PERSONALITY PSYCH FINAL

factor analysis

Factor analysis is a useful approach because it reduces the thousands of adjectives identified in the lexical approach to a few underlying dimensions. Factor analysis reduces adjectives into factors and facets.

gender differences and personality disorders

Gender differences in personality disorders exist. More men than women receive a diagnosis of paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, narcissistic, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. More women than men receive a diagnosis of borderline, histrionic, and dependent personality disorders. Gender differences have not been found for avoidant personality disorders. Some researchers believe these gender differences are due to biases in the wording of the symptoms and the clinician's expectations of a client's disorder based on their gender.

co vary

hang together with each other, but not with other items. All items that are similar should be positively correlated, because they are measuring the same underlying personality trait. For example, the items in Group A should be positively correlated because they are measuring the same underlying trait of extraversion. In addition, the items in Group B should be positively correlated because they are measuring the trait of conscientiousness. Finally, the items in Group A should not be correlated with the items in Group B because they are measuring two different traits.

intrinsic religious motivation

has internalized the beliefs and attitudes of his or her religion, striving to follow the religion's beliefs on a daily basis. Extrinsic religious motivation is comprised of two sub-factors: the extrinsic-social factor and the extrinsic-personal factor

martin selgiman's theory of learned helplessness

individual learns helplessness by not making any efforts at controlling their surroundings even when placed in controllable enviornment

emic v etic

emic approaches call for indigencas locally derived methods that are sensitive to their culutral specific elements of topic under study etic approaches rely on translated imported methodology (translated personality tests) that facilitate quantitative perspective comparisons across cultures a new approach combined emic and etic that can take advantage of each approach - this combined approach each take a variety of forms, it involves both a use of measures that are developed withtin cultural context being studies (emic) and measures that are imported from another culutral context (etic) to produce more useful and more accurate overall description of personality specific to cultural enviornment

histronic

emotional and attention seeking need to be assured aboutattractiveness

borderline

emotionally unstable and often make suicidal threats

behaviorists

emphasis on more scientific analysis of learning experiences that shape personality

cognitive

emphasis on nature of human thought

neoanalytical/ ego

emphasis on self as it tries to cope with emotions and drives on the inside and demands of others on the outside

humanistic approach to hatred

emphasize many ways in which people are different thatn animals people undersetand importance of morality, justice, and committment which involve complex thought and self awareness focus on more mature self actualizer than hateful individual they look at what can go right rather than what can go wrong during upbringing

schizotypal

extreme loners, act/ dress in odd ways. magical thinking

extrinsic religious motivation

extrinsic religious motivation views religion as a vehicle for obtaining social relationships (the extrinsic-social factor) and personal benefits (the extrinsic-personal factor, seen in things like praying to gain protection and relief).Intrinsic and extrinsic religious motivation can be viewed as representing a private and a public way of being religious, respectively.

trait

focuses on good individual assessment techniques

biological

focuses on tendencies and limits imposed by biological inheritance, easily combined with other approaches

limitations to emis etic approaches

go beyond inadequancy of translated measures to capture concepts that may differ across cultures, also includes problem of people responding to scale with reference to their own cultural group- hiding any true group difference the wats in which personality is construct is reflected in cultural enviornement may differ between cultures

antisocial

irresponsible, cold hearted and often criminal

factor

is a broad personality dimension that encompasses similar personality traits and similar facets

evolutionary view on hatred

theses targeted from hitler were naturally repellant to hitler because biologically based aversion to deivency

avoidant

timid and embarrassed . avoid close friends as they are self critical and feel inferior

interactionist approach

understanding we are ourselves in different situations

paranoid

very suspicious and assume others are against them. take offense very easy and have difficulty in workplace. suspicious and bear grudges

sociability and big five

no evidence sociability especially extraversion is related to health having goo social realtions is healhy but people with high trait are not necessearily the best at developing social ties health relevant effects on impulsivity egocertasim , and undependablity extraverts more attracts to settings where alcohol, smoking risk sex/driving are not having high socialable personality did not forecast long life

