pH
What is the charge of a hydrogen ion?
+1
What is the charge of a hydroxide ion?
-1
How many moles of H⁺ are there in one liter of water?
0.0000001 moles
What is the yearly global average of CO₂ that enters the atmosphere from volcanoes?
0.7 billion tons
How many grams are present in one mole of Hydrogen (H)?
1.0 gram
How many grams would be required for one mole of H⁺?
1.0 gram
What is the H⁺ concentration in moles/L of a solution with a pH of 3?
1.0 x 10⁻³ moles/L
What is the H⁺ concentration in moles/L of a solution with a pH of 10?
1.0 x 10⁻¹⁰ moles/L
Black coffee has a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 moles/L. Write this value in scientific notation.
1.0 x 10⁻⁵ moles/L
What is the concentration of H⁺ in water (use scientific notation)?
1.0 x 10⁻⁷ moles/L
Write the 0.0000001 moles/L in scientific notation.
1.0 x 10⁻⁷ moles/L
What is the H⁺ concentration in moles/L of a solution with a pH of 8?
1.0 x 10⁻⁸ moles/L
If you have a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻⁶ moles/L, there are _____ times more H⁺ in that solution than water (1.0 x 10⁻⁷ moles/L).
10
What is the yearly global average of CO₂ that enters the atmosphere from combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil)?
10 billion tons
When measuring H⁺ concentrations, there is a _____ change between exponents
10-fold
Black coffee has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ moles/L. How many times more hydrogen ions are in black coffee compared to water?
100 times more hydrogen ions
Household ammonia has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻¹² moles/L. How many times fewer hydrogen ions does household ammonia compared to water?
100,000 times fewer hydrogen ions
Lemon juice has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻² moles/L. How many times more hydrogen ions are there in lemon juice compared to water?
100,000 times more hydrogen ions
Carbon has an atomic weight of 12. How many grams of carbon would you need to have one mole of carbon?
12.0 grams
NaOH (0.1 M) has a H⁺ concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻¹³ moles/L, what is its value on the pH scale?
13
Oxygen has an atomic weight of 16. How many grams of oxygen would you need to make one mole of oxygen?
16.0 grams
What was the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere at the start of the industrial revolution?
280 ppm
Black coffee has a H⁺ concentration of 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ moles/L, what is its value on the pH scale?
5
What is the pH of unpolluted rainwater?
5.6
Neutralization of a base lowers the pH closer to:
7
Neutralization of an acid raises the pH closer to:
7
The concentration of H⁺ in water in 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ moles/L, what is its value on the pH scale?
7
What pH is classified as neutral?
7
Our blood pH stays within a normal range of:
7.35-7.45
What is the chemical name for vinegar?
Acetic acid
To neutralize a base, add an:
Acid
A pH less than 7 is classified as:
Acidic
Molecules that dissociate in water and release excess hydrogen ions are known as:
Acids
What kind of molecules increase the hydrogen concentration of a solution?
Acids
Globally, around 100 billion tons of CO₂ enters the atmosphere each year from:
Aerobic cellular respiration
What is NH₃ called?
Ammonia
What is produced when a powdered metal is mixed with a base?
An insoluble precipitate
What kind of ion is OH⁻?
Anion
What is the common name of sodium bicarbonate?
Baking soda
To neutralize an acid, add a:
Base
What kind of compounds reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?
Bases
A pH greater than 7 is classified as:
Basic
Bases taste:
Bitter
What color will a base turn litmus paper?
Blue
A chemical or a combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits is known as a:
Buffers
_____ maintain pH by adding H⁺ when the pH gets too high and taking up H⁺ when the pH gets too low
Buffers
What is the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide?
Ca(OH)₂
What kind of base is found in Nair hair remover?
Ca(OH)₂
What kind of strong base can be made by heating crushed sea shells or limestone rocks, then adding the product to water?
Ca(OH)₂
What is the base in the antacid Tums?
CaCO₃
The base of the food web in marine systems is threatened by ocean acidification because _________ plankton have shells made of calcium carbonate.
