillary region

The right lymphatic duct drains which quadrants of the body?

right upper quadrant

Where does blood flow immediately after passing through the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve?

right ventricle

Which type of photoreceptor functions best in dim light and does not detect color

rods

What is the plane that divides the left and right sides of the body?

sagittal

Which of the following is not a component of connective tissue?

sarcolemma

What cellular structures store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which cellular compartment stores calcium in skeletal muscle?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve.

sciatic

Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest? This nerve innervates all of the lower limb except anterior/medial thigh.

sciatic nerve

Which is a function of lymph nodes?

screen lymph for foreign antigens

The _____________ provides cooler temperature needed for sperm production.

scrotum

Which type of burn classification includes damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis?

second degree

Alveolar type II cells

secrete surfactant

What inner ear structure detects rotational movement?

semicircular canals

Which one of the following structures is part of the vestibular apparatus, and is responsible for detecting angular acceleration (rotational movement)?

semicircular ducts

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle could be classified as a synergist to the leg curl just described?

semimembranosus

Epidermal Merkel cells function as _____.

sensory cells

What type of neuron cell body is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

sensory neuron

__________ are unipolar neurons. ____________ are bipolar neurons.

sensory neurons, special senses

A bone that is about equal in length and width such as a carpal bone or a sesamoid bone is classified as a/an __________ bone.

short

The carpal bones are classified as _____ bones and are located _____ to the metacarpal bones.

short, proximal

A type of epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells is called ___________ ____________ epithelium.

simple squamous

What type of epithelium makes up the walls of capillaries?

simple squamous

Epithelial tissue made of "one layer of flat cells" is called ________ epithelium. This type of tissue is found in the ________.

simple squamous, alveoli

What is the anatomical name for the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node

Which type of capillary is found in the bone marrow, and has a unique structure that allows blood cells to easily enter and exit the capillary?

sinusoid

Which muscle tissue is characterized by multinucleated cells?

skeletal muscle

What is the sensory function of olfactory nerve CN I?

smell

The _______ motor is voluntary, whereas the ________ motor is involuntary.

somatic, autonomic

Where would you place organ level when considering the organization of the human body?

somewhere in the middle

Which of the following bones is unpaired?

sphenoid

The peripheral nervous system includes all, except

spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system includes all, except ________.

spinal cord

What is the motor function of accessory nerve XI?

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

sternum

Which type(s) of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

steroid hormones

What layer of the uterine wall is shed as menses?

stratum functionalis

Pennate muscle organization optimizes for

strength

While physiology focuses on the study of body function, anatomy focuses on

structure

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva?

submandibular salivary gland

In the spinal cord, the majority of the white matter is located ________ to the gray matter.

superficial

An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

sympathetic

An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes the heart rate to increase?

sympathetic

The image is illustrating the __________ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

The presynaptic neuron contains _____________, while the postsynaptic neuron contains _____________.

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, receptors

Thermoreceptors respond to

temperature

A ___________ is defined as a substance that can cause birth defects.

teratogen

The _______________ is the relay station for sensory and motor information.

thalamus

Structures such as hair and hair follicles, nails and glands all develop from

the epidermis

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of

the fusion of myoblasts

A synovial joint contains all of the following except

the interosseous membrane.

Where in the body would you find the epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells?

the lung alveoli

In a pennate muscle pattern:

the muscles fascicles are short and attach obliquely to the tendon

The biceps brachii muscle is named based on what criteria?

the number of heads of origin and body region

What type of lever system is demonstrated in elbow extension?

third class lever system

The type of lever with the effort in the middle, and the fulcrum/resistance at either end is

third-class

The heart is found in the ______________ cavity?

thoracic

How many secondary bronchi are on the right lung?

three

T-lymphocytes mature in the __________, whereas natural killer (NK) cells and B-lymphocytes mature in __________.

thymus, red bone marrow

Hormones that are important in regulating blood calcium levels are released from the

thyroid and parathyroid

Calcitonin is produced from the __________ and ________ blood calcium levels.

thyroid gland, decreases

Where in the body would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

trachea

This type of epithelium lines the bladder and allows it to expand.

transitional epithelium

Plane that divides the superior and inferior parts of the body?

transverse

Corticosteroids are used clinically to

treat inflammation.

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced from the thymus?

triiodothyronine

At about the time the blastocyst reaches the uterus and just prior to implantation, two cell types can be identified. Which of these two cell types does not contribute cells and tissue to the embryo?

trophoblast

Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which contributes the placenta?

trophoblast

The Z-discs move closer together upon muscle contraction.

true

The pulmonary valve is anterior to the aortic valve.

true

True or false: dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs.

true

A _____ is a bone marking that typically serves as a site of muscle or ligament attachment.

tuberosity

Active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubules is called

tubular secretion.

The layer of the blood vessel wall primarily responsible for changing vessel diameter is the

tunica media

The movement of foot inversion is

turning the sole medially

Which cells in the lungs produce surfactant?

type II cells

Where is the location of the spleen?

upper left quadrant of the abdomen

The kidney is part of the ______ system.

urinary

Fertilization occurs in the

uterine tubes

Lymphatic vessels are structurally and functionally most similar to the ________ of the cardiovascular system.

veins

What two organs are reproductive homologues?

vestibular glands and bulbourethral glands

Often organs are contained within the membrane system of a body cavity. This membrane system is typically comprised of a ________ membrane which contacts the organ, a space or cavity where the serous fluid is located, and a ________ membrane which contacts the body wall.

visceral, parietal

There is a "homunculus" on the pre-central gyrus. The reason why the face map here is so large relates to the fact that __________.

we have very expressive faces

Think of a synapse and its parts. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found?

within the presynaptic axon terminal

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent _____. (The same answer fills in both spaces.)

z disc