PER 201

Induction is

a degree of uncertainty

Fallacy

a flaw in reasoning

Applied evaluation skills can judge the quality of

analysis, interpretations, explanations, inferences, options, opinions, beliefs, ideas, proposals, and decisions.

Metacognition experiences

are conscious behavioral or emotional experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual task

Analytical reasoning skills enable people to identify

assumptions, reasons, and claims and examine how they interact in the formation of arguments

Individuals use analytics to gather information from

charts, graphs, diagrams, written and spoken language, documents, data,

Monitoring

consists of being aware of your progress when performing the cognitive task and being able to accurately determine what your performance will be on what task

Deductive reasoning has what

deductive reasoning has fact that is put in logical fashion. It is also the type of logical reasoning that goes from general to particular

Deductive starts with what

deductive start start with general hypothesis and leads to more specific conclusion

Analytical reasoning skills enable one to recognize and identify

facts, his or her assumptions, and conclusions

Planning

involves identifying cognitive tasks and selecting strategies and cognitive resources to meet that task.

Propositional logic

is a branch of logic that includes inference rules, a set of valid logical criteria that allow forming valid conclusions based on the given premises

The scientific method

is a universal tool employed by scientists in order to gain an understanding of natural phenomena

Critical thinking

is an active, self- reflective, and deliberate attempt to utilize cognitive skills to support decision making, problem solving, or mastery of concepts throughout various context

Metacomprehension

is knowing whether or not you comprehended the material that you have read

Metamemory

is the notion of tapping into your memory

Evaluative

is the reasoning skills that enable individuals to assess the credibility of sources of information and the claims they make

Character

is what you do when you think no one is looking

Inference

it is the process of formulating a conclusion on the available premises (supporting evidence) by following some sort of critical thinking process

Quality enhancement plan products what

it products the bright IDEA Model

Deduction is

necessary inference

Inference allows us to reach valuable logical conclusions without

pen and paper, and a part of everybody's daily life

Metacognition is a self

reflective process for analyzing how well you comprehend and communicate information

induction and inference can lead to what

they can lead to incorrect conclusion

The slippery slope analogy

this fallacy uses the pint to prove the point

Induction starts with

very few exceptions, it starts with individual facts and observations and leads to more general statement/ theory

Fixed Mindset

which is the belief that you have a fixed amount of intelligence and that your intelligence can never change

Analysis

A detailed examination of the structure or components of some subject or situation, particularly as it relates to reasoning and interpretation

Elimination

A final very common form of reasoning concerns situations with a limited range of option, followed by all but one of the possibilities being eliminated Problem with inferences: Telling the difference between good and bad reasoning gets more and difficult as the passages get more complex

Database

An electronic way to organize information so it can be efficiently retrieved

Four phenomena that made up metacognition:

1. Metacognitive knowledge- Which is a person's knowledge or beliefs having to do with the many ways that people process information as thinking human beings a. Person category would be everything you have come to believe about observing yourself and others as to how people think and making comparisons b. Intraindividual differences- determined by noticing how process your own thoughts c. Interindividual differences- You can also determine differences in thought processes in how you think versus how others think d. Universals of cognition- The process consistent among people or group of people e. Task category- concerns us with the information we learn for how to manage a thought process f. Strategy category- Concerns us with choosing an effective strategy for a given learning task g. Metacognitive knowledge involves all three of these concerns: People, Task, and Strategies 2. Metacognitive Experiences- which are conscious behavioral or emotional experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual task 3. Goal or Task- which is the planning used to determine an objective for a mental achievement 4. Action or Strategy- Metacognitive experience with having difficulty on multiple-choice exams to devise a goal to read all the choices carefully and eliminate the obvious incorrect choices before selecting the final choice. After the goal is carried it will become an action or strategy

Strategies for Reading for Comprehension:

