PGC
Private or civil society
Consists of institutions like the family and kinship groups, private businesses, trade unions, clubs, community groups
Behaviouralism
Criticisms on ___________: Dependence on techniques and methods ignoring the subject matter; The advocates of this approach were wrong when they said that human beings behave in similar ways in similar circumstances; Most of the political phenomena are unquantifiable; therefore, it is always difficult to use scientific method in the study of political science; The researcher being a human being is not always value neutral
Political science
Political process of conflict resolution; how these conflicts are resolved
Public Affairs
Politics as ________: According to this perspective, politics does no, and should not, infringe upon "personal" affairs and institutions
Compromise
Politics as ________: Conciliated by giving share in power or proportion to their importance to the welfare and survival of the whole community
Power
Politics as ________: Control of resources (who gets what, when and how?) a struggle over scarce resources, and power is the means through which this struggle is conducted
Art
Politics as ________: Exercise control within society through the making & enforcement (creation of policies) of collective decisions
Public Affairs
Politics as ________: It is only within a political community that human beings can live "the good life"
Art
Politics as ________: People are said to be 'in politics' when they hold public office, or to be 'entering politics' when they seek to do so
Art
Politics as ________: Politics can be understood to refer to the affairs of the polis, in effect, 'what concerns the polis'
Public Affairs
Politics as ________: Politics is an ethical activity concerned with creating a "just society"
Compromise
Politics as ________: Resolving conflict (compromise, conciliation, and negotiation) rather than resort through force and naked power.
Conflict
Politics as ________: Struggle for power; to change the status quo in ones favor (turning personal interests to national interests)
Power
Politics as ________: at work in all social activities and in every corner of human existence; can take place at every level of social interaction
Power
Politics as ________: the broadest and most radical; the ability to influence behavior
Public Affairs
Politics as ________: the distinction between "the political" and "the non-political" coincides with the division between an essentially public sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private sphere
Public or state
Politics is restricted to the activities of the state itself and the responsibilities which are properly exercised by public bodies
Political Sovereignty
Power behind the legal sovereign; electorate
Legal Sovereignty
Power to issue final commands or supreme law making powers
Political Theory
The development of models for government, such as participatory democracy or constitutional systems and the logic that political scientists use in their inquiries
Private or civil society
Those areas of life in which individuals can and do manage for themselves - economic, social, artistic and so on - are therefore clearly "non-political"
Post Behaviouralism
Through using different techniques and methods, it tries to overcome the drawbacks of behaviouralism and make the study of Political Science more relevant to the society.
Modern Approach
Tries to draw conclusion from empirical data; goes beyond the study of political structures and its historical analysis; believes in inter-disciplinary study
Political Science
the systematic study of the state and government
Power
The ability to achieve a desired outcome through whatever means
Politics
"Authoritative allocation of values" - David Easton encompasses the various processes through which government responds to pressures from the larger society, in particular by allocating benefits, rewards or penalties.
Nation
- Ethnic concept - May or may not be independent from external control - A single nation may be made up of several states
State
- Political Concept - Not subject to external control - Many consists of one or more nation or peoples
Purpose and necessity of government
-Advancement of the public welfare -Consequence of absence
Origin of States
1. Divine Right Theory 2. Necessity of Force Theory 3. Paternalistic Theory 4. Social Contract Theory
Goals in the study of political science
1. Education for citizenship 2. Essential parts of liberal education 3. Knowledge and understanding of government
Fundamental Powers
1. Executive 2. Legislative 3. Judiciary
Elements of the state
1. People 2. Territory 3. Government 4. Sovereignty
Inherent powers of the state
1. Police power 2. Eminent domain 3. Taxation
Ideology
A political belief system; an action-oriented set of political ideas; The ideas of the ruling class; political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests
Governemnt
A state cannot exist without a _______, but it is possible to have a _________ without a state
Ideology
An officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimize a political system or regime; An all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth
Forms of government
As to numbers of persons exercising sovereign powers 1. Monarchy 2. Aristocracy 3. Democracy
Post Behaviouralism
Believes that mere use of sophisticated techniques and research tools would not solve the social and political problems of the world; opposed to the idea of behaviouralists to make Political Science a value-free science like other natural sciences.
