PER 201
Induction is
a degree of uncertainty
Fallacy
a flaw in reasoning
Applied evaluation skills can judge the quality of
analysis, interpretations, explanations, inferences, options, opinions, beliefs, ideas, proposals, and decisions.
Metacognition experiences
are conscious behavioral or emotional experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual task
Analytical reasoning skills enable people to identify
assumptions, reasons, and claims and examine how they interact in the formation of arguments
Individuals use analytics to gather information from
charts, graphs, diagrams, written and spoken language, documents, data,
Monitoring
consists of being aware of your progress when performing the cognitive task and being able to accurately determine what your performance will be on what task
Deductive reasoning has what
deductive reasoning has fact that is put in logical fashion. It is also the type of logical reasoning that goes from general to particular
Deductive starts with what
deductive start start with general hypothesis and leads to more specific conclusion
Analytical reasoning skills enable one to recognize and identify
facts, his or her assumptions, and conclusions
Planning
involves identifying cognitive tasks and selecting strategies and cognitive resources to meet that task.
Propositional logic
is a branch of logic that includes inference rules, a set of valid logical criteria that allow forming valid conclusions based on the given premises
The scientific method
is a universal tool employed by scientists in order to gain an understanding of natural phenomena
Critical thinking
is an active, self- reflective, and deliberate attempt to utilize cognitive skills to support decision making, problem solving, or mastery of concepts throughout various context
Metacomprehension
is knowing whether or not you comprehended the material that you have read
Metamemory
is the notion of tapping into your memory
Evaluative
is the reasoning skills that enable individuals to assess the credibility of sources of information and the claims they make
Character
is what you do when you think no one is looking
Inference
it is the process of formulating a conclusion on the available premises (supporting evidence) by following some sort of critical thinking process
Quality enhancement plan products what
it products the bright IDEA Model
Deduction is
necessary inference
Inference allows us to reach valuable logical conclusions without
pen and paper, and a part of everybody's daily life
Metacognition is a self
reflective process for analyzing how well you comprehend and communicate information
induction and inference can lead to what
they can lead to incorrect conclusion
The slippery slope analogy
this fallacy uses the pint to prove the point
Induction starts with
very few exceptions, it starts with individual facts and observations and leads to more general statement/ theory
Fixed Mindset
which is the belief that you have a fixed amount of intelligence and that your intelligence can never change
Analysis
A detailed examination of the structure or components of some subject or situation, particularly as it relates to reasoning and interpretation
Elimination
A final very common form of reasoning concerns situations with a limited range of option, followed by all but one of the possibilities being eliminated Problem with inferences: Telling the difference between good and bad reasoning gets more and difficult as the passages get more complex
Database
An electronic way to organize information so it can be efficiently retrieved
Four phenomena that made up metacognition:
1. Metacognitive knowledge- Which is a person's knowledge or beliefs having to do with the many ways that people process information as thinking human beings a. Person category would be everything you have come to believe about observing yourself and others as to how people think and making comparisons b. Intraindividual differences- determined by noticing how process your own thoughts c. Interindividual differences- You can also determine differences in thought processes in how you think versus how others think d. Universals of cognition- The process consistent among people or group of people e. Task category- concerns us with the information we learn for how to manage a thought process f. Strategy category- Concerns us with choosing an effective strategy for a given learning task g. Metacognitive knowledge involves all three of these concerns: People, Task, and Strategies 2. Metacognitive Experiences- which are conscious behavioral or emotional experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual task 3. Goal or Task- which is the planning used to determine an objective for a mental achievement 4. Action or Strategy- Metacognitive experience with having difficulty on multiple-choice exams to devise a goal to read all the choices carefully and eliminate the obvious incorrect choices before selecting the final choice. After the goal is carried it will become an action or strategy
Strategies for Reading for Comprehension:
1. Previewing and preparing for active reading- As opposed to passive reading where you read without comprehension, you want to strive for active reading 2. Reading actively- Develop your own questions as you read. Basic Strategies for learning material 3. Using the textbook even if it is not required- if your course has a textbook, use it even if the professor doesn't 4. Going to class and taking notes by hand- Going to class is the most important element of a students success 5. Doing homework without using solved examples as a guide- Homework is designed to give you practice, but that practice can be short-changed if you only do the problems that have the answers in the back of the book 6. Teaching material to a real or imagined audience- every professor can tell you that they truly learned the material that they are teaching to you when they were forced to teach it to someone else 7. Working in pairs or groups- Find a study friend or create a study group 8. Creating practice exam- Testing yourself is a great way to deepen the knowledge you have learned
Five monitoring tips to make sure you are learning the material
1. Understanding versus Memorizing- Make sure you are understanding the material and not just memorizing it 2. Time to Learn- Make sure you are spending enough time each day devoted to studying the material to learn it 3. Deliberate Practice- Make sure you are practicing what you are learning 4. Motivation to Learn- Make sure you are motivated to learn the material 5. Transfer of Learning- Try to practice transferring what you have learned to the real world
Induction- defined by its characteristics
1. With very few exceptions, it starts with individual facts and observations and leads to a more general statement/ theory 2. It is a "non-necessary" inference 3. Important note: the value of truth of the conclusion might have to be verified separately 4. Not everything that is a prediction is also inductive reasoning. Some may simply be probability and statistics
Relevance
The information you are acquiring must meet the needs of the topic selected
Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny doesn't like taking care of his younger siblings.