Calcareous
Animals with shells of ________ are most susceptible to ocean acidification because the drop in pH will dissolve their shells faster.
Calcium carbonate
Coral reefs are threatened by ocean acidification because they are principally composed of ________. Since they harbor enormous variety of sea life, their loss would be devastating to marine ecosystems.
Calcium carbonate
In the second stage of the carbon dioxide cycle, carbonic acid leaves the atmosphere and weathers rocks releasing:
Calcium carbonate
What is Ca(OH)₂ called?
Calcium hydroxide
Unpolluted rainwater is slightly acidic due to the presence of what gas in the atmosphere that reacts with water?
Carbon dioxide
Why is unpolluted rainwater acidic?
Carbon dioxide combines with water and produces carbonic acid
What has the Keeling Curve been tracking for the past half century?
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
H₂CO₃ is known as:
Carbonic acid
The carbon dioxide cycle begins with volcanoes emitting CO₂ into the atmosphere where it combines with water to form:
Carbonic acid
The greater the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere, the greater the amount of ________ that falls into the oceans as rain.
Carbonic acid
What acid makes seltzer water tangy?
Carbonic acid
What is the principal buffer in the human body?
Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
What kind of ion is H⁺?
Cation
What kind of acid makes a lemon sour?
Citric acid
HCl is known as a strong acid because when added to water, it will dissociate:
Completely
Strong acids will dissociate _______ when added to water.
Completely
Strong bases dissociate _______ when added to water.
Completely
In a liter of water, what does one out of every 554 million water molecules spontaneously do?
Dissociate
Just like acids, bases will ______ when added to water.
Dissociate
_______________ is a general process in which molecules separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
Dissociation
Higher CO₂ levels in the atmosphere mean higher carbonic acid levels in the oceans. Rising CO₂ levels leads to a ______ in pH within the oceans.
Drop
Globally, on average, the CO₂ released into the air from aerobic cellular respiration is ______ to the amount that leaves the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Equal
A mole is the weight of a substance in ______ that corresponds to the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of that substance.
Gram
A pH _______ than 7 is alkaline.
Greater
What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?
HCl
What kind of strong acid is stomach acid?
HCl
What is the chemical formula of nitric acid?
HNO₃
What is HCl known as?
Hydrochloric acid
When an acid is mixed with a powdered metal, what gas is produced?
Hydrogen gas
What is H⁺ called?
Hydrogen ion
In the term pH, what does the H represent?
Hydrogen ion concentration
Acids are molecules that dissociate in water and release:
Hydrogen ions
What is the compound name for H₃O⁺?
Hydronium ion
What is OH⁻ called?
Hydroxide ion
Acids and bases are classified by their concentrations of:
H⁺
What two products result from the dissociation of HCl?
H⁺ and Cl⁻
A tiny fraction of water molecules will spontaneously dissociate into equal numbers of:
H⁺ and OH⁻
In reality, what happens to H⁺ when a water molecule dissociates?
H⁺ binds to a water molecule forming a hydronium ion
CO₂ + H₂O → _____?
H₂CO₃
What is the chemical formula of carbonic acid?
H₂CO₃
What is the chemical formula of sulfuric acid?
H₂SO₄
What is the formula of a hydronium ion?
H₃O⁺
Acid _____ the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Increase
What is the chemical formula of potassium hydroxide?
KOH
What strong base can be made from wood ashes mixed with water?
KOH
What is the primary function of stomach acid?
Kill bacteria
In the fourth stage of the carbon dioxide cycle, shells of calcium carbonate from dead animals are deposited and diagenetically transform into:
Limestone
A common name for sodium hydroxide is:
Lye
Pteropods are free-swimming, shelled, larvae of _________. They are susceptible to ocean acidification. They serve as important indicators of marine ecosystem health because they serve as food source for many commercial fish species (i.e. salmon and haddock).
Marine snails
A ______ is the weight of a substance in grams that corresponds to the atomic masses of all of the atoms in a molecule of that substance.
Mole
What unit of measurement is used in chemistry to measure the H⁺ concentration in a solution?
Mole/L
What is the chemical formula of ammonia?