1. Previewing and preparing for active reading- As opposed to passive reading where you read without comprehension, you want to strive for active reading 2. Reading actively- Develop your own questions as you read. Basic Strategies for learning material 3. Using the textbook even if it is not required- if your course has a textbook, use it even if the professor doesn't 4. Going to class and taking notes by hand- Going to class is the most important element of a students success 5. Doing homework without using solved examples as a guide- Homework is designed to give you practice, but that practice can be short-changed if you only do the problems that have the answers in the back of the book 6. Teaching material to a real or imagined audience- every professor can tell you that they truly learned the material that they are teaching to you when they were forced to teach it to someone else 7. Working in pairs or groups- Find a study friend or create a study group 8. Creating practice exam- Testing yourself is a great way to deepen the knowledge you have learned

Five monitoring tips to make sure you are learning the material

1. Understanding versus Memorizing- Make sure you are understanding the material and not just memorizing it 2. Time to Learn- Make sure you are spending enough time each day devoted to studying the material to learn it 3. Deliberate Practice- Make sure you are practicing what you are learning 4. Motivation to Learn- Make sure you are motivated to learn the material 5. Transfer of Learning- Try to practice transferring what you have learned to the real world

Induction- defined by its characteristics

1. With very few exceptions, it starts with individual facts and observations and leads to a more general statement/ theory 2. It is a "non-necessary" inference 3. Important note: the value of truth of the conclusion might have to be verified separately 4. Not everything that is a prediction is also inductive reasoning. Some may simply be probability and statistics

Relevance

The information you are acquiring must meet the needs of the topic selected

Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny doesn't like taking care of his younger siblings.

Select one : A. Fact B. Inference C. Neither Answer: Neither

GMC has long recognized what two important components of true quality education

Select one: A. Critical thinking, mindset B. Development of intellect, critical thinking C. Development of intellect, elevation of Character D. Elevation of character, Critical thinking Answer: Development of intellect; elevation of Character

Which is not a disposition of a strong critical thinker

Select one: A. Is a skeptic B. Makes decisions bases on emotion C. Is open-minded D. Is intellectually humble Answer: Makes decision based on emotion

If you are unable to identify an author's credentials, you can still proceed with using that information.

Select one: True False Answer: False

According to the video this week, finding patterns that provide insight can be helpful during evaluation.

Select one: True False Answer: True

According to the video this week, information has to be reliable to be useful.

Select one: True False Answer: True

Deductive reasoning leaves room for uncertainty.

Select one: True False Answer False

Everything you see, read, and hear can be taken as fact

Select one: True False Answer: False

Only deduction can be used in the scientific method.

Select one: True False Answer: False

Only scientific questions can be answered using the scientific method

Select one: True False Answer: False

The scientific method can only be used in deduction

Select one: True False Answer: False

Using a children's encyclopedia as a reference for a college course is permitted, because it includes information on the topic at hand.

Select one: True False Answer: False

You should not use the Elements of Though to analyze your essay.

Select one: True False Answer: False

According to the video in Week 5, information has to be reliable to be useful.

Select one: True False Answer: True

Decision making using well defined rules depends on strong deductive reasoning skills.

Select one: True False Answer: True

For which of the following critical thinking process a true hypothesis has to lead to a true conclusion?

Select one: a. Abduction b. Deduction c. Induction d. The scientific method Answer: Deduction

Inductive reasoning is based on:

Select one: a. Analogies and case studies b. Prior experience and statistical analysis c. Simulations and hypotheticals d. All of the these Answer: All of the these

A(n) _ (blank) _ does not rest on propaganda of fallacies:

Select one: a. Analysis b. Logical fallacy c. Unsound argument d. Sound argument Answer: Sound argument

Questions like, "Who wrote the resource?" and "Was it peer reviewed?" help evaluate:

Select one: a. Authority b. Currency c. Relevance d. Accuracy Answer: Authority

Analysis can be defined as:

Select one: a. Bottom up processing b. Thinking about thinking c. Top down processing d. Detailed examination of a structure and its components Answer: Detailed examination of a structure and its components

According to the video this week, concepts create:

Select one: a. Chaos b. Ideas c. Order d. Priorities Answer: Order

CRAAP is a good strategy for evaluating sources. What does it stand for?

Select one: a. Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose b. Currency, Review, Authority, Aim, Purpose c. Criticize, Relevance, Authority, Aim, Purposed. Currency, Review, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose Answer: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose

_ (blank) _ moves from the assumed truth of a set of premises to a conclusion which cannot be false if those premises are true.