Select one : A. Fact B. Inference C. Neither Answer: Neither
GMC has long recognized what two important components of true quality education
Select one: A. Critical thinking, mindset B. Development of intellect, critical thinking C. Development of intellect, elevation of Character D. Elevation of character, Critical thinking Answer: Development of intellect; elevation of Character
Which is not a disposition of a strong critical thinker
Select one: A. Is a skeptic B. Makes decisions bases on emotion C. Is open-minded D. Is intellectually humble Answer: Makes decision based on emotion
If you are unable to identify an author's credentials, you can still proceed with using that information.
Select one: True False Answer: False
According to the video this week, finding patterns that provide insight can be helpful during evaluation.
Select one: True False Answer: True
According to the video this week, information has to be reliable to be useful.
Select one: True False Answer: True
Deductive reasoning leaves room for uncertainty.
Select one: True False Answer False
Everything you see, read, and hear can be taken as fact
Select one: True False Answer: False
Only deduction can be used in the scientific method.
Select one: True False Answer: False
Only scientific questions can be answered using the scientific method
Select one: True False Answer: False
The scientific method can only be used in deduction
Select one: True False Answer: False
Using a children's encyclopedia as a reference for a college course is permitted, because it includes information on the topic at hand.
Select one: True False Answer: False
You should not use the Elements of Though to analyze your essay.
Select one: True False Answer: False
According to the video in Week 5, information has to be reliable to be useful.
Select one: True False Answer: True
Decision making using well defined rules depends on strong deductive reasoning skills.
Select one: True False Answer: True
For which of the following critical thinking process a true hypothesis has to lead to a true conclusion?
Select one: a. Abduction b. Deduction c. Induction d. The scientific method Answer: Deduction
Inductive reasoning is based on:
Select one: a. Analogies and case studies b. Prior experience and statistical analysis c. Simulations and hypotheticals d. All of the these Answer: All of the these
A(n) _ (blank) _ does not rest on propaganda of fallacies:
Select one: a. Analysis b. Logical fallacy c. Unsound argument d. Sound argument Answer: Sound argument
Questions like, "Who wrote the resource?" and "Was it peer reviewed?" help evaluate:
Select one: a. Authority b. Currency c. Relevance d. Accuracy Answer: Authority
Analysis can be defined as:
Select one: a. Bottom up processing b. Thinking about thinking c. Top down processing d. Detailed examination of a structure and its components Answer: Detailed examination of a structure and its components
According to the video this week, concepts create:
Select one: a. Chaos b. Ideas c. Order d. Priorities Answer: Order
CRAAP is a good strategy for evaluating sources. What does it stand for?
Select one: a. Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose b. Currency, Review, Authority, Aim, Purpose c. Criticize, Relevance, Authority, Aim, Purposed. Currency, Review, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose Answer: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose
_ (blank) _ moves from the assumed truth of a set of premises to a conclusion which cannot be false if those premises are true.
