Perception Final Exam

What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?

75%

A chemical is called a _________________ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

A chemical is called a hormone when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

The key into a lock analogy best describes:

A drug's affinity for a receptor

A neuron can have any number of _____________ , but no more than one ___________

A neuron can have any number of dendrites, but no more than one axon

An IPSP represents:

A temporary hyperpolarization

Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

With respect to drug effects, "efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to:

Activate a receptor

Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?

Active transport

A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called an:

Agonist

A drug that blocks the effects of neurotransmitter is called an:

Antagonist

In hemorrhage, cells in the penumbra:

Are flooded with excess oxygen

Where do most action potentials begin?

At the axon hillock

To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug:

Binds to that receptor

What deficits does a person suffer after damage to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe?

Blindness

Dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as:

Catecholamines

Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:

Cell body

Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size) is the:

Cerebellum

Chemicals known as __________________ and _________________ guide neuron migration

Chemicals known as immunoglobulins and chemokines guide neuron migration

Almost all humans have 23 pairs of which of the following?

Chromosomes

What is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons?

Collateral sprouts

If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be:

Contralateral to each other

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:

Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

Coronal

The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to:

Decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

Diaschisis refers to the:

Decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is:

Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

Depolarization is to ____________ as hyperpolarization is to _____________

Depolarization is to excitation as hyperpolarization is to inhibition

At high doses, MDMA:

Destroys axons that release serotonin

What is the processes called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?

Differentiation

Most habit-forming drugs activate which type of synapse?

Dopamine

What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addicted drugs?

Dopamine

Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n):

EEG

Which of the following is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?

EPSPs increase the frequency

Opiate drugs bind to receptors in the brain for:

Endorphins

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are:

Excreted into the synaptic cleft

Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by:

Extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

Children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are born with:

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex?

Frontal

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells?

Ganglion

Drugs that grossly distort perception are known as:

Hallucinogens

Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?

Heart rate

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

Horizontal

Horizontal cells receive their input from ______________________ ; they send output to ___________________

Horizontal cells receive their input from rods and cones ; they send output to bipolar cells

What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?

Hyperpolarization

In general, a single neuron releases __________________ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ______________ neurotransmitter(s).

In general, a single neuron releases several neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to many neurotransmitter(s).

Vesicles are located:

In presynaptic terminals

Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:

Increase the surface area available for synapses

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins?

Induce apoptosis of neurons

In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:

Interneurons

Apoptosis:

Is a programmed mechanism of cell death

The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:

Is contained in the skull

Ischemia is to ___________________ as hemorrhage is to _______________________

Ischemia is to obstruction as hemorrhage is to rupture

How does light excite a rod or cone?

It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal

The binding or large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of:

Knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object.

Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?

Lateral

After ischemia, neurons deprived of blood:

Lose much of their oxygen and glucose supplies

Magnocellular cells are to _________________ as parvocellular cells are to ________________

Magnocellular cells are to movement as parvocellular cells are to color

Cannabinoids are a class of chemicals that include:

Marijuana

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it:

May return tot he primary visual cortex

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?

Medulla

The hippocampus plays a major role in:

Memory

Where do the metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?

Mitochondria

Compared to an adult, a fetus has:

More neurons

Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?

Motor and sensory

The cerebellum contributed to the control of what function?

Movement

Migration is the:

Movement of primitive neurons and glia

The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to:

Much of the cerebral cortex

What disease is related to the destruction of myelin sheaths?

Multiple sclerosis

For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called?

Myelination

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

Occipital lobe

What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?

Oligodendrocytes

According to the all-or-none law:

Once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time

The pons acts as a bridge between:

One side of the nervous system and the other

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

Opponent-process theory

A blind person who suddenly loses the ability to read Braille has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

Parietal lobe

Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their:

Permeability

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called

Phantom limb

By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:

Pituitary gland

High concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are stored in the:

Presynaptic terminals

The main difference between methylphenidate (Ritalin), when taking as a medication for attention deficit disorder, and cocaine, when taken as a drug of abuse, is that methylphenidate:

Produces the same effects more slowly

Proliferation is the:

Production of new cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF):

Promotes the survival and growth of the axon

Which of the following specialists would be MOST interested in changes in heart rate when students are taking an exam

Psychophysiologists

Which of the following actions is most likely to be dependent on inotropic effects?

Rapid muscle contraction

Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?

Rapid sequence of EPSPs

The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the:

Ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs

The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the:

Refractory Period

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

Relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

One function of thalamus is to:

Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

What is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron?

Resting potential

After central nervous system damage, myelin:

Secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth

After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

Sensation from the affected body area

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are:

Slower and longer lasting

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?

Somatic

Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is the phenomenon called?

Spatial summation

A drug that produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreased fatigue is referred to as a:

Stimulant

What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?

Substances found in the diet

Sympathetic is to ________________ as parasympathetic is to _______________.

Sympathetic is to arousal as parasympathetic is to relaxation.

Sympathetic is to ____________________ as parasympathetic is to ____________________.

Sympathetic is to norepinephrine as parasympathetic is to acetylcholine.

Specialized junctions between neurons are called:

Synapses

The final stage of the neurodevelopment is called:

Synaptogenesis

An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures:

The average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain

The central nervous system is composed of:

The brain and spinal cord

If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision

The rathe system _______________ the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the ________________

The rathe system increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli and sends axons to the forebrain

To what does saltatory conduction refer?

The transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon

The view of the brain from above is called the _______________ view

The view of the brain from above is called the dorsal view

Which of these is true of glial cells?

They do not transmit information over long distances

Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the _______________ nervous system.

Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the peripheral nervous system.

The post central gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?

Touch

If a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person's right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to:

Touch on the right toe

Vision is to ________________ as hearing is to _____________

Vision is to cranial nerve II as hearing is to cranial nerve VIII

Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in:

White matter

Chalmers' fundamental "hard problem" is:

Why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness

Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) creates an image from:

X-rays

Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What is this effect called?

ionotropic effect

The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the:

nucleus accumbens