Perception Final Exam
What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?
75%
A chemical is called a _________________ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.
A chemical is called a hormone when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.
The key into a lock analogy best describes:
A drug's affinity for a receptor
A neuron can have any number of _____________ , but no more than one ___________
A neuron can have any number of dendrites, but no more than one axon
An IPSP represents:
A temporary hyperpolarization
Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
With respect to drug effects, "efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to:
Activate a receptor
Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?
Active transport
A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called an:
Agonist
A drug that blocks the effects of neurotransmitter is called an:
Antagonist
In hemorrhage, cells in the penumbra:
Are flooded with excess oxygen
Where do most action potentials begin?
At the axon hillock
To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug:
Binds to that receptor
What deficits does a person suffer after damage to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe?
Blindness
Dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as:
Catecholamines
Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:
Cell body
Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size) is the:
Cerebellum
Chemicals known as __________________ and _________________ guide neuron migration
Chemicals known as immunoglobulins and chemokines guide neuron migration
Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?
Chromosomes
What is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons?
Collateral sprouts
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be:
Contralateral to each other
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:
Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
Coronal
The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to:
Decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell
Diaschisis refers to the:
Decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged
A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is:
Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Depolarization is to ____________ as hyperpolarization is to _____________
Depolarization is to excitation as hyperpolarization is to inhibition
At high doses, MDMA:
Destroys axons that release serotonin
What is the processes called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?
Differentiation
Most habit-forming drugs activate which type of synapse?
Dopamine
What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addicted drugs?
Dopamine
Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n):
EEG
Which of the following is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?
EPSPs increase the frequency
Opiate drugs bind to receptors in the brain for:
Endorphins
The law of specific nerve energies states that:
Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are:
Excreted into the synaptic cleft
Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by:
Extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers
Children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are born with:
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex?
Frontal
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells?
Ganglion
Drugs that grossly distort perception are known as:
Hallucinogens
Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?
Heart rate
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
Horizontal
Horizontal cells receive their input from ______________________ ; they send output to ___________________
Horizontal cells receive their input from rods and cones ; they send output to bipolar cells
What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?
Hyperpolarization
In general, a single neuron releases __________________ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ______________ neurotransmitter(s).
In general, a single neuron releases several neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to many neurotransmitter(s).
Vesicles are located:
In presynaptic terminals
Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:
Increase the surface area available for synapses
Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins?
Induce apoptosis of neurons
In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:
Interneurons
Apoptosis:
Is a programmed mechanism of cell death
The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:
Is contained in the skull
Ischemia is to ___________________ as hemorrhage is to _______________________
Ischemia is to obstruction as hemorrhage is to rupture
How does light excite a rod or cone?
It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal
The binding or large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of:
Knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object.
Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?
Lateral
After ischemia, neurons deprived of blood:
Lose much of their oxygen and glucose supplies
Magnocellular cells are to _________________ as parvocellular cells are to ________________
Magnocellular cells are to movement as parvocellular cells are to color
Cannabinoids are a class of chemicals that include:
Marijuana
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it:
May return tot he primary visual cortex
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
Medulla
The hippocampus plays a major role in:
Memory
Where do the metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?
Mitochondria
Compared to an adult, a fetus has:
More neurons
Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
Motor and sensory
The cerebellum contributed to the control of what function?
Movement
Migration is the:
Movement of primitive neurons and glia
The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to:
Much of the cerebral cortex
What disease is related to the destruction of myelin sheaths?
Multiple sclerosis
For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called?
Myelination
Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe
What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
According to the all-or-none law:
Once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time
The pons acts as a bridge between:
One side of the nervous system and the other
After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?
Opponent-process theory
A blind person who suddenly loses the ability to read Braille has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
Parietal lobe
Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their:
Permeability
A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called
Phantom limb
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:
Pituitary gland
High concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are stored in the:
Presynaptic terminals
The main difference between methylphenidate (Ritalin), when taking as a medication for attention deficit disorder, and cocaine, when taken as a drug of abuse, is that methylphenidate:
Produces the same effects more slowly
Proliferation is the:
Production of new cells
Nerve growth factor (NGF):
Promotes the survival and growth of the axon
Which of the following specialists would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam
Psychophysiologists
Which of the following actions is most likely to be dependent on inotropic effects?
Rapid muscle contraction
Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?
Rapid sequence of EPSPs
The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the:
Ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs
The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the:
Refractory Period
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:
Relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
One function of thalamus is to:
Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
What is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron?
Resting potential
After central nervous system damage, myelin:
Secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
Sensation from the affected body area
The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are:
Slower and longer lasting
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?
Somatic
Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is the phenomenon called?
Spatial summation
A drug that produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreased fatigue is referred to as a:
Stimulant
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?
Substances found in the diet
Sympathetic is to ________________ as parasympathetic is to _______________.
Sympathetic is to arousal as parasympathetic is to relaxation.
Sympathetic is to ____________________ as parasympathetic is to ____________________.
Sympathetic is to norepinephrine as parasympathetic is to acetylcholine.
Specialized junctions between neurons are called:
Synapses
The final stage of the neurodevelopment is called:
Synaptogenesis
An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures:
The average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
The central nervous system is composed of:
The brain and spinal cord
If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?
The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision
The rathe system _______________ the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the ________________
The rathe system increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the forebrain
To what does saltatory conduction refer?
The transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon
The view of the brain from above is called the _______________ view
The view of the brain from above is called the dorsal view
Which of these is true of glial cells?
They do not transmit information over long distances
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the _______________ nervous system.
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the peripheral nervous system.
The post central gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?
Touch
If a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person's right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to:
Touch on the right toe
Vision is to ________________ as hearing is to _____________
Vision is to cranial nerve II as hearing is to cranial nerve VIII
Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in:
White matter
Chalmers' fundamental "hard problem" is:
Why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness
Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) creates an image from:
X-rays
Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What is this effect called?
ionotropic effect
The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the:
nucleus accumbens