Pharm Exam 2

The nurse is caring for a patient with deep vein thrombosis who is on anticoagulant therapy. Which instruction should the nurse give the patient?

"Avoid eating large amounts of garlic."

A patient questions the nurse about herbal treatments for arthritic pain. What is the nurse's best response?

"Glucosamine has shown promise. Consult your healthcare provider."

In a pediatric unit, a child's caregiver asks the nurse, "How is the hepatitis B vaccine administered to an infant?" What is the nurse's best response?

"Hepatitis B vaccine is administered to the infant within 12 hours of birth."

The nurse is teaching a patient about the benefits of soy. Which patient statement confirms that the patient understands the benefits of soy?

"Soy might help me with hot flashes." Soy protein and soy isoflavones have several uses, including prevention of breast cancer and, in postmenopausal women, treatment of hot flashes and prevention of osteoporosis.St. John's wort is used to treat mild depression. There are no contraindications to eating meat and taking soy. Soy should not be combined with tamoxifen and other drugs that can block estrogen receptors.

In reviewing the home medications of a patient who has been given a new prescription for orlistat, the nurse notes that the patient takes levothyroxine. The nurse should provide which instruction?

"Take the orlistat and the levothyroxine at least 4 hours apart."

To which patient will the nurse administer the first dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine?

A 14-month-old Every child should receive two vaccinations: the first between ages 12 and 15 months, and the second between ages 4 and 6 years.

A nurse is reviewing the medication records for vitamin K. The nurse will hold vitamin K and call the provider regarding which patient?

A patient taking warfarin Vitamin K is not given to a patient taking warfarin, as this will interfere with the action of the warfarin.

A patient has developed antibodies in response to an infection. Which pathway of the complement system should the nurse consider when discussing this with the student assigned to care for the patient?

Classical The system can be activated in two ways: the classical pathway and the alternative pathway. The classical pathway is activated by antibodies; the alternative pathway is not.

The nurse administers varicella vaccine to a child. The nurse should then instruct the parent to avoid giving the child which product for 6 weeks?

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

A nurse is administering interferon alpha to a patient. Which response does the nurse expect?

Activation of macrophages, cytolytic cells, and natural killer cells Interferon alpha activates macrophages, cytolytic T cells, and natural killer cells. Interleukin-11 enhances actions of interleukin-3. Interleukin-1 stimulates lymphocyte progenitor cells. Interleukin-8 attracts neutrophils, B cells, and T cells.

The provider has prescribed a hepatitis A vaccine for the patient. Which type of vaccine will the nurse be administering?

An inactivated viral antigen The vaccine against hepatitis A is an inactive viral antigen. DTaP, DT, and Tdap are all toxoids. Hepatitis A is not a bacteria-type vaccine. MMR is a live virus, as is varicella.

A patient is prescribed hepatitis B vaccination. Which precaution will the nurse take to prevent complications?

Ask about any allergic reaction to yeast.

A child who has a rash is found to have measles. What is the nurse's best action?

Ask the healthcare provider to submit a report to the state health department.

When does gastric emptying time reach adult values in infants?

At 6-8 months Gastric emptying time reaches adult values by 6-8 months. Gastric emptying time is both prolonged and irregular in early infancy. It will not have reached adult values at birth or 3-4 months, but it will reach adult values before 18-24 months.

A patient with severe airborne allergies asks the nurse how a newly prescribed antihistamine medication will improve symptoms. The nurse should base the response on an understanding of how the antihistamine affects which cells?

Basophils Mast cells and basophils mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Mast cells are derived from basophils. Both cell types release histamine, heparin, and other compounds that cause the rhinitis and itching of immediate hypersensitivity. Neutrophils phagocytize foreign material, such as bacteria. B lymphocytes produce antibodies. CD8 cells are cytolytic T lymphocytes that lyse target cells.

A patient is receiving phentermine. Which piece of equipment will the nurse obtain to monitor for an adverse effect?

Blood pressure cuff

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy Risk categories, which category represents the greatest risk for fetal harm?

D Drugs in Category D are the most dangerous; these drugs are known to cause human fetal harm.

Which statement is true regarding pharmacokinetics in children 1 year and older?

By age 1 year, most pharmacokinetic parameters in children are similar to those in adults. By age 1 year, most pharmacokinetic parameters in children are similar to those in adults. Children older than 1 year metabolize drugs much faster, not slower, than adults. Drug-metabolizing capacity is markedly increased, not decreased, until age 2 years, then gradually declines, not increases. Drug sensitivity in children older than 1 year is more like that of adults, not infants.

A nurse is teaching about preventing infections. Which cells should the nurse include when describing the cell-mediated immunity? Select all that apply.