Select one: a. Deductive reasoning b. Inductive reasoning c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Deductive reasoning

_______ starts with a general rule, then explains the facts, details, and examples

Select one: a. Evaluation b. Analysis c. Inductive reasoning d. Deductive reasoning Answer: Deductive reasoning

A(n) _ (blank) _ is a truth known by actual experience or observation

Select one: a. Fact b. Opinion c. Belief d. Argument Answer: Fact

This is also known as an educated guess:

Select one: a. Hypothesis b. Deduction c. Induction d. The scientific method Answer: Hypothesis

Joe overheard 5 girls talking about how much they love princess movies and reaches the conclusion that all girls love princess movies. This is an example of

Select one: a. Induction b. Deduction c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Induction

______ starts from assumptions and moves to what we know for sure and _________ starts from what we know and moves to assumptions

Select one: a. Inductive Reasoning; Deductive Reasoning b. Deductive Reasoning; Inductive Reasoning c. Inductive Reasoning; The Scientific Method d. The Scientific Method; Deductive Reasoning Answer: Inductive reasoning, the scientific method

Decision making in context of uncertainty relies on_____

Select one: a. Inductive reasoning b. Deductive reasoning c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Inductive reasoning

According to the video in Week 5, this is the foundation upon which we construct our reasoning.

Select one: a. Information b. Evaluation c. Biases d. Metacognition Answer: Information

______ is defined as a flaw in reasoning

Select one: a. Logical fallacy b. The false dilemma c. Circular reasoning d. None of the above Answer: Logical fallacy

According to the video this week, this is the foundation upon which we construct our reasoning.

Select one: a. Metacognition b. Information c. Evaluation d. Biases Answer: Information

The _ (blank) _ fallacy is commonly used to argue why a policy should not be enacted:

Select one: a. Name calling b. Circular reasoning c. Slippery slope d. Bandwagon Answer: Slippery slope

An opinion is a belief or judgment that cannot be proved _ (blank) _

Select one: a. Subjectively b. Objectively c. With analysis d. To be true Answer: Objectively

According to the video in Week 6, The Elements of Thought allow us to:

Select one: a. Take apart the thinking of others b. Divide up different parts of thinking c. Develop a point of view and purpose d. All of the above Answer: All of the above

According to the video this week, The Elements of Thought allow us to:

Select one: a. Take apart the thinking of others b. Divide up different parts of thinking c. Develop point of view and purpose d. All of the above Answer: All of the above

"All students who are in their first quarter at GMC are overwhelmed," is an example of which common fallacy?

Select one: a. The bandwagon b. The slippery slope c. The hasty generalization d. The false cause Answer: Bandwagon

"Don't vote for Mr. Smith because he is a bad person," is an example of______

Select one: a. The bandwagon fallacy b. Ad Hominem c. False cause d. The weak analogy Answer: Ad Hominem

"Don't vote for Mr. Smith because he is a bad person," is an example of _ (blank) _

Select one: a. The bandwagon fallacy b. Ad Hominem c. False cause d. The weak analogy Answer: Ad Hominem

"Everyone loves this product, therefore you should buy it," is an example of which common fallacy?

Select one: a. The slippery slope b. False cause c. The bandwagon d. The weak analogy Answer: The bandwagon

Tu Quoque is a fallacy that:

Select one: a. Tries to persuade people by convincing them that everyone has the same opinion b. Uses the point to prove the point c. Tries to convince people by comparing two things that are weakly connected d. Claims one situation caused another situation, without a provable connection Answer:Tries to convince people by comparing twp things that are weakly connect

Which of these is not one of the differences between an inductively strong argument and a valid argument?