big five traits OCEAN

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

diatheis stress model

predisposition of body to a disease or disorder predisposition or weakness might come from genetics or upbringing however illness would not materialize unless ellicuted from enviornment lown found most potent stress related to recall of emotioanlity charged experiences such psychological stress is individual such stress can bring heart attack 1. variablity in electrical instability must already be present 2 person must be peraive emotional state such as depression 3. must be triggering event such as loss of job or death of loved one

children and hatefulness

problematic parenting neglect abuse is associated with hatefulness in children studies show both genetic/eniornmental actors contribute to aggression and antisocial behavior born with difficult temperaents that can evoke negative behaviors from frustrated parents

aggression

product of evolutionary process according to ethology hatred is innate because aggression was adaptive in evolution of our species mass murderers- usually men of primary mating age natural aggression tendencies may be distracted and sometimes expressed inappropriately modern society strains aggressive actions thus frustrating of natural aggression may result in modern individuals experience a build up of a aggressiveness which requires some sort of outlet serial killers may have unusually strict parents consistent with this view a

brain regions and aggression

some people who have anger issues ave brain abnormalities involving lesions near hypothalumus and amygdalda serotonin and dopamine key excess in impulisivity, aggression, partly genetically controlled hateful behavior tends to run in families but this phenomenon could be due to genetic influences or some combination of the two

ethology

study of animal behavior patterns in natural enviornments

termites and mental health

1/3 termites experienced maladjustment f for males, mental health difficulty 1950 predicted morality risk for 1991 with unstable males being at high risk of premature morality undependability impulsivity family instability - parental and ones own divorce are predictors of morality psychosocial factors affect a whole host of health behaviors- drinking/ smoking/ exercise patterns/ diet/ use of proper phylatics / adhereance to medication regiments / avoidance of enviornmental toxins which explains psychologi and longivitiy

percentages in personality disorders

2.0%-4.0% paranoid 3.0%-5.0% schizoid 4.0% schizotypal 0.2%-3.0% antisocial 1.6%-6.0% borderline 1.8% historonic 0.0%-6.2% narcasistic 2.4% avoidant 0.5%-0.6% dependent 2.1%-7.9% ocpd

cross-cultural universality

All languages should have synonyms for the same personality trait. When many languages use several synonyms for the same adjective, this tells us that people in different cultures categorize people using the same traits. For instance, if we found that only the English language had several synonyms for extraversion, then we would conclude that extraversion is not a universal personality trait. If we find that most languages have synonyms for extraversion, then we can conclude that this trait is found in all cultures and must be a universal personality trait.

antagonism

Antagonism Manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention-seeking, callousness, hostility Low agreeableness

psychanalyic approach to hate

all people have a death instinct- thantos is the drive toward death and self destructive behaviors named after greek god of death self destructive behavior is a sign of psychopathology in modern society defense mechanism (reaction formation) another common defence mechanism involved projecting unacceptable death impulse onto hated objects and attributing hatred onto others- one might see others as aggressive and hateful which results in unsituable object such as a his father might displace object- perhaps toward disadvantaged social group freudiam theory can lead to predication that a dictator scapegoating out of group members from his own problems and consquenct use of defense mechanisms violent individuals more likely to use projection as a deffense mechanism that use of dispalcement different than violent and nonviolent indivudals

humanistic/existential

appreciation of spiritual nature of person, emphasis on self fulfillment and dignity.

psychoanalytical

attention to unconscious influences; importance of sexual drives

differences between healthy versus sick

1 feeling on control was significant factor in terms of health -those who remained powerless in the face of external challenges but instead had a sense of pwer thet tended to believe that challanging situations could be influenced bt their personal efforts

three dimensions Right wing authoritatians show

Conventionalism Strong adherence to norms endorsed by society and authorities Authoritarian submission Obedience toward authorities perceived as legitimate in one's society Authoritarian aggression Hostility toward people or groups that are considered deviant or deserving of punishment

detachment

Detachment Withdrawal, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance, depressivity, restricted affectivity High introversion

disinhibition

Disinhibition Irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk-taking, (lack of) rigid perfectionism Low conscientiousness

extraversion

Extraversion Sociability, risk-taking, optimism Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) Are you rather lively? Are you a talkative person?