CD4 cells Cytolytic T lymphocytes Antigen-presenting cells

A patient is infected with a virus. What type of immunity will be engaged to stop the virus from reproducing?

Cell-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity kills self cells that are infected with viruses, thereby halting viral replication. When molecules are too small to activate antibodies, the small molecule can link to a larger molecule, usually a protein. The small molecule is referred to as a hapten; the larger one is a carrier. Humoral immunity focuses on bacteria. Humoral immunity helps produce antibodies.

Which factor in a patient's history is most likely related to the development of thiamine (vitamin B 1) deficiency?

Chronic alcohol abuse

When the nurse is instructing the staff about the immune system, which information should the nurse include about the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?

Class I MHC molecules "present" antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

The nursing preceptor is educating student nurses about immune responses. Which best describes the mechanism of opsonization in the immune system's fight against bacteria? <p>The nursing preceptor is educating student nurses about immune responses. Which <b>best </b>describes the mechanism of opsonization in the immune system's fight against bacteria?</p>

Coating with antibodies Opsonization , or the coating of bacteria with antibodies, helps macrophages and neutrophils hold on to bacteria, thereby facilitating phagocytosis.

The nurse is concerned that an older patient's adverse drug reactions are due to reduced renal excretion. Which laboratory result should the nurse closely monitor?

Creatinine clearance

The nurse is concerned that an older patient's adverse drug reactions are due to reduced renal excretion. Which laboratory result should the nurse closely monitor?

Creatinine clearance Creatinine clearance, not serum creatinine levels, is the proper index of renal function

A pregnant woman has taken a medication that is a known teratogen. What steps should the nurse take to identify risks for malformation?

Determine the frequency of when the medication was taken. Determine exactly when the pregnancy began. Determine exactly when the medication was taken.

The provider has prescribed a diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunization for a 5-year-old child. Which vaccine will the nurse administer? <p>The provider has prescribed a diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunization for a 5-year-old child. Which vaccine will the nurse administer?</p>

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) DTaP is used for routine vaccination for children younger than 10 years old. DT only contains diphtheria and tetanus; it is lacking pertussis. Td is used as a booster for adolescents and adults and does not contain pertussis. Tdap is used as a booster in adolescents and adults to protect against all three diseases.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has undergone a kidney transplant and will be given immunosuppressant medications. Before administering the medications, the nurse should question the patient about the use of which herb to prevent drug interactions?

Echinacea Echinacea counteracts immunosuppressant medications and therefore causes severe adverse effects

The nurse is reviewing the chart of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Which piece of data would alert the nurse to follow up?

Echinacea supplement The information indicates that the patient is immunocompromised. Because echinacea acts by suppressing the immune system, it should not be given to this patient.

A patient receives an immunization with an attenuated vaccine. Which response should the nurse expect if the vaccine produces active immunity?

Endogenous production of antibodies Attenuated vaccines are made from live microbes that cause the immune system to make endogenous antibodies against the microbe from which the vaccine was made. Because attenuated vaccines are avirulent, they do not cause the illness. Active immunity takes weeks or months to develop; passive immunity is conferred immediately and refers to the administration of preformed antibodies. Attenuated vaccines do not cause more potent immune system responses than killed vaccines

The nurse is caring for a 1-month-old infant with diarrhea who has been prescribed an antidiarrheal medication. Upon checking the composition of the medication, the nurse finds that the active ingredient is an alkaline and fat-soluble substance. Which pharmacokinetic variation would nurse expect to find in the child when compared to an adult?

Enhanced drug absorption

The sale of which herbal medication was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2004 because of its cardiovascular side effects?

Ephedra The FDA banned ephedra in 2004 because of its cardiovascular side effects. Kava was banned by the FDA in 2002 because of liver toxicity. Aloe vera is not banned by the FDA because it does not have severe side effects. Cocoa does not cause cardiovascular-related side effects. It stimulates the central nervous system.

When assessing for drug effects in the older adult, which phase of pharmacokinetics is the greatest concern?

Excretion

Which factors may contribute to unintentional nonadherence? Select all that apply.

Failure to comprehend instructions Inability to pay for medications Forgetfulness

When teaching a pregnant patient about the effects of medication on the fetus, the nurse should recognize that the greatest harm from maternally ingested medications occurs during which time period? <p>When teaching a pregnant patient about the effects of medication on the fetus, the nurse should recognize that the greatest harm from maternally ingested medications occurs during which time period?</p>

First trimester

The nurse is teaching a group of coworkers about the uses of flaxseed as an herbal remedy. Which statement about flaxseed should be included in the teaching?

Flaxseed should be avoided by patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

A patient tells the nurse that she is thinking about becoming pregnant. The nurse teaches the patient that which vitamin should be her priority for supplementation before planning a pregnancy?