Select one: a. Deductive reasoning b. Inductive reasoning c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Deductive reasoning
_______ starts with a general rule, then explains the facts, details, and examples
Select one: a. Evaluation b. Analysis c. Inductive reasoning d. Deductive reasoning Answer: Deductive reasoning
A(n) _ (blank) _ is a truth known by actual experience or observation
Select one: a. Fact b. Opinion c. Belief d. Argument Answer: Fact
This is also known as an educated guess:
Select one: a. Hypothesis b. Deduction c. Induction d. The scientific method Answer: Hypothesis
Joe overheard 5 girls talking about how much they love princess movies and reaches the conclusion that all girls love princess movies. This is an example of
Select one: a. Induction b. Deduction c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Induction
______ starts from assumptions and moves to what we know for sure and _________ starts from what we know and moves to assumptions
Select one: a. Inductive Reasoning; Deductive Reasoning b. Deductive Reasoning; Inductive Reasoning c. Inductive Reasoning; The Scientific Method d. The Scientific Method; Deductive Reasoning Answer: Inductive reasoning, the scientific method
Decision making in context of uncertainty relies on_____
Select one: a. Inductive reasoning b. Deductive reasoning c. Inference d. Analysis Answer: Inductive reasoning
According to the video in Week 5, this is the foundation upon which we construct our reasoning.
Select one: a. Information b. Evaluation c. Biases d. Metacognition Answer: Information
______ is defined as a flaw in reasoning
Select one: a. Logical fallacy b. The false dilemma c. Circular reasoning d. None of the above Answer: Logical fallacy
According to the video this week, this is the foundation upon which we construct our reasoning.
Select one: a. Metacognition b. Information c. Evaluation d. Biases Answer: Information
The _ (blank) _ fallacy is commonly used to argue why a policy should not be enacted:
Select one: a. Name calling b. Circular reasoning c. Slippery slope d. Bandwagon Answer: Slippery slope
An opinion is a belief or judgment that cannot be proved _ (blank) _
Select one: a. Subjectively b. Objectively c. With analysis d. To be true Answer: Objectively
According to the video in Week 6, The Elements of Thought allow us to:
Select one: a. Take apart the thinking of others b. Divide up different parts of thinking c. Develop a point of view and purpose d. All of the above Answer: All of the above
According to the video this week, The Elements of Thought allow us to:
Select one: a. Take apart the thinking of others b. Divide up different parts of thinking c. Develop point of view and purpose d. All of the above Answer: All of the above
"All students who are in their first quarter at GMC are overwhelmed," is an example of which common fallacy?
Select one: a. The bandwagon b. The slippery slope c. The hasty generalization d. The false cause Answer: Bandwagon
"Don't vote for Mr. Smith because he is a bad person," is an example of______
Select one: a. The bandwagon fallacy b. Ad Hominem c. False cause d. The weak analogy Answer: Ad Hominem
"Don't vote for Mr. Smith because he is a bad person," is an example of _ (blank) _
Select one: a. The bandwagon fallacy b. Ad Hominem c. False cause d. The weak analogy Answer: Ad Hominem
"Everyone loves this product, therefore you should buy it," is an example of which common fallacy?
Select one: a. The slippery slope b. False cause c. The bandwagon d. The weak analogy Answer: The bandwagon
Tu Quoque is a fallacy that:
Select one: a. Tries to persuade people by convincing them that everyone has the same opinion b. Uses the point to prove the point c. Tries to convince people by comparing two things that are weakly connected d. Claims one situation caused another situation, without a provable connection Answer:Tries to convince people by comparing twp things that are weakly connect
Which of these is not one of the differences between an inductively strong argument and a valid argument?