two types of social dominance orientation

High SDO Hierarchy Prefer that some groups have higher status than other groups Low SDO Equality Prefer that all groups are treated equally People scoring high on RWA and high on SDO would be likely to exhibit prejudicial and ethnocentric attitudes. Similar to the authoritarian personality, the idea of RWA was based on psychoanalysis and viewed as a pathologically undesirable personality trait.SDO, on the other hand, is a more recent idea that merely describes levels of preference

hexaco personality traits

Honesty-humility Sincerity, fairness, greed-avoidance, modesty Emotionality Fearfulness, anxiety, dependence, sentimentality Extraversion Social self-esteem, social boldness, sociability, liveliness Agreeableness Forgiveness, gentleness, flexibility, patience Conscientiousness Organization, diligence, perfectionism, prudence Openness to experience Aesthetic appreciation, inquisitiveness, creativity, unconventionality

how is ocd different that ocpd?

How is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) different from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? OCD includes obsessions and compulsions, but OCPD does not. OCPD can be viewed as extreme perfectionism or conscientiousness. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, and images that cause distress. A person diagnosed with OCD ignores or suppresses obsessions by using compulsions. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors (ordering, checking) or mental acts (praying, counting). The purpose of compulsions is to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions.

HEXACO and religosity

Intrinsic religious motivation was positively correlated with conscientiousness and honesty-humility. Extrinsic-personal religious motivation was positively correlated with emotionality and honesty-humility. Extrinsic-social religious motivation was negatively correlated with openness to experience and conscientiousness. These findings show that people who have internalized their religion's beliefs and morals are high in conscientiousness and high in honesty-humility, while people who ascribe to a religion in order to gain personal benefits are high in neuroticism and honesty-humility. Finally, people who follow a religion to acquire social support are low in openness to experience and low in conscientiousness. These findings also show that honesty-humility underlies more mature forms of religion (through internalizing beliefs and seeking religion to improve the self). The link between religion and pro-social behaviors has been found in past research, in which religious individuals exhibited high levels of forgiveness, kindness, compassion, and altruism. The Tehran study also suggests that individuals who experience negative emotions (i.e., neuroticism) may seek out religion as a way to cope with these emotions. Finally, individuals high in extrinsic-social religious motivation are less interested in new ideas, which maps onto other findings that individuals high in extrinsic religiosity exhibit higher levels of prejudice, ethnocentricity, and authoritarian personality traits. In fact, this study found that all three types of religiosity were positively correlated with each other, indicating that someone high in extrinsic religiosity is also high in intrinsic religiosity. Although it led to interesting findings, this study does not tell us whether being religious causes such personality traits as honesty-humility or whether exhibiting high honesty-humility leads people to seek out a religion.

theory on big five

Many different models of the Big Five have been developed, each using a different self-report measure. Some of the self-report measures may be adjective-based (as in "I am anxious" or "I am enthusiastic" from the TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003). Other self-report measures provide statements on which people rate themselves (e.g., "I enjoy listening to nature" or "I am the life of the party" from the International Personality Item Pool; Oregon Research Institute, 2016). The Big Five model has been replicated by more than twelve researchers using different samples across different languages for the past 50 years. These replication studies suggest that five personality factors may truly exist across cultures. However, some findings suggest that five is not the correct number. For instance, many researchers disagree about the openness factor. In fact, the content of the openness factor varies across models and across languages. For example, some models define openness as the appreciation of experiences, while others define it as being innovative and intellectual (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Goldberg, 1990). Older models typically view someone high in openness as an individual who is high in intelligence. Costa and McCrae's NEO-PI-R (1989) was the first model to remove mental ability from the openness factor. In the NEO-PI-R, openness represents such traits as coming up with new ideas, having an active imagination, and trying new things. Other researchers suggest that five factors are not enough to describe all universal personality traits, noting that such traits as religiosity, sexuality, and masculinity/femininity should be included. A more recent model, called the HEXACO, suggests that six universal personality factors exist.

negative affectivity

Negative affectivity Anxiousness, separation insecurity, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, High neuroticism

neuroticism

Neuroticism Introspection, reservation, pessimism, negative emotions Reactive sympathetic nervous system Would being in debt worry you? Do you take much notice of what people think?