Select one: a. the conclusion follows logically from the premises b. Inductive support is a matter of degree c. Inductive strength is open to be annulled or voided d. if you have a valid argument, adding new premises will make it invalid Answer: If you have a valid argument, adding new premises will make it invalid

To evaluate currency, you should ask a question like:

Select one: a.Is there a reason the source was created? b.When was it published? c.Who is the intended audience? d.Who wrote the resource? Answer: When was it published

These are written by academic experts

Select one: a.Newspapers b.None of these c.Popular magazines d.Peer-reviewed journals and scholarly journals Answer: Peer-reviewed journals and scholarly journals

A person with a weak or negative critical thinking disposition would likely agree with which of the following statements

Select one: A. "Rather than relying on someone else's notes, I prefer to read the material myself" B. "I holding off making decisions until i have though through all the viable options" C. "Making intelligent decisions is more important than wining arguments" D. "I take a lot of faith because of questioning the fundamentals frightens me" Answer: "I take a lot on faith because of questioning the fundamentals frightens me"

The Distinguished Order of the Servant Leader Award is given to students, faculty, or staff who volunteer at least this hours of service, within one year

Select one: A. 100 B. 500 C. 50 D. 10 Answer: 100

This is defined as the ability to assess the credibility of sources of information and claim they make

Select one: A. Analysis B. Inference C. Induction D. Evaluation Answer: Evaluation

Why do you always want to monitor and evaluate your progress when thinking though a task

Select one: A. Because you want to be able to adjust your learning strategies if they did not work B. All of the above C. Because you want to review your weaknesses to see where you can strengthen them next time D. Because you want to be able to accurately predict your outcome on the assignment Answer: Allow of the above

Inference can be

Select one: A. Biases B. Both C. Strong D. Neither Answer: Both

We can be critical of our own reasoning

Select one: A. By allowing others to criticize use B. By using the process of metacognition C. By embracing our biases D. By analyzing other's thinking Answer: By using the process of Metacognition

A person with a strong disposition toward this has the consistent internal motivation to engage problems and make decisions

Select one: A. Character B. The elements of Thought C. Critical thinking D. Mindfulness Answer: Critical thinking

Which of the following is not a core value of GMC

Select one: A. Country B. Duty C. Valor D. Honor Answer: Valor

One of the core values at GMC is dedicated to strengthening the love students have for their country, as well as encourage students to become contributing citizens. Which core value is this

Select one: A. Country B. Honor C. Valor D. Duty Answer: Country

The lowest level of Bloom's taxonomy is

Select one: A. Creating B. Remembering C. Analyzing D. Evaluating Answer: Remembering

This is a shaped by the consistent effort of one's own will and the demands, guidance, modeling, and influence of teachers and mentors

Select one: A. Critical thinking B. Purpose C. Values D. Character Answer: Character

Which of the following is Not a definition for inference

Select one: A. Decision making in contexts of uncertainty B. Drawing conclusions from reasons and evidence C. Indicating necessary or probable consequences of a given set of facts and conditions D. Thoughtful suggestions and hypotheses Answer: Decision making in contexts of uncertainty

An inference is a conclusion we come to by

Select one: A. Deduction B. Analyzing information C. The elements of thought D. Critical thinking Answer: Analyzing information

This often gets in the way of employing reasoning skills

Select one: A. Deduction B. Short-term benefit C. Low self-esteem D. Self- consciousness Answers: Short-term benefit

Students at GMC are expected to fulfill their obligations. Which core value does this describe?

Select one: A. Duty B. Valor C. Honor D. Country Answer: Duty

If the conclusion can be false even if the supporting evidence is true, this describes

Select one: A. Evaluation B. Inference C. Deduction D. Induction Answer: Induction

Which of the following reasoning skills is primarily used to determine the credibility of sources of information

Select one: A. Induction B. Analysis C. Evaluation D. Deduction Answer: Evaluation

This is defined as the ability to draw conclusions from reasons and evidence

Select one: A. Induction B. Analysis C. Inference D. Deduction Answer: Inference

Which of the following is not one of the five reasoning skills in the QEP

Select one: A. Induction B. Critical Thinking C. Inference D. Deduction Answer: Critical thinking

Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny is a full-time student.

Select one: A. Inference B. Fact C. Neither Answer: Fact

This reasoning skill is used when one makes inferences bases on analogies, case studies, prior experience, and patterns

Select one: A. Inference B. Induction C. Deduction D. Analysis Answer: Induction

Drawing _(blank)_ is/are an opinion, judgment, or decision that is made after thinking about the facts or circumstances.