Folic acid

A nurse is preparing to administer the last dose of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. Which dose is the nurse giving?

Fourth

The nurse is reviewing the chart of a patient with primary hypertension and a history of myocardial infarction (MI). Which would the nurse question?

Garlic Taking garlic can increase the bleeding risk for the patient who is prescribed aspirin following an MI. They should not be taken together.

A patient who has rheumatoid arthritis tells the nurse, "I take an herbal remedy for the stiffness I feel in my legs early in the morning." Which herbal remedy has been recommended for this purpose?

Ginger Stiffness, pain, and swelling associated with rheumatoid arthritis may make it difficult for the patient to get out of bed, especially in the morning. Ginger has antiinflammatory properties. Consuming 4 grams, or 4000 mg, of ginger daily can relieve the stiffness and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Licorice may be used to relieve symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, but licorice does not help to alleviate the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Consuming 5 mg of garlic daily can help to treat hypercholesterolemia. Ginseng is also effective in treating chronic fatigue syndrome, but it is not effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis.

The patient asks the nurse for a supplement that can be used to prevent motion sickness during a vacation cruise. The nurse suggests which supplement?

Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) Ginger root is used to suppress nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness and morning sickness and for postoperative nausea and vomiting. It may be involved in the blockade of serotonin receptors located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain. Garlic, coenzyme Q-10, and feverfew are not used to suppress nausea and vomiting.

What should the nurse do when administering medications to a pregnant patient who has asthma?

Give the asthma medications because they improve fetal outcomes.

A child who is scheduled to receive the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) has a runny nose and temperature of 99.9° F. What action should the nurse take?

Give the vaccine. DTaP can be administered to children with mild febrile illness (e.g., upper respiratory infection with or without low-grade fever). The vaccine should not be held unless the child has a moderate or severe febrile illness. The provider does not need to be notified. Intravenous fluids are not needed at this time.

The nurse is reviewing the chart of a patient with a chronic mood disorder who is taking olanzapine. Which food would the nurse caution the patient about in relation to the prescribed medication? <p>The nurse is reviewing the chart of a patient with a chronic mood disorder who is taking olanzapine. Which food would the nurse caution the patient about in relation to the prescribed medication?</p>

Grapefruit juice Olanzapine is a psychoactive medication used in the management of mood disorders and schizophrenia. Olanzapine should not be taken with grapefruit juice or grapefruit-containing foods because this may cause a food-drug interaction.

The nurse is completing an admission assessment for a patient who requires treatment of an anxiety disorder. The patient states, "I take the dietary supplement kava every day to help my anxiety and stress." The nurse understands the patient is at risk for which serious adverse effect?

Hepatotoxicity

A nurse is checking the laboratory results for antibodies. Which type of immune response is the nurse assessing for in this patient?

Humoral immunity Humoral immunity refers to immune responses that are mediated by antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity refers to immune responses in which targets are attacked directly by immune system cells, specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages. Natural (innate) immunity includes physical barriers (e.g., skin), phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells.

A patient receiving vitamin K most likely has demonstrated what?

Hypoprothrombinemia Vitamin K is an essential nutrient for the synthesis of clotting factors.

In assessing a patient with a vitamin A deficiency, the nurse should determine if the patient has which manifestation?

Impaired night vision Vitamin A plays an important role in adaptation to dim light and night blindness, which often are the first indicators of deficiency.

Which substance serves as the stimulus for macrophage activation in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions?

Interferon gamma In response to interferon gamma, macrophages increase the production of lysosomes and reactive oxygen, which ultimately kills bacteria residing in the macrophage. Immunoglobulin E is a type of antibody class. Lymphokine is a mediator molecule released by a lymphocyte. Interleukin-1 is a type of cytokine.

Which route does the nurse use when administering the pneumococcal vaccine?

Intramuscularly

A nurse is teaching a class about the transmission of hepatitis A. Which information will the nurse be certain to include?

It is spread by fecal-oral route. The most common modes of hepatitis B transmission are needle-stick accidents, sexual contact with an infected partner, maternal-child transmission during birth, and use of contaminated intravenous equipment or solutions.

Why would the nurse consult the Beers list when administering drugs?

It lists drugs with a high likelihood of causing adverse effects in older adults.

Which product did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ban in the United States because of the serious adverse effects of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death?

Ma huang (ephedra) Sales of ma huang have been banned in the United States since 2004, making it the first time that a dietary supplement has been ordered off the market. It has been associated with stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. The ban was challenged in 2007, but a rehearing petition was denied. .

A nurse is teaching a health class about immune responses. Which major cells should the nurse include in the teaching session?