big five and emotions

On pages 285 to 287, your textbook discusses how conscientiousness, sociability, and cheerfulness are associated with physical health. In relationship to mental health, people high on extraversion report the highest levels of happiness, while people high on neuroticism report the lowest levels of happiness. The constructs underlying the relationship between the Big Five and physical/mental health are emotions. People high on extraversion experience many positive emotions across various situations, while people high on neuroticism experience many negative emotions across various situations. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness are also related to the experience of positive emotions, although this relationship is much weaker than the one that was found for extraversion.

politics and hexaco

Personality traits are associated with individual differences in political ideology, suggesting that personality traits determine political ideology or that political ideology determines personality traits. Recent work has linked the HEXACO and Big Five dimensions to political orientation. In general, conservatism is associated with high conscientiousness, low openness to experience, low honesty-humility and low agreeableness (Chirumbolo & Leone, 2010; Hirsh, DeYoung, Xu, & Peterson, 2010). Hirsch and colleagues (2010) found that the link between personality and ideological traits depends on the facet scales of each Big Five dimension. As displayed below, the compassion facet of agreeableness is associated with liberalism, while the politeness facet of agreeableness is associated with conservatism. This finding suggests that liberals are higher in compassion because their political views emphasize concern for out-groups and minority groups. Conversely, politeness is associated with conservatism because the political views of conservative-minded individuals emphasize tradition and hierarchy.

psychoticism

Psychoticism Aggression, coldness, tough-mindedness, experience psychotic episodes, high level of crime High testosterone Does your mood often go up and down? Are you an irritable person?

psychoticism and personality big five

Psychoticism Unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, cognitive and perceptual hallucinations High openness to experience

how are religiousity and spiritiuality related?

Religiosity and spirituality are related in that people ascribing to either believe in a greater-than-human force. People high in religiosity also tend to be high in spirituality. But someone who is high in spirituality is not necessarily high in religiosity

religiosity

Religiosity is defined as "beliefs and practices that are grounded in the conviction that there is a transcendent (nonphysical) dimension of life" (Peterson & Seligman, 2004, p. 600). People who score high on religiosity believe in the existence of a greater-than-human force and participate in both public and private acts of worship of this divine force (attending ceremonies, praying, etc.). Rituals would include any teachings, ceremonies, and religious texts.

research on number of personality disorders

Researchers disagree on whether 12 is the correct number of personality disorders. Some researchers believe that the number is so large that several disorders are the same. In fact, the proposed (but not accepted) system for the DSM-5 suggested eliminating four personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, and dependent.

right wing authoritarianism

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA; Altemeyer, 1981) explains when people will be obedient to authority. People who score high on RWA require little situational pressure to follow authority, while people low in RWA require much more situational influence. A high RWA score is associated with high scores on the three dimensions shown in Table 13.1. Adorno and colleagues' (1950) California F-scale measures the authoritarian personality using nine different dimensions. An individual who scores high on authoritarian personality obeys authority figures and rules with strict adherence and is unlikely to question authority figures. Adorno believed that authoritarianism causes prejudicial attitudes and the preference for inequality, explaining why people followed fascist movements in the 1930s. Due to errors in validity, the F-scale is no longer used in personality research, but the concept of authoritarianism remains an important one.

big five versus hexaco

Several differences exist between the Big Five and HEXACO models. The main difference is how the models were developed. To develop the Big Five, researchers first manually combined similar adjectives (i.e., synonyms) from the English language into clusters. Then, they submitted these clusters for factor analysis in a statistical software program. To develop the HEXACO, researchers did not manually combine synonyms into smaller clusters; they submitted the long list of trait adjectives found in seven non-English languages to factor analysis. Then, using a new method, they later replicated their model in the English language. Why did the models use two different approaches? In the 1970s to 1990s, when the Big Five model was developed, computer technology was less powerful, so researchers had to manually group adjectives before entering the groups into the computer software. In the 2000s, when the HEXACO was developed, computers were more powerful and could handle conducting factor analysis on a large number of items. Because the two models have a different number of factors, the definitions of the factors vary. Two main differences should be noted. First, in the Big Five model, an individual who is high in emotional stability is low in neuroticism. In the HEXACO model, an individual who is high in emotionality is high in neuroticism. Emotional stability and emotionality are coded in different directions. Another major difference is that the traits of sincerity, fairness, and modesty load on agreeableness in the Big Five model, but on honesty-humility in the HEXACO model. This means that agreeableness is defined in different ways in the Big Five and HEXACO models.