Select one: a. the conclusion follows logically from the premises b. Inductive support is a matter of degree c. Inductive strength is open to be annulled or voided d. if you have a valid argument, adding new premises will make it invalid Answer: If you have a valid argument, adding new premises will make it invalid
To evaluate currency, you should ask a question like:
Select one: a.Is there a reason the source was created? b.When was it published? c.Who is the intended audience? d.Who wrote the resource? Answer: When was it published
These are written by academic experts
Select one: a.Newspapers b.None of these c.Popular magazines d.Peer-reviewed journals and scholarly journals Answer: Peer-reviewed journals and scholarly journals
A person with a weak or negative critical thinking disposition would likely agree with which of the following statements
Select one: A. "Rather than relying on someone else's notes, I prefer to read the material myself" B. "I holding off making decisions until i have though through all the viable options" C. "Making intelligent decisions is more important than wining arguments" D. "I take a lot of faith because of questioning the fundamentals frightens me" Answer: "I take a lot on faith because of questioning the fundamentals frightens me"
The Distinguished Order of the Servant Leader Award is given to students, faculty, or staff who volunteer at least this hours of service, within one year
Select one: A. 100 B. 500 C. 50 D. 10 Answer: 100
This is defined as the ability to assess the credibility of sources of information and claim they make
Select one: A. Analysis B. Inference C. Induction D. Evaluation Answer: Evaluation
Why do you always want to monitor and evaluate your progress when thinking though a task
Select one: A. Because you want to be able to adjust your learning strategies if they did not work B. All of the above C. Because you want to review your weaknesses to see where you can strengthen them next time D. Because you want to be able to accurately predict your outcome on the assignment Answer: Allow of the above
Inference can be
Select one: A. Biases B. Both C. Strong D. Neither Answer: Both
We can be critical of our own reasoning
Select one: A. By allowing others to criticize use B. By using the process of metacognition C. By embracing our biases D. By analyzing other's thinking Answer: By using the process of Metacognition
A person with a strong disposition toward this has the consistent internal motivation to engage problems and make decisions
Select one: A. Character B. The elements of Thought C. Critical thinking D. Mindfulness Answer: Critical thinking
Which of the following is not a core value of GMC
Select one: A. Country B. Duty C. Valor D. Honor Answer: Valor
One of the core values at GMC is dedicated to strengthening the love students have for their country, as well as encourage students to become contributing citizens. Which core value is this
Select one: A. Country B. Honor C. Valor D. Duty Answer: Country
The lowest level of Bloom's taxonomy is
Select one: A. Creating B. Remembering C. Analyzing D. Evaluating Answer: Remembering
This is a shaped by the consistent effort of one's own will and the demands, guidance, modeling, and influence of teachers and mentors
Select one: A. Critical thinking B. Purpose C. Values D. Character Answer: Character
Which of the following is Not a definition for inference
Select one: A. Decision making in contexts of uncertainty B. Drawing conclusions from reasons and evidence C. Indicating necessary or probable consequences of a given set of facts and conditions D. Thoughtful suggestions and hypotheses Answer: Decision making in contexts of uncertainty
An inference is a conclusion we come to by
Select one: A. Deduction B. Analyzing information C. The elements of thought D. Critical thinking Answer: Analyzing information
This often gets in the way of employing reasoning skills
Select one: A. Deduction B. Short-term benefit C. Low self-esteem D. Self- consciousness Answers: Short-term benefit
Students at GMC are expected to fulfill their obligations. Which core value does this describe?
Select one: A. Duty B. Valor C. Honor D. Country Answer: Duty
If the conclusion can be false even if the supporting evidence is true, this describes
Select one: A. Evaluation B. Inference C. Deduction D. Induction Answer: Induction
Which of the following reasoning skills is primarily used to determine the credibility of sources of information
Select one: A. Induction B. Analysis C. Evaluation D. Deduction Answer: Evaluation
This is defined as the ability to draw conclusions from reasons and evidence
Select one: A. Induction B. Analysis C. Inference D. Deduction Answer: Inference
Which of the following is not one of the five reasoning skills in the QEP
Select one: A. Induction B. Critical Thinking C. Inference D. Deduction Answer: Critical thinking
Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny is a full-time student.
Select one: A. Inference B. Fact C. Neither Answer: Fact
This reasoning skill is used when one makes inferences bases on analogies, case studies, prior experience, and patterns
Select one: A. Inference B. Induction C. Deduction D. Analysis Answer: Induction
Drawing _(blank)_ is/are an opinion, judgment, or decision that is made after thinking about the facts or circumstances.
