Period 6: 1/17-1/21, Industrialization in the Gilded Age

Herbert Spencer

"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

Frederick Winslow Taylor

*Wrote books on the subject of scientific management* Made the assembly line.

National Labor Union (1866)

- excluded women workers, feared that it would lower wages

What did Andrew Carnegie do?

-He made steel in the US using the bessemer process -Very Rich- thought it was his duty to make society better -Wrote the Gospel of Wealth, Philanthropist - Used Vertical Integration

What were the steel industry time periods

1850-1970

Guilded Age Time Periods

1865-1896

When did Iron and Steel production start going up

1875-1915

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses (FAILED)

The Homestead Strike(1892)

1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania

US vs EC Knight Company(1895)

1895, The Supreme Court ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore did not fall under jurisdiction of the law. Crippling blow to the Sherman Act.

25 million new immigrants between 1865 and _________

1915

Knights of Labor was the 1st what?

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone BUT lawyers and bankers. Vague program, NO clear goals, WEAK leadership and organization.(FAILED)

During the Haymarket Square Riot, _______________ were arrested

8 anarchist

Trusts/Monopolies

A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

What did the Labor Contract Law allow?

Allowed employers to recruit laborers by paying for their passage

What did AFL stand for?

American Federation of Labor

Define "Pool"

An agreement that they will stop competition with each other

What was the Gospel of Wealth?

Article written by Carnegie about how the wealthy should donate money for the COMMUNITY

What were somethings the big co. did to fight back against the strikes

Black List Locked out workers Yellow List

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Blamed monopolies for social problems

Andrew Carnegie

Built schools libraries anything that helped society

What were the two major RR's

Central Pacific and Union Pacific

Central Pacific Railroad > EAST where the _________

Chinese Immigrants

Wasbash v. Illinois of 1886

Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

What was so significant about 1918

End of WW2

The RR's charged high rates for mainly whom ?

Farmers

Munn vs. IL in 1877

Farmers liked and wanted that case

Impact on American industrialization

Federal gov aid railroad expansion and and Panic of 1893.

billionaires in the 1918

Finances Steel Oil Inheritance Etc. WAY MORE THEN early 1900s

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by HARRISON and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused AGANIST labor unions

Who was involved in Vertical Integration

Gustavus Swift- Meat-packing Andrew Carnegie

John D. Rockefeller

Had total control over oil

Why did Eugene V. Debs go to jail in 1894?

He refused to follow the government's injunction and go back to work. (didn't like the courts decision)

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

Why was James Garfield a great example of rags to riches?

He was poor when he was young but later became the 20th US president.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. (no want politics and vice)

Laissez Faire was the ideology of what age?

Industrial Age

Union Pacific RR Union Pacific > WEST were the ________

Irish immigrants

What did Taylorism make workers? (Past the 1900s)

It made them interchangeable, less reliance on skilled workers

Pool arrangements later became?

Later became illegal

American Railway Union

Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers.

When was the transcontinental railroad completed?

May 1869

Was the gov in 1906 laissez fair?

NO

Did the AFL have alot of strikes ?

No, strikes were rare. They had collective bargaining

Where did old immigrants come from?

Northern and Western Europe

Who were the Pinkertons?

Private security forces that met unionization efforts with violence

What was the impact of the Transcontinental RR's on American industrialization

Promoted settlement on the great on the GREAT PLAINS and created one large national market by linking EAST and WEST

Who were the top 3 billionaires in the 1900s

RR's Finance Inherited money

The Great RR's Strike(1877)

RR's cut pay by 10%, Hayes ordered troops to stop the strike(1st time fed gov called out army)

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Henry Ford did what for HIS workers

Raised wages

Where did the AFL think women should be?

Remain in the house focused on bread and butter problems .

Who lead AFL?

Samuel Gompers

Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

What did new immigrants mainly come from ?

Southern and Eastern Europe. (Italians, Poles Russians and Greeks)

Who was the leader of Knights of Labor?

Terence Powderly

What took out the knights of labor?

The Haymarket Square Riot

What was the case of Munn vs. IL in 1877

The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads

Who was the tariffs fees hated by the most

The south since they imported everything

Why did some individuals move from rural to urban areas

They did in hope for new economic and social opportunities. (Immigrants moved to cities)

Where did the 2 Major RR's meet

They meet in UTAH

Throughout 1877-1895 the gov was still pro what?

They were still pro big companies.

Why would holding companies buy up stocks in other companies?

To later gain MORE power

Horizontal Integration is what type of monopoly?

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

During the time of the New Economy Factories hired more what?

Women and children

Pullman Strike (1894)

Workers rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3 and the American Federation of Labor refused to support the strikers.

Horatio Alger

Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys

In the 1887 did the supreme court favor big companies

YES

Did Horizontal Integration ever become illegal?

Yes it became illegal

Did the Guided Age overlap with reconstruction

Yes it did overlap

In 1875 was reconstruction still going on?

Yes, it was still going on.

What happen in the Panic of 1893

a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company

What is a anarchist

a person who wants to abolish all government

What was laissez-faire?

a policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference

What was the the Bessemer system

first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for the mass production of steel.

Taylorism; Frederick Taylor

founder of "scientific management"; favored time and motion studies to design the most efficient procedure for increasing worker productivity and corporate profits

The Goal of the tariffs was opposite from what?

laissez-faire

Cause of rapid industrialization

natural resources labor supply tech advances Pro- Business gov policies expanding markets

President Cleveland

sent troops to end the pullman strike(1894)

the knights of labor accepted unskilled and ___________ and even _________

skilled and even women

Machines replaced what kind of workers?

skilled workers

Corporations are owned by

stockholders

Vertical Integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

When in doubt the gov and public will side with?

the owners, NOT UNIONS

Outcome of the Homestead Strike

the plant was shut down, Pinkertons were called in after fighting the pink left.

What types of workers did the AFL accept

they accepted only SKILLED workers

The Sherman Antitrust act used ________

used loopholes against Unions

Technology freed farm _________ for jobs in industry

workers