synonym frequency

Several synonyms must exist for the personality trait. For instance, the personality trait extraversion has many synonyms in the English language, such as gregarious, sociable, and unreserved. Typically, these synonyms are adjectives.

social dominance orientation

Social dominance orientation (SDO; Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994) measures the extent to which people prefer inequality among groups. People high in SDO prefer hierarchy, such that their in-group is superior to out-groups. People low in SDO prefer equality among all groups.

spiritiuality

Spirituality is a concept related to religiosity. Individuals who score high on spirituality experience a private relationship with a divine entity and exhibit a variety of virtues that develop as a result of this relationship. Actions could include searching for life's purpose, feeling connected to nature, and exhibiting moral behavior.

theoretical approach

The theoretical approach starts with a theory about the number of universal personality traits that exist. Many historical theories used a theoretical approach, such as Eysenck's PEN model (discussed in the biological chapter). In this model, Eysenck identified three universal personality traits: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. Then, he conducted research to confirm his theory that these three traits existed.

HOW DO SCHIZOTYPAL SCHIZOID AND PARANOID DIFFER?

These differ based on symptoms of schizophrenia and suspiciousness: ​Schizotypal mirrors the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as cognitive and perceptual hallucinations. Schizoid mirrors the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, including anhedonia and intimacy avoidance. Paranoid and schizotypal include suspiciousness of others, while schizoid does not.

HOW DO HISTRIONIC, NARCISSISTIC, ANTISOCIAL AND DEPENDENT DIFFER?

They differ in their reasons for manipulating and ways of seeking attention: differences in manipulation: The histrionic manipulate to gain nurturance. The antisocial manipulate to gain power. The narcissistic manipulate to increase their own self-worth. differences in ways of seeking attention: The histrionic seek attention by becoming fragile/dependent. The narcissistic seek attention through praise for their own superiority. The dependent seek attention by appeasing others.

HOW DO BORDERLINE, AVOIDANT AND DEPENDENT DIFFER?

They differ in their response to the fear of rejection: The dependents' fear of rejection results in submissiveness and appeasement of others; to prevent rejection, they seek closeness and reassurance from others. The borderlines' fear of rejection results in emotional emptiness and rage toward close others. The avoidants' fear of rejection results in high levels of shame, embarrassment, and introversion; to prevent rejection, they avoid new situations and interactions with people

t (test) data

This design assesses personality within a standardized testing environment. Standardized means that all participants experience the same situation. Thus, with T-data, a personality researcher would determine whether people with various levels of a personality trait react differently in the same testing situation. Some examples of T-data include responses to hypothetical situations, mechanical recording devices (such as a device to measure movements), physiological data, and projective tests. A good example of a hypothetical situation can be found in Dr. Paul Silva's work on creativity (a personality trait). In his studies, Dr. Silva asks participants to identify solutions to various questions. For instance, he might ask, "What would happen if people went blind?" or "What would happen if people shrank to 12 inches tall?" A strength of the hypothetical-situation approach is that people's biases do not affect their responses. A limitation to this approach is that it is difficult to assess the validity of the testing situation—in other words, do these hypothetical events actually measure the personality trait of creativity?

observer (o) data

This design measures a participant's personality traits by asking someone other than the participant to assess the participant's personality. O-data are typically obtained by asking someone who knows the participant (such as a parent, friend, or significant other) to rate his or her personality or by asking researchers to assess the participant's personality (typically by observing the participant in the lab). Often, a study may ask several observers to assess the target participant's personality. In this case, the researchers would average these observers' responses. Alternatively, the researchers could average the observers' responses with the participant's self-reported responses. Using several observers, or an observer-report and a self-report, provides a more accurate assessment of personality, because each observer views the participant in different situations (think consistency across situations!).