Social contract theory
Deliberate and voluntary compact; duty and obligations of the citizen to support the government
Modern State System
Developed in the Peace of Westphalia is 1648; the legal concept of sovereignty was introduced - rulers or the legal sovereign had no internal equals within the defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders.
Territory
Elements of the state - Definite, fixed boundaries; exclusive property or ownership of resources within boundaries; jurisdiction or reach of authority; permanently occupied by people; Discovery -> occupation -> administration
Territory
Elements of the state - It includes not only the land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends, but also the rivers and lakes, therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts and the air space above it. Thus, the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial.
People
Elements of the state - This refers to the mass of population living within the state. Without people there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed. There is no requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state. But it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing
Government
Elements of the state - agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out; serves not only the people but the state in general
People
Elements of the state - community of persons; common goals, beliefs, values (without these, there will be conflict and war)
Government
Elements of the state - it refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out. The word is sometimes use to refer to the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands are place for the time being the function of political control. This "body of men" is usually spoken of as "administration". The ordinary citizens of a country are part of the state, but are not part of the government.
Sovereignty
Elements of the state - the term may be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control. It has, therefore, two manifestations (internal and external)
Modern Approach
Emphasizes scientific methods of study and attempt to draw scientific conclusions in political science
Political Behavior
Emphasizes the study of voting behavior, which can be affected by social pressures; the effects of individual psychology, such as emotional attachments to parties or leaders; and the rational self-interests of voters
Paternalistic theory
Enlargement of the family
Political Theory
Entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the state
Public Administration
Focuses on the methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by the executive, legislative and judicial branches
Monarchy
Forms of government - the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure.
Institutional
Forms of traditional approaches - deals with the formal aspects of government and politics emphasizes the study of the political institutions and structures
Legal
Forms of traditional approaches - regards the state as the fundamental organization for the creation and enforcement of laws.
Institutional
Forms of traditional approaches - study of the formal structures like legislature, executive, judiciary, political parties, interest groups, etc.
Art, Public Affairs, Compromise, Power
Four categories of political science
Public or state
Funding at the public's expense, out of taxation
Education for citizenship
Goals in the study of political science - the primary objective of the political science curriculum. The preparation of students for careers in politics, law, teaching the civil service, and t he foreign service (though vitally important) is secondary to the task of equipping them to discharge the obligations of democratic citizenship, which grow constantly heavier in the modern world.
Essential parts of liberal education
Goals in the study of political science - Most political science courses should be viewed as essential parts of liberal education, bearing no materialistic price tag and promising no job security. Such shop-worn adjectives as "practical" and "cultural" have no relevance here. Intelligent, responsible citizenship can save democracy; ignorance and negligence can lose it
Knowledge and understanding of government
Goals in the study of political science - Political science seeks to gather and impart this knowledge and understanding. 'the "good" citizen who behaves himself and votes regularly is no longer· enough. He must also be the citizen who knows the answers. He must know how his government really operates, what interests and forces are behind particular policies, what the results of such policies are likely to be, what his rights and obligations are, who his elected representatives are, and what they stand for.
Interrelationship with other branches of learning
History Economics Geography Sociology and Anthropology Psychology Philosophy Statistics Logic Jurisprudence
Necessity of force theory
Imposition upon the weak; wartime theory
Public Law
Includes the following: Organizations of governments Limitations upon government authority Powers and duties of governmental offices and officers Obligations of one state to another
Political Behavior
Involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity
Political Theory
Involves the study of philosophical thought about politics from ancient Greece to the present; the interpretation and development of concepts such as freedom, democracy, human rights, justice and power
Public Policy
Involves the study of specific policy problems and governmental responses to them; attempts to devise solutions for problems of public concern (poverty, health care, pollution, economy)
Politics
Linked to cooperation and conflict; the heart of ________ is often portrayed as a process of conflict-resolution, in which rival views or competing interests are reconciled with one another
Absolute Monarchy
Monarchy - Ruler rules by divine right
Traditional approach
Normative and idealistic; what should be an ideal state? "what ought to be" or "should be" rather than "what is" 1. Largely normative and stresses on the values of politics 2. Emphasis is on the study of different political structures 3. Made very little attempt to relate theory and research 4. Since facts and values are closely interlinked, studies in political science can never be scientific
Authoritative values
Ones that are widely accepted in society and considered binding by the mass of citizens.