Select one: A. Inferences B. Pictures C. None of the above D. Conclusions Answer: Conclusion

This is knowing whether or not you comprehended the material you have read

Select one: A. Metacognition B. Cognition C. Metamemory D. Metacomprehension Answer: Metacomprehension

This is the notion of tapping into your own memory to try and remember things you have already learned

Select one: A. Metacognition B. Metamemory C. Metacomprehension D. Metaanalysis Answer: Metamemory

Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny has to work; he needs the money.

Select one: A. Neither B. Inference C. Fact Answer: Inference

Which is the curse of a poor performer

Select one: A. Not being able to predict the outcome of their performance B. Not demonstrating any metacognitive knowledge C. Not being able to use critical thinking skills D. Not being a person with a Fixed Mindset Answer: Not being able to predict the outcome of their performance

According to the video this week, this describes how we see things, how we look at ideas, at each other, and the world

Select one: A. Orientations B. Perspectives C. Frames of reference D. Point of view Answer: Point of view

Where have you been? Where are you coming from? Where are you headed? These questions refer to:

Select one: A. Point of view B. Perspective C. Orientations D. Frame of Reference Answer: Orientations

The mission of GMC includes all of the following except

Select one: A. Produce contributing members of society B. Develop intellect and character C. Produce educated citizens D. Enlisting in the military Answer: Enlisting in the military

When you evaluate reasoning, you are reasoning about the blank of the reasoning

Select one: A. Quality B. Process C. Mindset D. Judiciousness Answer: Quality

QEP stands for

Select one: A. Quality Education Plan B. Questionable Education Plan C. Quality Enhancement Progress D. Quality Enhancement Plan Answer: Quality Enhancement Plan

Our purpose should be all of the following except

Select one: A. Realistic B. Measurable C. Broad D. Specific Answer: Broad

Inferences can be

Select one: A. Strong B. False C. Deductive D. All of the above Answer: All of the above

An opinion is a belief or judgment that cannot be proved

Select one: A. Subjectively B. Objectively C. With analysis D. To be true Answer: Objectively

The cultivation of mindset of every professional field requires

Select one: A. The elements of Thought B. Training C. Critical thinking practice D. Development of a shared set of values, intentions, and beliefs Answer: Development of a shared set of values, intentions, and belief

Critical Thinking is defined as all of the following except

Select one: A. Thoughtful B. Self-reflective C. Active D. Deliberate Answer: Thoughtful

Finish the statement/motto: "Start here.."

Select one: A. Transfer to a four-year school B. Join the military C. Go to the moon D. Go anywhere Answer: Go anywhere

To think deeply about reasons and evidence for and against a given decision is called

Select one: A. Truth-seek B. Analyticity C. Systematicity D. Open- mindedness Answer: Truth-seeking

A metacognitive plan includes all of the following except

Select one: A. Uses mental shortcuts and biases B. Uses Bloom's taxonomy to identify learning levels C. Carefully selects learning strategies D. Carefully evaluates all part of the project or assignment Answer: Uses mental shortcuts and biases

A source is reliable when all of the following are true, expect

Select one: A. When the author uses an objective tone B. When the author can entertain alternate point of view C. When the author does not omit facts or data that might disprove the claim D. When the source is from the internet Answer: When the source is from the internet

According to the video this week, two people might have the same facts, but with different pints of view, reach a difference solution to a problem

Select one: True or False Answer: True

TO be valid, a conclusion must be supported by evidence

Select one: True or False Answer: True

As humans, we easily ignore contradictory evidence and become defensive about changing our beliefs

Select one: True or False Answer True

The PER 201 Essay will be graded using the AAC&U Critical Thinking Value Rubric

Select one: True or False Answer True

Admitting that we are wrong or that we do not know is very easy for humans

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Admitting that we are wrong or that we do not know is very for humans

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Critical thinking is useful in ethical decision making and only leads to worthy, positive results

Select one: True or False Answer: False

If your professor asks for a peer reviewed source, you can use magazines and newspapers

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Inference skills should not be used for "reading between the lines"

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Interpretations and inference can illogical

Select one: True or False Answer: False

John Flavell coined the term, "metacognition," when studying how children think

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Presidential volunteer Service award is given only to students

Select one: True or False Answer: False

Self-awareness, but not modesty, is important in metacognition

Select one: True or False Answer: False

A person can be strong at critical thinking, but still not be an ethical critical thinker