self report data (s) data

This design measures personality by asking people to answer questions about themselves. Typically, S-data are obtained through self-report measures or interviews. S-data are made up of either structured or unstructured items. Structured items are those for which response options are provided, as in multiple-choice questions. Typically, structured items include rating scales, such as 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = moderately disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = moderately agree, and 5 = strongly agree. The TIPI scale that you completed in Lesson 1 is a good example of a strutctured item. Unstructured items are open-ended questions, typically used in an interview measure. Two major limitations of S-data are that participants may be dishonest in their responses or that participants may not possess accurate knowledge about their own personality traits. If you believe that participants do not have a good understanding of their own personality traits, you might decide to use observer data (O-Data).

two dimensions in politics

Two dimensions can be used to define individual differences in politics: inequality and system change. If we consider these dimensions to intersect as in Figure 13.1 below, we can say that people who reject inequality and advocate for system change fall toward the upper-left quadrant, while those who accept inequality among social groups and who prefer stability fall toward the lower right. Those who fall in the upper left are called liberal-minded (or, in the United States, Democrats), while those in the lower right are considered conservative-minded (in the U.S,. Republicans).

limitations to o data

Two limitations to O-data exist. First, observers may be biased (e.g., maybe a parent observer views his or her child in an unrealistically positive way). Second, each single observer cannot possibly account for all the ways in which a participant expresses his or her personality. For instance, a parent observer can base his or her assessment only on interactions with his or her child; this parent does not observe how the child behaves in the classroom.

differences between optimism and pessimism

Two reasons explain the health differences between optimists and pessimists. First, optimists engage in behaviors that promote good health, including exercising regularly, avoiding fatty foods, drinking only in moderation or not at all, and responding to a cold with appropriate action (i.e., resting and taking fluids). Second, pessimism actually causes our bodies to respond in a helpless way toward threats to our health. For instance, studies have found that pessimism may be a cause of cancer. In one study (Visintainer, Volpicelli, & Seligman, 1982), young rats were placed into one of three conditions: the learned helplessness condition, with a mild, inescapable shock; the mastery condition, with a mild, escapable shock; or the control condition, with no shock. Once the rats reached adulthood, the researchers implanted sarcoma in the flank of the rats. The rats with learned helplessness (who experienced the inescapable shock as a young rat) failed to reject tumors as adults. Conversely, most rats who mastered shocks rejected the tumors as adults. This study suggests that pessimism and learned helplessness cause our immune systems to weaken, thus making it harder to ward off cancer. In fact, research on adults found that pessimism was a stronger predictor of weakened immune systems than depression or physical health.

type a and d personality

Type A and Type D personality traits are associated with physical health correlates. People high on Type A or Type D are at risk for cardiovascular problems. In fact, one study found that 25% of heart disease patients and 50% of hypertension patients scored high on Type D (Denollet, 2005)! People high on Type D are at risk for dying early, experience high levels of stress, and in general have a poor quality of life. Type A and Type D are similar in that they are dimensional measures both linked to heart disease, and are closely associated with the experience of negative emotions. Type A personality is linked to anger, while Type D is linked to irritability and annoyance. Type A individuals tend to express their anger, while Type D individuals suppress their negative emotions

type a personality

Type A represents the "angry" personality and is described on pages 283 and 284 of your textbook. People who score high on Type A experience high levels of anger across many situations and, in general, exhibit the following traits: ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competitiveness, impatience, muscle tenseness, alertness, irritation, cynicism, hostility, and increased potential for anger. Type A is positively correlated with extraversion and neuroticism, but negatively correlated with agreeableness. constant struggle to do more and more work in less and less time would unleash their nervous system in wats that would damage their hearts through excessive arousal of sympathetic nervous system nasty, impatient, impulsive, hyperalert, hostile, very tense- volatile package and sometimes summarized as workaholic personality most likely to be angry with job life and have poor interpersonal relations. more suseptible to heart disease when you are more confrontational, bitter and competitive hostile struggle is the problem. people are told to slow down and take it easy. people are prone to cardiovascular problems are especially driven to excessive achievement and to total mastery of their worlds excessive competitveness can be traces to desire to maintain control feelings of desire for control are not necessarily bad but only in excess that they are a problem constant struggle= high levels of neuroticism and low levels of agreeableness with chronic depressed anxious and angry predicts heightened risk of cornary disease such indivuals may drink or smoke or over become physically inactive,lose sleep, secrete high levels of stress hormones, and are lonely and isolated. individuals with high levels of distress who are high on neuroticism and low on agreeableness are sometimes termed type d