Select one: A. Inferences B. Pictures C. None of the above D. Conclusions Answer: Conclusion
This is knowing whether or not you comprehended the material you have read
Select one: A. Metacognition B. Cognition C. Metamemory D. Metacomprehension Answer: Metacomprehension
This is the notion of tapping into your own memory to try and remember things you have already learned
Select one: A. Metacognition B. Metamemory C. Metacomprehension D. Metaanalysis Answer: Metamemory
Read the following scenario and determine if the statement is a fact or an inference. Johnny is a first-year student at GMC and is taking 3 courses: ENG 101, BIO 123, and PER 101. Johnny is also working 20 hours per week and assisting his mother with childcare for his two younger siblings. Johnny is at risk of failing all of his subjects. Johnny has to work; he needs the money.
Select one: A. Neither B. Inference C. Fact Answer: Inference
Which is the curse of a poor performer
Select one: A. Not being able to predict the outcome of their performance B. Not demonstrating any metacognitive knowledge C. Not being able to use critical thinking skills D. Not being a person with a Fixed Mindset Answer: Not being able to predict the outcome of their performance
According to the video this week, this describes how we see things, how we look at ideas, at each other, and the world
Select one: A. Orientations B. Perspectives C. Frames of reference D. Point of view Answer: Point of view
Where have you been? Where are you coming from? Where are you headed? These questions refer to:
Select one: A. Point of view B. Perspective C. Orientations D. Frame of Reference Answer: Orientations
The mission of GMC includes all of the following except
Select one: A. Produce contributing members of society B. Develop intellect and character C. Produce educated citizens D. Enlisting in the military Answer: Enlisting in the military
When you evaluate reasoning, you are reasoning about the blank of the reasoning
Select one: A. Quality B. Process C. Mindset D. Judiciousness Answer: Quality
QEP stands for
Select one: A. Quality Education Plan B. Questionable Education Plan C. Quality Enhancement Progress D. Quality Enhancement Plan Answer: Quality Enhancement Plan
Our purpose should be all of the following except
Select one: A. Realistic B. Measurable C. Broad D. Specific Answer: Broad
Inferences can be
Select one: A. Strong B. False C. Deductive D. All of the above Answer: All of the above
An opinion is a belief or judgment that cannot be proved
Select one: A. Subjectively B. Objectively C. With analysis D. To be true Answer: Objectively
The cultivation of mindset of every professional field requires
Select one: A. The elements of Thought B. Training C. Critical thinking practice D. Development of a shared set of values, intentions, and beliefs Answer: Development of a shared set of values, intentions, and belief
Critical Thinking is defined as all of the following except
Select one: A. Thoughtful B. Self-reflective C. Active D. Deliberate Answer: Thoughtful
Finish the statement/motto: "Start here.."
Select one: A. Transfer to a four-year school B. Join the military C. Go to the moon D. Go anywhere Answer: Go anywhere
To think deeply about reasons and evidence for and against a given decision is called
Select one: A. Truth-seek B. Analyticity C. Systematicity D. Open- mindedness Answer: Truth-seeking
A metacognitive plan includes all of the following except
Select one: A. Uses mental shortcuts and biases B. Uses Bloom's taxonomy to identify learning levels C. Carefully selects learning strategies D. Carefully evaluates all part of the project or assignment Answer: Uses mental shortcuts and biases
A source is reliable when all of the following are true, expect
Select one: A. When the author uses an objective tone B. When the author can entertain alternate point of view C. When the author does not omit facts or data that might disprove the claim D. When the source is from the internet Answer: When the source is from the internet
According to the video this week, two people might have the same facts, but with different pints of view, reach a difference solution to a problem
Select one: True or False Answer: True
TO be valid, a conclusion must be supported by evidence
Select one: True or False Answer: True
As humans, we easily ignore contradictory evidence and become defensive about changing our beliefs
Select one: True or False Answer True
The PER 201 Essay will be graded using the AAC&U Critical Thinking Value Rubric
Select one: True or False Answer True
Admitting that we are wrong or that we do not know is very easy for humans
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Admitting that we are wrong or that we do not know is very for humans
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Critical thinking is useful in ethical decision making and only leads to worthy, positive results
Select one: True or False Answer: False
If your professor asks for a peer reviewed source, you can use magazines and newspapers
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Inference skills should not be used for "reading between the lines"
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Interpretations and inference can illogical
Select one: True or False Answer: False
John Flavell coined the term, "metacognition," when studying how children think
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Presidential volunteer Service award is given only to students
Select one: True or False Answer: False