NH₃
NH₃ + H₂O → _____ + _____
NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
What is the chemical formula of sodium bicarbonate?
NaHCO₃
What common strong base is found in drain cleaner (e.g. Drano) and oven cleaner (e.g. Easy Off)?
NaOH
What is the chemical formula of lye?
NaOH
What is the chemical formula of sodium hydroxide?
NaOH
What two products result from the dissociation of NaOH?
Na⁺ and OH⁻
What is HNO₃ known as?
Nitric acid
H₂O → H⁺ + ____?
OH⁻
NH₃ is a base because it accepts a proton and also releases a:
OH⁻
Bases also release _____ into a solution.
OH⁻ ions
___________ is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Ocean acidification
Rising CO₂ levels not only increase global temperatures, raise sea levels, change the climate, but also lower the pH of the:
Oceans
Weak acids, when added to water, dissociate:
Only partially
In 1958, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere were 313 ppm. In 2018, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere were:
Over 400 ppm (406 ppm)
The difference between the past fluctuations in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the rise we are seeing today is that:
Past rises took 10,000 years. Today CO₂ is rising 100 times faster.
What digestive enzyme is activated by HCl in the stomach?
Pepsin
Globally, around 100 billion tons of CO₂ leaves the atmosphere each year through:
Photosynthesis
What is KOH called?
Potassium hydroxide
What is another name for a hydrogen ion?
Proton
What color does an acid turn litmus paper?
Red
Bases are compounds that _______ the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Reduce
Why do bases feel slippery?
Saponification of your skin oils into soap
In the third stage of the carbon dioxide cycle, calcium carbonate in solution is transformed by biota or inorganic means into:
Shells and rock
Calcium hydroxide is commonly known as:
Slaked lime
What do bases feel like?
Slippery
What is NaHCO₃ called?
Sodium bicarbonate
The base NaOH is known as:
Sodium hydroxide
Acids taste:
Sour
Is HNO₃ a strong acid or a weak acid?
Strong acid
Is H₂SO₄ a strong acid or a weak acid?
Strong acid
Is Ca(OH)₂ a strong base or a weak base?
Strong base
Is KOH a strong base or a weak base?
Strong base
Is NaOH a strong base or a weak base?
Strong base
Bases that dissociate completely when added to water are known as:
Strong bases
In the fifth stage of the carbon dioxide cycle, limestone on the ocean floor is _______. The carbon dioxide becomes part of the magma in the mantle, only to escape to the atmosphere when lava reaches the surface.
Subducted and melted
What is H₂SO₄ known as?
Sulfuric acid
Bases often reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution by:
Taking up hydrogen ions
How does NaOH reduce the hydrogen ion concentration in water?
The free OH⁻ from the lye will bond with the H⁺ already in the water
In the term pH, what does the p represent?
The p is the unknown variable. Just like when you do an algebra problem and solve for x
Antacids are bases. True or False?
True
Carbonated beverages get some of their acidity from H₂CO₃. True or False?
True
Globally, there is, on average, a net input of 10 billion tons of CO₂ entering the atmosphere. True or False?
True
In a weak acid, only a fraction (~1%) of the molecules dissociate. True or False?
True
The last time there was this much carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere humans didn't exist yet. True or False?
True
Is H₂CO₃ a strong acid or a weak acid?
Weak acid
Is acetic acid a strong acid or a weak acid?
Weak acid
Is citric acid a strong acid or a weak acid?
Weak acid
Acids that only dissociate partially when added to water are known as:
Weak acids
Is ammonia a strong base or a weak base?
Weak base
What kind of bases dissociate only partially when added to water: strong or weak bases?
Weak bases
Weak bases dissociate ________ when added to water.
only partially
Buffers prevent drastic fluctuations in:
pH
The mathematical formula for ____ is the negative natural logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/L.
pH
Which is more alkaline: a pH 9 or a pH 10?
pH 10
Exponents can be confusing when dealing with fractions of a mole of H⁺ in solutions, so a Danish chemist, S.L. Sorenson introduced the _______ for measuring acidity and alkalinity.
pH scale