Select one: True or False Answer: True

Inferences can be deductive in nature

Select one: True or False Answer: True

Inferences can be invalid

Select one: True or False Answer: True

Reasoning (metacognition) is subject to evaluation

Select one: True or False Answer: True

While all peer reviewed sources are scholarly, not all scholarly sources are peer reviewed

Select one: True or False Answer: True

To be valid, a conclusion must be supported by evidence that is logical and factual

Select one: Ture of False Answer: True

People with a weak critical thinking disposition are more likely to be impulsive, overly simplistic and disorganized

Select one: Ture or False Answer: True

Reasoning with relations

Some propositions express how two entities are related Some relations between entities are symmetrical and some are not Very familiar form of reasoning involves making a chain

Part- whole relationship

The properties of an entity's parts sometimes transfer and often do not transfer to the entity Going from the whole to the parts is called division

The tricky verb "to be"

The word "is" (and its other forms such as "are" "be" and "was" and so on) in English has many different meanings and is used in many different types of predication

The questionable or False Cause

This fallacy claims that one situation caused another situation when there is no probable connection. Another kind of false cause reasoning is blaming a problem on a person or group of people

The hasty generalization or anecdote

This fallacy happens when a conclusion is reached based on insufficient evidence or a sample size that is too small

The bandwagon

This fallacy is an appeal to numbers and tries to persuade people by convincing them that everyone has the same opinion or needs a certain product. This technique puts pressure on individuals to get them to do something even if the many people who believe a certain idea could still be wrong

A fallacy of non sequitur

This fallacy literally means "it does not follow" this means that there is an illogical connection between the reason and the conclusion

Post hoc fallacy

This fallacy occurs when a simple temporal (time) sequence becomes a cause- effect sequence

Inferring cause from correlation

This fallacy occurs when two ideas are correlated but someone instead infers that one of these is the cause of the other

The False Dilemma or the either/ or Dilemma

This fallacy presents a situation with only two possible solutions when, in reality, that is a false choice because there are really many other alternative solutions

The weak analogy or Tu Quoque

This fallacy tries to convince people by comparing two things that are weakly connected

Name calling or attacking the person or Ad Hominem

This fallacy uses emotional language or overly positive or negative comments to persuade people to be for or against a product or political candidate or movement. In this case, it directs attention not to the issue but to the person

Metacognitive Regulation

Three ways of enacting Metacognition. These include Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluating your thinking.

Accuracy

To evaluate the accuracy of the information, you should focus on the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content

True or False: Gov source are credible

True

True or False: deductive reasoning is Top Down

True: deductive reasoning is Top Down

Authority

When evaluating authority, you are not only checking the reliability and accuracy of the information but the source of the information which is the authors themselves

Currency

Whether you are evaluating a website, scholarly journal, blog, or newspaper article, the information presented must be current to the subject matter

Reasoning with (particular) conditionals

Chain reasoning can also be applied to particular states of affairs or events Chain reasoning involving states or events, need the states or events to be connected using the "if.... then..." construction

Reasoning with categorical generalization

Chain reasoning can also be applied to relationships between classes (also called categories) Universal generalization: Use words like "all, any, no, non" Non universal generalization: they use "most, some" as quantities

C.R.A.A.P Test

Currency: the timeliness of the information Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs Authority: The source of the information Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content Purpose: The reason the information exists

Planning:

Step 1: Understand all parts of the task The most important step is to understand all parts of the assignment that you have been given whether the assignment comes from your professor or from your boss Bloom's Taxonomy (Learning Pyramid): Remembering ( Lowest level)- recalling information from your memory. For example, you could be expected to memorize information and recall it Understanding- Comprehending information that you have heard or read. For example, you could be expected to be able to teach what you have learned to someone else or put what you have learned in your own words without distorting the meaning Applying - Taking the information that you learned and using it. For example, you could be expected to carry out a procedure where you have used the information that you learned Analyzing Evaluating- Examining what you have learned from a variety of perspectives using set standards. For example, you could be asked to examine the viewpoint of an article to determine if it is a credible source Creating (Highest level)- Taking what you have learned and producing something new. For example, you could be asked to research the behavior of crickets, and in doing so, you learn that no one has examined how crickets react to vibration. Therefore, you conduct an experiment testing how crickets react to vibrations