Self-awareness, but not modesty, is important in metacognition
Select one: True or False Answer: False
A person can be strong at critical thinking, but still not be an ethical critical thinker
Select one: True or False Answer: True
Inferences can be deductive in nature
Select one: True or False Answer: True
Inferences can be invalid
Select one: True or False Answer: True
Reasoning (metacognition) is subject to evaluation
Select one: True or False Answer: True
While all peer reviewed sources are scholarly, not all scholarly sources are peer reviewed
Select one: True or False Answer: True
To be valid, a conclusion must be supported by evidence that is logical and factual
Select one: Ture of False Answer: True
People with a weak critical thinking disposition are more likely to be impulsive, overly simplistic and disorganized
Select one: Ture or False Answer: True
Reasoning with relations
Some propositions express how two entities are related Some relations between entities are symmetrical and some are not Very familiar form of reasoning involves making a chain
Part- whole relationship
The properties of an entity's parts sometimes transfer and often do not transfer to the entity Going from the whole to the parts is called division
The tricky verb "to be"
The word "is" (and its other forms such as "are" "be" and "was" and so on) in English has many different meanings and is used in many different types of predication
The questionable or False Cause
This fallacy claims that one situation caused another situation when there is no probable connection. Another kind of false cause reasoning is blaming a problem on a person or group of people
The hasty generalization or anecdote
This fallacy happens when a conclusion is reached based on insufficient evidence or a sample size that is too small
The bandwagon
This fallacy is an appeal to numbers and tries to persuade people by convincing them that everyone has the same opinion or needs a certain product. This technique puts pressure on individuals to get them to do something even if the many people who believe a certain idea could still be wrong
A fallacy of non sequitur
This fallacy literally means "it does not follow" this means that there is an illogical connection between the reason and the conclusion
Post hoc fallacy
This fallacy occurs when a simple temporal (time) sequence becomes a cause- effect sequence
Inferring cause from correlation
This fallacy occurs when two ideas are correlated but someone instead infers that one of these is the cause of the other
The False Dilemma or the either/ or Dilemma
This fallacy presents a situation with only two possible solutions when, in reality, that is a false choice because there are really many other alternative solutions
The weak analogy or Tu Quoque
This fallacy tries to convince people by comparing two things that are weakly connected
Name calling or attacking the person or Ad Hominem
This fallacy uses emotional language or overly positive or negative comments to persuade people to be for or against a product or political candidate or movement. In this case, it directs attention not to the issue but to the person
Metacognitive Regulation
Three ways of enacting Metacognition. These include Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluating your thinking.
Accuracy
To evaluate the accuracy of the information, you should focus on the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content
True or False: Gov source are credible
True
True or False: deductive reasoning is Top Down
True: deductive reasoning is Top Down
Authority
When evaluating authority, you are not only checking the reliability and accuracy of the information but the source of the information which is the authors themselves
Currency
Whether you are evaluating a website, scholarly journal, blog, or newspaper article, the information presented must be current to the subject matter
Reasoning with (particular) conditionals
Chain reasoning can also be applied to particular states of affairs or events Chain reasoning involving states or events, need the states or events to be connected using the "if.... then..." construction
Reasoning with categorical generalization
Chain reasoning can also be applied to relationships between classes (also called categories) Universal generalization: Use words like "all, any, no, non" Non universal generalization: they use "most, some" as quantities
C.R.A.A.P Test
Currency: the timeliness of the information Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs Authority: The source of the information Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content Purpose: The reason the information exists
Planning:
Step 1: Understand all parts of the task The most important step is to understand all parts of the assignment that you have been given whether the assignment comes from your professor or from your boss Bloom's Taxonomy (Learning Pyramid): Remembering ( Lowest level)- recalling information from your memory. For example, you could be expected to memorize information and recall it Understanding- Comprehending information that you have heard or read. For example, you could be expected to be able to teach what you have learned to someone else or put what you have learned in your own words without distorting the meaning Applying - Taking the information that you learned and using it. For example, you could be expected to carry out a procedure where you have used the information that you learned Analyzing Evaluating- Examining what you have learned from a variety of perspectives using set standards. For example, you could be asked to examine the viewpoint of an article to determine if it is a credible source Creating (Highest level)- Taking what you have learned and producing something new. For example, you could be asked to research the behavior of crickets, and in doing so, you learn that no one has examined how crickets react to vibration. Therefore, you conduct an experiment testing how crickets react to vibrations