type d personality traits

Type D represents the "distressed" personality. Because Type D is a recently developed concept (Denollet, 2005), it is not described in your textbook. People who score high on Type D show the following: high negative affect, emotional suppression, and social inhibition. Negative affect means that people high on Type D experience high levels of dysphoria, anxiety, and irritability across situations. Emotional suppression means that they try to conceal their negative emotions from other people, and social inhibition shows that they are uncomfortable in social situations, tending to avoid confrontations with others (which sounds like an extreme version of introversion!). Type D is positively correlated with introversion and neuroticism.

psychoanalysists perspective on bpd

a child who faces abusive disruptions in psychosexual development cannot develop a normal personality - sexual feelings have been misdirected and unresolved

symptom perception

affect by factors such as a persons attention to bodily sensations and what they think about sensations negative moods such as depression increase liklihood of indiciative of illness suggested many cases symptom reporting is better regarded as indication of neuroticism - anxiety, hostility, depression behaviorists like skinner would predict escaping from stressful situations by becoming sick is rewarding - you may recieve sick pay, days off, etc. sick rolw also exemplifies behaviorists view that personality can be located in enviornment

adler on hatred

beleived that hostile, ,hateful personalities developed during childhood but did not rise from biological instinct/drive etiology of hostility ; early social experiences, especially coping with rejections - children who are rejected by their parents may come to view the world as inhospitable and hostile - more likely to grow up as criminals natrual part of childhood is to eperience inferiority one must learn to compensate for these inferior feelings by succeeding in variety of endures individuals who develop inferiority complex (feelings of helplessness and incompetence) may sometimes overcompensate (develop superiority complex) which leads them to attach and denigrate others in an attempt to increase their own feelings of importance hitler and stalin fit ruling type- kind of person who proceeds for their own gain without consideration of others

somaticpsychic affect

body influences mind

personality disorders through adulthood

can change through adulthood seems to be biological predisposition, disrupted childhood, impaired social learning, and ongoing maladaptive social interactions all leading to an individual with chronic life difficulties

cheerfulness

childhood cheerfulness had shortened life expectancy they like to drink/smoke/ take risks although thses habits did not fully explain premature moralityy

conscientiousness and big five

children boys especially rated as high conscientiousness who were rated as truthful and free from vanity lived significantly longer throughout lifespan. 30% less likely to die significant efect of consciousness remaines controlling drinking/ smoking and other aspects of personality consciousness people did not only engage in healthier habits but physiologically predisposed to health and their consciousness personality traits lead them to healthier relationships and situations

stressed

children of divorce, especially boys are at greater risk of observable behavior and adjustment problems lack of social dependence or ego control- impulsivity and nonconforming can result in risky behaviors and poor psychological adjustment parental divorce not linked to whether a person would die of disease but could not be explained

etic approach

cross cultural; searches for generalites across cultures

emic approach

culture specific; focuses on single culture, understood on their own terms

personality disorders

deep rooted, ongoing patten of behavior that impairs functioning and well being personality disorders are usually stable by early adulthood and last for many years is the experience of extreme variations in one or more personality traits. The extreme variation may be in emotional experiences, cognitions, or even views of the self. In general, each personality disorder is derived from extreme scores on one or more of the Big Five dimensions. Because these extreme scores are stable over time and across situations, personality disorders are very hard to treat. To be diagnosed, a person must exhibit extreme mental distress and impaired social relationships as a result of the personality disorder. Your book defines each personality disorder on page 282.