Study Cycle

Students are asked to follow these steps: 1. Preview- Skim the chapter, note headings, and boldfaces words, review chapter summaries and chapter objectives, and come up with the questions you would like the lecture to answer for you 2. Attend- Got To Class, answer and ask questions and take meaningful notes 3. Review after class- As soon after class as possible, read your notes, fill in gaps and note any question 4. Study- Repetition is the key, ask questions such as why, how, and what if. For intense study sessions, you should study 3-5 times per day 5. Assess your learning- Periodically perform reality checks and ask yourself, I am using study methods that are effective? Do I understand the material enough to teach it to others

Monitoring

Monitor how well you are learning the material

Attitude of critical thinker

1. Be intellectually humble 2. Be opened minded 3. Possess healthy skepticism 4. Be a free thanker 5. And be ethical

Types of inference

1. Comparison of properties: sameness, difference, change, and degree 2. Part-whole relationship 3. Reasoning with relations 4. Tricky verb "to be" 5. Reasoning with categorical generalization 6. Mixing general and particular proposition's 7. Reasoning with (particular) conditions 8. Elimination

Deduction: defined by its characteristics

1. Deduction starts with a general hypothesis and leads to a more specific conclusion 2. It is a so-called "necessary" inference 3. Important note: in general, the value of truth of the hypothesis is assumed known and therefore not proven

critical thinking process is logical reasoning and its three main components:

1. Deductive reasoning or deduction- is the type of logical reasoning that goes from general to particular This is a type of inference very often used in mathematics and science where the students are given the theory regarding a certain concept in order to determine the solution to a particular problem. 2. Inductive reasoning or induction- is the type of logical reasoning that foes from particular to general 3. Abduction- Although not discussed here in detail, it should be noted that a third logical reasoning process is frequently mentioned: abduction or inference to the best explanation This type of reasoning is very often used in our daily lives, some even argue it is the cornerstone of the scientific method. However, the conclusions of this process, however, do not follow logically from the hypothesis

Five intellectual resources:

1. In gathering "background knowledge"- individuals should investigate the problem or issue from several various and unbiased sources with differing viewpoints in order to gain a holistic view 2. In utilizing "operational knowledge of the standards of good thinking"- we, as students, need to know that there are two types of standards. a. First, we need to know the standards for judging it, if there are any b. Second, we need to know the principles that guide deliberation or inquiry such as judging the credibility of authorities discussing the problem, the reliability of reports that observers make, examining the deductive and inductive arguments, and the moral, legal, or aesthetic reasons given 3. Students must also learn how to identify key critical thinking concepts- in order to monitor their own thinking and the thinking of others 4. Students should learn to look at what a good product is not and be able to discuss it with a person knowledgeable in critical thinking 5. We, as students, must develop critical thinking habits

What is the definition of the five reasoning skills

1. Inference- Inference skills enable people to draw conclusions from reasons and evidence. The inference is used when someone offers thoughtful suggestions and a hypothesis. 2. Induction- Decision-making in contexts of uncertainty relies on inductive reasoning. We use inductive reasoning skills when we draw inferences about what we think is probably true based on analogies, cases studies, prior experience, statistical analysis, simulations, hypotheticals, and patterns recognized unfamiliar objects, events, experiences, and behaviors 3. Deduction- Decision-making in precisely defined contexts where rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology completely determine the outcome. Deductive reasoning moves with exacting precision from an assumed truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion that cannot be false if those beliefs are true 4. Evaluation- Evaluative reasoning skills enable individuals to assess the credibility of the source of information and the claims they make. And, people can use these skills to determine the strength and weaknesses of arguments. Evaluation skills can judge the quality of analysis, interpretations, inferences, options, opinions, beliefs, ideas, proposals, and decisions 5. Analysis- Analytical reasoning skills enable people to identify assumptions, reasons, and claims and examine how they interact in the formation of arguments. Individuals use analytics to gather information from charts, graphs, diagrams, spoken language, and documents.