Study Cycle
Students are asked to follow these steps: 1. Preview- Skim the chapter, note headings, and boldfaces words, review chapter summaries and chapter objectives, and come up with the questions you would like the lecture to answer for you 2. Attend- Got To Class, answer and ask questions and take meaningful notes 3. Review after class- As soon after class as possible, read your notes, fill in gaps and note any question 4. Study- Repetition is the key, ask questions such as why, how, and what if. For intense study sessions, you should study 3-5 times per day 5. Assess your learning- Periodically perform reality checks and ask yourself, I am using study methods that are effective? Do I understand the material enough to teach it to others
Monitoring
Monitor how well you are learning the material
Attitude of critical thinker
1. Be intellectually humble 2. Be opened minded 3. Possess healthy skepticism 4. Be a free thanker 5. And be ethical
Types of inference
1. Comparison of properties: sameness, difference, change, and degree 2. Part-whole relationship 3. Reasoning with relations 4. Tricky verb "to be" 5. Reasoning with categorical generalization 6. Mixing general and particular proposition's 7. Reasoning with (particular) conditions 8. Elimination
Deduction: defined by its characteristics
1. Deduction starts with a general hypothesis and leads to a more specific conclusion 2. It is a so-called "necessary" inference 3. Important note: in general, the value of truth of the hypothesis is assumed known and therefore not proven
critical thinking process is logical reasoning and its three main components:
1. Deductive reasoning or deduction- is the type of logical reasoning that goes from general to particular This is a type of inference very often used in mathematics and science where the students are given the theory regarding a certain concept in order to determine the solution to a particular problem. 2. Inductive reasoning or induction- is the type of logical reasoning that foes from particular to general 3. Abduction- Although not discussed here in detail, it should be noted that a third logical reasoning process is frequently mentioned: abduction or inference to the best explanation This type of reasoning is very often used in our daily lives, some even argue it is the cornerstone of the scientific method. However, the conclusions of this process, however, do not follow logically from the hypothesis
Five intellectual resources:
1. In gathering "background knowledge"- individuals should investigate the problem or issue from several various and unbiased sources with differing viewpoints in order to gain a holistic view 2. In utilizing "operational knowledge of the standards of good thinking"- we, as students, need to know that there are two types of standards. a. First, we need to know the standards for judging it, if there are any b. Second, we need to know the principles that guide deliberation or inquiry such as judging the credibility of authorities discussing the problem, the reliability of reports that observers make, examining the deductive and inductive arguments, and the moral, legal, or aesthetic reasons given 3. Students must also learn how to identify key critical thinking concepts- in order to monitor their own thinking and the thinking of others 4. Students should learn to look at what a good product is not and be able to discuss it with a person knowledgeable in critical thinking 5. We, as students, must develop critical thinking habits
What is the definition of the five reasoning skills
1. Inference- Inference skills enable people to draw conclusions from reasons and evidence. The inference is used when someone offers thoughtful suggestions and a hypothesis. 2. Induction- Decision-making in contexts of uncertainty relies on inductive reasoning. We use inductive reasoning skills when we draw inferences about what we think is probably true based on analogies, cases studies, prior experience, statistical analysis, simulations, hypotheticals, and patterns recognized unfamiliar objects, events, experiences, and behaviors 3. Deduction- Decision-making in precisely defined contexts where rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology completely determine the outcome. Deductive reasoning moves with exacting precision from an assumed truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion that cannot be false if those beliefs are true 4. Evaluation- Evaluative reasoning skills enable individuals to assess the credibility of the source of information and the claims they make. And, people can use these skills to determine the strength and weaknesses of arguments. Evaluation skills can judge the quality of analysis, interpretations, inferences, options, opinions, beliefs, ideas, proposals, and decisions 5. Analysis- Analytical reasoning skills enable people to identify assumptions, reasons, and claims and examine how they interact in the formation of arguments. Individuals use analytics to gather information from charts, graphs, diagrams, spoken language, and documents.
