Period 6: 1/17-1/21, Industrialization in the Gilded Age
Herbert Spencer
"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures
Frederick Winslow Taylor
*Wrote books on the subject of scientific management* Made the assembly line.
National Labor Union (1866)
- excluded women workers, feared that it would lower wages
What did Andrew Carnegie do?
-He made steel in the US using the bessemer process -Very Rich- thought it was his duty to make society better -Wrote the Gospel of Wealth, Philanthropist - Used Vertical Integration
What were the steel industry time periods
1850-1970
Guilded Age Time Periods
1865-1896
When did Iron and Steel production start going up
1875-1915
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses (FAILED)
The Homestead Strike(1892)
1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania
US vs EC Knight Company(1895)
1895, The Supreme Court ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore did not fall under jurisdiction of the law. Crippling blow to the Sherman Act.
25 million new immigrants between 1865 and _________
1915
Knights of Labor was the 1st what?
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone BUT lawyers and bankers. Vague program, NO clear goals, WEAK leadership and organization.(FAILED)
During the Haymarket Square Riot, _______________ were arrested
8 anarchist
Trusts/Monopolies
A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.
Tariff
A tax on imported goods
What did the Labor Contract Law allow?
Allowed employers to recruit laborers by paying for their passage
What did AFL stand for?
American Federation of Labor
Define "Pool"
An agreement that they will stop competition with each other
What was the Gospel of Wealth?
Article written by Carnegie about how the wealthy should donate money for the COMMUNITY
What were somethings the big co. did to fight back against the strikes
Black List Locked out workers Yellow List
Henry George, Progress and Poverty
Blamed monopolies for social problems
Andrew Carnegie
Built schools libraries anything that helped society
What were the two major RR's
Central Pacific and Union Pacific
Central Pacific Railroad > EAST where the _________
Chinese Immigrants
Wasbash v. Illinois of 1886
Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
What was so significant about 1918
End of WW2
The RR's charged high rates for mainly whom ?
Farmers
Munn vs. IL in 1877
Farmers liked and wanted that case
Impact on American industrialization
Federal gov aid railroad expansion and and Panic of 1893.
billionaires in the 1918
Finances Steel Oil Inheritance Etc. WAY MORE THEN early 1900s
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by HARRISON and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused AGANIST labor unions
Who was involved in Vertical Integration
Gustavus Swift- Meat-packing Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Had total control over oil
Why did Eugene V. Debs go to jail in 1894?
He refused to follow the government's injunction and go back to work. (didn't like the courts decision)
J. Pierpont Morgan
He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.
Why was James Garfield a great example of rags to riches?
He was poor when he was young but later became the 20th US president.
Edward Bellamy
In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. (no want politics and vice)
Laissez Faire was the ideology of what age?
Industrial Age
Union Pacific RR Union Pacific > WEST were the ________
Irish immigrants
What did Taylorism make workers? (Past the 1900s)
It made them interchangeable, less reliance on skilled workers
Pool arrangements later became?
Later became illegal
American Railway Union
Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers.
When was the transcontinental railroad completed?
May 1869
Was the gov in 1906 laissez fair?
NO
Did the AFL have alot of strikes ?
No, strikes were rare. They had collective bargaining
Where did old immigrants come from?
Northern and Western Europe
Who were the Pinkertons?
Private security forces that met unionization efforts with violence
What was the impact of the Transcontinental RR's on American industrialization
Promoted settlement on the great on the GREAT PLAINS and created one large national market by linking EAST and WEST
Who were the top 3 billionaires in the 1900s
RR's Finance Inherited money
The Great RR's Strike(1877)
RR's cut pay by 10%, Hayes ordered troops to stop the strike(1st time fed gov called out army)
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Henry Ford did what for HIS workers
Raised wages
Where did the AFL think women should be?
Remain in the house focused on bread and butter problems .
Who lead AFL?
Samuel Gompers
Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)
Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.
What did new immigrants mainly come from ?
Southern and Eastern Europe. (Italians, Poles Russians and Greeks)
Who was the leader of Knights of Labor?
Terence Powderly
What took out the knights of labor?
The Haymarket Square Riot
What was the case of Munn vs. IL in 1877
The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads
Who was the tariffs fees hated by the most
The south since they imported everything
Why did some individuals move from rural to urban areas
They did in hope for new economic and social opportunities. (Immigrants moved to cities)
Where did the 2 Major RR's meet
They meet in UTAH
Throughout 1877-1895 the gov was still pro what?
They were still pro big companies.
Why would holding companies buy up stocks in other companies?
To later gain MORE power
Horizontal Integration is what type of monopoly?
Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller
During the time of the New Economy Factories hired more what?
Women and children
Pullman Strike (1894)
Workers rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3 and the American Federation of Labor refused to support the strikers.
Horatio Alger
Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys
In the 1887 did the supreme court favor big companies
YES
Did Horizontal Integration ever become illegal?
Yes it became illegal
Did the Guided Age overlap with reconstruction
Yes it did overlap
In 1875 was reconstruction still going on?
Yes, it was still going on.
What happen in the Panic of 1893
a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company
What is a anarchist
a person who wants to abolish all government
What was laissez-faire?
a policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference
What was the the Bessemer system
first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the mass production of steel.
Taylorism; Frederick Taylor
founder of "scientific management"; favored time and motion studies to design the most efficient procedure for increasing worker productivity and corporate profits
The Goal of the tariffs was opposite from what?
laissez-faire
Cause of rapid industrialization
natural resources labor supply tech advances Pro- Business gov policies expanding markets
President Cleveland
sent troops to end the pullman strike(1894)
the knights of labor accepted unskilled and ___________ and even _________
skilled and even women
Machines replaced what kind of workers?
skilled workers
Corporations are owned by
stockholders
Vertical Integration
the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.
When in doubt the gov and public will side with?
the owners, NOT UNIONS
Outcome of the Homestead Strike
the plant was shut down, Pinkertons were called in after fighting the pink left.
What types of workers did the AFL accept
they accepted only SKILLED workers
The Sherman Antitrust act used ________
used loopholes against Unions
Technology freed farm _________ for jobs in industry
workers