Distinguished Order of the Servant Leader (DOSL) Award

GMC recognizes students, faculty, and staff who volunteer at least one hundred hours of community service, within one year

Evaluating

Has you looked at your final performance and determined if that outcome is what you wanted or if your cognitive task needs to be adjusted in order to be more effective

Induction takes what

Induction reasoning takes a sample and try to get to the fact. It is the type of logical reasoning that goes from particular to general

IDEA stand for what

Inference, Induction, Deduction, Evaluation and Analysis

The Five reasoning skills

Inference, Induction, Deduction, Evaluation, and Analysis (IDEA)

Growth Mindset

Is where a person knows that he or she can get smarter with hard work and perseverance

Purpose

Finally, to accept a source as reliable, you must understand the reason the author wrote it

Five-step process of becoming a critical thinker:

1. Adopt the Attitude of a Critical Thinker: Be open-minded- Listen to what other people have to say- don't interrupt and listen carefully. You may not agree with them, but have solid reasons based on fact and not emotion or personal bias for why you disagree. Recognize that it is okay to have differences of opinion Process healthy skepticism- Don't believe everything that you read (especially on the internet) or hear. Investigate it for yourself and take into account weather the person or agency presenting the information has an agenda or not Be intellectually humble- No one likes a "know it all" Typically, individuals who think they know everything are people who have stopped learning and rarely listen to new opinions. Being intellectually humble gives you permission to change your opinion. This ability to change your mind makes you a flexible, and sometimes, a more creative thinker Be a free thinker- Don't let other people, no matter how much you respect or admire them, provide you with your opinions and thoughts. You have the freedom to think for yourself 2. Recognize and Avoid Critical Thinking Hindrances based on Human Limitations Emotional Response- People have strong emotions tied to certain beliefs, so always be careful to make sure you are thinking rationally and not emotionally Sensory Perceptions- Your senses can trick you, so be careful. While you may be most familiar with visual illusions, all types of illusions with the sense can exist like phantom touches or even phantom smells. People are even pre-dispositioned to see the human face even in the most unlikely of places like the surface of the moon. Memory Deficiencies- Most people believe that they have very accurate memories, but research has proven otherwise. Memories, especially over time, can change and alter. Be cautious of basing a decision on your memory alone. Psychological or Sociological Constraints- People are shaped by where they were born, who raised them, and even our zeitgeist, which is how the time period in which we were raised shapes us. Difference in zeitgeist are what causes generation gaps to occur where two people from different generations have a hard time relating on issues like teenagers and their parents sometimes do 3. Identify and Characterize Arguments- Arguments are not related to arguing in the sense of fighting, but arguments are in relation to presenting reasons to support a conclusion. Critical tinkers utilize critical thinking skills, like the five that you will learn in this course, to support their conclusions 4. Evaluate Information Sources- Haskins (2006) reminds us that "an argument is only as strong as its weakest link" therefore, every fact utilized in the argument needs to be examined, evaluated, and potentially eliminated (p.6). Critical thinkers utilize techniques such as determining if the author(s) of a source is biased, has an agenda, or is reputable. Even when all of those criteria are met, a person still needs to weigh the argument against what is known to be true (p. 6-7). 5. Evaluate Arguments- When evaluating an argument, make sure that 1) the assumptions are necessary and logical; 2) the reasoning used is relevant and goes into enough depth; 3) and that relevant information has not been eliminated (Haskins, 2006)

Mixing general and particular propositions

Know as instantiation and properly includes an additional premise, that the specific case is a typical one One familiar use of instantiation is reasoning with cause and effect generalizations Instantiation and chain are different- in Chain the term used for link will be identical in both premises

Skills involve the breaking down of information and complex concepts into component parts:

1. Analyze 2. Categorize 3. Classify 4. Contrast 5. Distinguish 6. Examine 7. Simplify

Comparison of properties: sameness, difference, change, and degree

Entities (things, objects) have various properties. By keep track of these properties you can make inferences about the entities

Metacognition

Metacognitive skills enable individuals to analyze their own thinking skills and processes through strategies such as planning, monitoring, and revising their progress. Specifically, metamemory is the notion of tapping into your own memory to try and remember things you have already learned. In other words, metacognition is the process of thinking about your thinking.