Political System
Order and process; processes by which decisions are made (formal and informal); concerning the use, production, and distribution of resources in any given society
Administration
People running the government
Jean Bodin
Person Coined the term political science
Montesquie
Person Distribution of the functions of government
Aristotle
Person Presented the first comprehensive analysis of the nature of the state, of policy and of political community; the state was even more important than the family because the state can be a vehicle for glory and the good life
Plato
Person Provided the first analysis of the political process and the reason for the state; provided an intellectual rationale for the "divine rights of kings"
Laswell
Person Study of the activities of government determining who gets what and how
Peace of Westphalia
Prior to it, the European medieval organization of political authority was based on the hierarchical religious order; gave rise to independent nation state, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies
Political theory, public law, public administration
Scope of political science
Private or civil society
Set up and funded by individual citizens to satisfy their own interests, rather than those of the larger society
History
Social Discipline: The political scientist employs knowledge of the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable developments in political phenomena.
Economics
Social Discipline: the study of t he production, distribution, and conservation, and consumption of wealth; concerned with the fact that _________ conditions affect the organization, development, and activities of states, which in turn modify or even prescribe ___________ conditions. The political scientist regularly adopts an "_______ approach" when seeking to interpret such matters as "public financial policies'' and government regulation of business.
Philosophy
Social discipline: The concepts and doctrines of Plato, Aristotle and Locke (and other universal thinkers about the state). These concepts are the underlying forces in the framing of constitutions and laws; called ethics, too; contemplating the moral background of proposed changes in social legislation.
Statistics and logic
Social discipline: The political theorist must possess a broad scientific background and a knowledge of current political problems, and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and evaluating data and in drawing conclusions. These involve a proper application of _______ procedures for the quantitative measurement of social phenomena and of ______ procedures for the analysis of reasoning.
Jurisprudence
Social discipline: This branch of public law is concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems and also with the ethical, historical, sociological, and psychological foundations of law. A comprehension of the nature of law (whether the ''natural law" or the ''divine law") and of statutes enacted by legislatures is indispensable to the political theorist.
Sociology and anthropology
Social discipline: _________ the study of "society as a whole" and _________ the study of ''mankind'' in relation to physical, social, and cultural development; are all deeply concerned with the origins and nature of social control and governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race and culture upon society, and with the patterns of collective human behavior.
Geography
Social discipline: concerned with the study of the influences of physical factors such as population pressures, sources of raw materials, geography, etc., upon domestic and foreign politics; indicates one approach which a political scientist frequently must adopt to help explain such phenomena
Psychology
Social discipline: promote studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the political behavior of individuals and groups. One of the many topics which the political scientist handles is that of public opinion, pressure groups, and propaganda.
Divine Right Theory
State is a divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God
Behaviouralism
Study of political behavior; its focus is on the individual as voter, leader, revolutionary, party member, etc. and the influences of the group or the political system on the individual's political behavior
Political science
Study of power structures, power patterns, power distribution, and power relationships between individuals and groups
External sovereignty
The freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states. Often referred to as independence.
Public or state
The institutions of the state: the apparatus of government, the courts, the police, the army, the society security system and so forth are "public" in the sense that they are responsible for the collective organisation of community life
Internal soveriegnty
The power of the state to rule within its territory; the government can impose its will and command obedience from its inhabitants
Political Behavior
The results of these studies are applied during the planning of political campaigns, and influence the design of advertisements and platforms
State
a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.
Political
derived from the Greek work "polis" meaning a city, or what today would be the equivalent of sovereign state
Political science
has, as its formal object, a basic knowledge and understanding of the state and of the principles and ideals which underlie its organization and activities