Distinguished Order of the Servant Leader (DOSL) Award
GMC recognizes students, faculty, and staff who volunteer at least one hundred hours of community service, within one year
Evaluating
Has you looked at your final performance and determined if that outcome is what you wanted or if your cognitive task needs to be adjusted in order to be more effective
Induction takes what
Induction reasoning takes a sample and try to get to the fact. It is the type of logical reasoning that goes from particular to general
IDEA stand for what
Inference, Induction, Deduction, Evaluation and Analysis
The Five reasoning skills
Inference, Induction, Deduction, Evaluation, and Analysis (IDEA)
Growth Mindset
Is where a person knows that he or she can get smarter with hard work and perseverance
Purpose
Finally, to accept a source as reliable, you must understand the reason the author wrote it
Five-step process of becoming a critical thinker:
1. Adopt the Attitude of a Critical Thinker: Be open-minded- Listen to what other people have to say- don't interrupt and listen carefully. You may not agree with them, but have solid reasons based on fact and not emotion or personal bias for why you disagree. Recognize that it is okay to have differences of opinion Process healthy skepticism- Don't believe everything that you read (especially on the internet) or hear. Investigate it for yourself and take into account weather the person or agency presenting the information has an agenda or not Be intellectually humble- No one likes a "know it all" Typically, individuals who think they know everything are people who have stopped learning and rarely listen to new opinions. Being intellectually humble gives you permission to change your opinion. This ability to change your mind makes you a flexible, and sometimes, a more creative thinker Be a free thinker- Don't let other people, no matter how much you respect or admire them, provide you with your opinions and thoughts. You have the freedom to think for yourself 2. Recognize and Avoid Critical Thinking Hindrances based on Human Limitations Emotional Response- People have strong emotions tied to certain beliefs, so always be careful to make sure you are thinking rationally and not emotionally Sensory Perceptions- Your senses can trick you, so be careful. While you may be most familiar with visual illusions, all types of illusions with the sense can exist like phantom touches or even phantom smells. People are even pre-dispositioned to see the human face even in the most unlikely of places like the surface of the moon. Memory Deficiencies- Most people believe that they have very accurate memories, but research has proven otherwise. Memories, especially over time, can change and alter. Be cautious of basing a decision on your memory alone. Psychological or Sociological Constraints- People are shaped by where they were born, who raised them, and even our zeitgeist, which is how the time period in which we were raised shapes us. Difference in zeitgeist are what causes generation gaps to occur where two people from different generations have a hard time relating on issues like teenagers and their parents sometimes do 3. Identify and Characterize Arguments- Arguments are not related to arguing in the sense of fighting, but arguments are in relation to presenting reasons to support a conclusion. Critical tinkers utilize critical thinking skills, like the five that you will learn in this course, to support their conclusions 4. Evaluate Information Sources- Haskins (2006) reminds us that "an argument is only as strong as its weakest link" therefore, every fact utilized in the argument needs to be examined, evaluated, and potentially eliminated (p.6). Critical thinkers utilize techniques such as determining if the author(s) of a source is biased, has an agenda, or is reputable. Even when all of those criteria are met, a person still needs to weigh the argument against what is known to be true (p. 6-7). 5. Evaluate Arguments- When evaluating an argument, make sure that 1) the assumptions are necessary and logical; 2) the reasoning used is relevant and goes into enough depth; 3) and that relevant information has not been eliminated (Haskins, 2006)
Mixing general and particular propositions
Know as instantiation and properly includes an additional premise, that the specific case is a typical one One familiar use of instantiation is reasoning with cause and effect generalizations Instantiation and chain are different- in Chain the term used for link will be identical in both premises
Skills involve the breaking down of information and complex concepts into component parts:
1. Analyze 2. Categorize 3. Classify 4. Contrast 5. Distinguish 6. Examine 7. Simplify
Comparison of properties: sameness, difference, change, and degree
Entities (things, objects) have various properties. By keep track of these properties you can make inferences about the entities
Metacognition
Metacognitive skills enable individuals to analyze their own thinking skills and processes through strategies such as planning, monitoring, and revising their progress. Specifically, metamemory is the notion of tapping into your own memory to try and remember things you have already learned. In other words, metacognition is the process of thinking about your thinking.