mental health/ ego strength

dependability/ trust/ lack of impulsivity

personality trait

differences among individuals in a typical tendency to behave, think or feel across a variety of situations and across some fairly long period of time. To be able to classify a construct as a personality trait, we must see the individual express the same level of the trait in a variety of different situations

life outcome data

his design uses information acquired from public records to provide information about a person's personality. For instance, numbers of speeding tickets, marriage/death certificates, and political party affiliations may tell us important information about someone's personality; we might find that sensation-seeking is positively correlated with a number of speeding tickets. This finding indicates that, as people become higher in risk-taking behavior, the number of speeding tickets increases. This finding might also mean that the number of speeding tickets can be used as a measure of sensation-seeking Today, personality psychologists often use self-report measures, also called surveys or scales. Thus, the following commentary discusses measurement issues within the context of self-report scales. When developing a self-report measure, researchers consider two main issues: reliability: Does the scale consistently measure the personality trait? validity: Does the scale measure the personality trait accurately? Reliability is the ability of a scale to measure a personality trait consistently. Reliability scores are correlations, thus ranging from -1 through 0 to +1. A score closer to +1 indicates a high level of reliability.

jung view on hatred

hypothesized that the personality elements tat are common to all human personality - archetypes- one in particular- shadow is where the primitive animal instincts reside. accoring to jung inappropriate or uncontrolled expression of one's shadow could result in the type of primal hatred and aggression evidenced by hitler jung described psychological types based on indviduals placement on personality trait typologies; introversion/ extroversion, thinking/ feeling, sensing/ intuiting - thinking extroverted type is stubborn, intolerant, opinionated, aspiring to be tough, unyieldinging principles and non compatiable with dictatiors

schizoid

like to be left alone. few sexual encounters. they do not express their feelings and praise/ criticism is not important

cultures and 8 perspectives

psychoanalytical- long ago evolutionary forces have shaped the primitive impulses of ID and each society develops ways to try and control ID NEOANALTYICAL- differing child rearing practices and attachments in different cultures have shape children to have certain tendencies such as be calmer and more trusting or more anxious and aggressive BIOLOGICAL- culture emerges after evolution shapes genetic tendences COGNITIVE- as a function of how people process info , they come to certain shared or unique understandings of how the world is constructed and how to behave in it TRAIT- culture transmits shared knowledge within a group or civilization but personality is more thatn the subjective tendencies show themselves in a way particular to each culute but are indiviual characteristics nonetheless HUMANISTIC- EXISTENTIAL- culture is realization of human being striving to create enduring meaning and value of their live INTERACTIONISTS- culture is a collection of common situations, but behavior cannot be understood without simetaniously focus on particular individual in particualar situation: thus culturally influenced behavior can undergo rapid change

ses gradient

refers to the fact that higher risk of getting sick and dying prematurely

neoanalytic perspective on bpd

relevent to abused childern such children cannot develop basic trust and attachments that forms basis for later close relationships people with bpd are likely to come from extended families which emotional disorders are common, suggesting biological temperament risk

facet

represents a narrow personality trait measured within a factor. Each factor comprises three to four facets.

ocpd

rigid perfectionists

narcissistic

self important and try to take advantage of others. constantly need approval of others even though they misunderstand others

bpd

serious problem of impulsive self destructive behavior; fragils self identity and moody stormy relationships

sick role

set of societal expectations about how you should behave when you go see a doctor, stay home from work, etc. some people take on sick role even though there is no medical condition people who are under extreme stress or people who are not well adjusted may respond to pressure of moving to a new job by avoiding this responsibility lose appetite, oversleep, lethargic, call in sick, these actions or illness behaviors may lead a person to being defined as ill. they may not only be a hypocondriac but many neurotic people retreat to safet of sick role when thy encourter change in their lives

erikson and hatred

viewed individual aggression as emerging during social interactions of early childhood 3 unsuccessully resulted psychosocial stages may resuly in an individual who is angry hostile and hateful 1 child who does not develop adequate trust during infancy will likely develop a pattern of controlling to be distrtustful later in life 2. child who is treated in a hostile manner when pursing autonomy may become destructive and angry 3 if the child's initiative is punished and thwarted rather than realisticalyl channeled, the child may develop adquate superego. this child whose parents are so worefully lacking during these three important stages of psychosocial developmen may become hateful adult neoanalystiss see hate as arising from improper channeling of drives and from failures to resolve conflicts of childhood aggression is due to poor parenting and unstable social enviornment

dependent

want approval from others submissive in relationships