Macrophages Lymphocytes Dendritic cells

A nurse is assessing a child with a rash. Which findings, if present in the patient, would prompt the nurse to suspect chickenpox? Select all that apply.

Maculopapular lesions on the face, scalp, and trunk Anorexia Malaise Fever

The school nurse is teaching high school students about the immune system. Which characteristic of the immune system produces faster and prolonged symptoms after initial exposure to an antigen?

Memory

A lactating woman takes atenolol for blood pressure. Which drug would be a safer alternative for this breast-feeding patient?

Metoprolol Metoprolol, labetalol, and propranolol are the drugs of choice for breast-feeding women.

The patient takes feverfew daily. The nurse recalls that feverfew is commonly used to prevent what condition?

Migraine headaches Feverfew has been shown to be effective as a prophylactic treatment for migraine headaches. Echinacea is the treatment for viral infections.

A nurse is describing mediator molecules released by any immune system cell. Which specific term does the nurse use to identify a mediator molecule released by a phagocyte?

Monokine

A patient is taking ma huang for weight loss. What life-threatening adverse effects should the nurse teach the patient about this herbal remedy?

Myocardial infarction

Which indication(s) of toxicity should be included in patient teaching regarding the administration of vitamin C?

Nausea and abdominal cramping Megadoses of vitamin C can cause nausea and vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

A nurse is preparing to administer the rotavirus vaccine. Which route will the nurse use?

Oral

A patient has a prescription for a weight-loss drug. The nurse informs the patient that this drug will reduce absorption of fat. Which drug was prescribed?

Orlistat Unlike most other weight-loss drugs, which act in the brain to curb appetite, orlistat acts in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce absorption of fat. Lorcaserin suppresses appetite and creates a sense of satiety by activating hypothalamic and mesolimbic pathways that control appetite. Diethylpropion and phentermine promote weight loss by decreasing appetite.

While reviewing a patient's laboratory results, the nurse identifies an increase in eosinophils. The patient most likely has which condition?

Parasitic worms Eosinophils destroy foreign particles that have been coated with antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) class; their usual target is parasitic worms. They also increase in response to immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Bacterial invasion, immune deficiency, and hemorrhaging are not conditions in which eosinophils are increased.

A nurse administers pyridoxine (B 6) to a patient with tuberculosis. The nurse explains to the patient that the drug prevents which condition?

Peripheral neuritis

Which is not a reason for the decline in hepatic drug metabolism with age?

Poor diet

After reviewing the chart of a patient with Parkinson's disease, which finding will cause the nurse to notify the provider?

Pyridoxine Vitamin B 6, pyridoxine, interferes with the utilization of levodopa, a drug for Parkinson's disease.

A patient has a low level of vitamin B 12. Which laboratory result should the nurse assess first?

Red blood cell count

The nurse is caring for an older adult patient. The laboratory reports reveal decreased liver function. How does this change affect the drug action?

Reduced absorption Most drugs get metabolized in the liver. The decreased liver function will lead to reduced metabolism of drugs. As a result, drugs may not be available for therapeutic effect, or excretion may be reduced, causing drug toxicity. Reduced liver function does not cause increased drug excretion, because drug excretion takes place through the kidneys. Liver impairment does not affect absorption, because it is a function of the stomach and intestines. Impaired liver function may decrease first-pass metabolism.

The dosage of a certain drug is reduced when administered to a pregnant woman with liver impairment. Which other clinical situation requires reduction in the dosage of most drugs administered during pregnancy?

Renal impairment

The breast-feeding patient with epilepsy takes anticonvulsant therapy. What guideline should the nurse follow to minimize risk to the baby?

Request an order for drugs that have a shorter half-life.

A nurse is assessing a child with an inadequate intake of vitamin D. Which condition will the nurse monitor for in this child?

Rickets The classic effects of deficiency are rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults). Anemia can occur with vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiencies. Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin (nicotinic acid).

A teratogenic drug, such as methotrexate, is most likely to cause learning deficits during which phase of fetal development?

Second and third trimesters Exposure to teratogens during the second and third trimesters usually disrupts function rather than producing obvious anatomic abnormalities. Exposure to teratogens during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy usually causes an "all-or-nothing" response that may result in fetal death. Exposure during the remainder of the first trimester may result in anatomic malformations.

A patient is taking lorcaserin for weight loss and takes dextromethorphan over the counter for a cough. What will the nurse monitor for in this patient?

Serotonin syndrome When serotonergic drugs such as lorcaserin are given with other serotonergic drugs (like dextromethorphan or bupropion), the risk for serotonin syndrome increases.

The provider writes a prescription for lorcaserin. Which medication on the patient's current medication list would prompt the nurse to provide further teaching to the patient?

Sertraline

During the assessment process, the patient reports using oral comfrey for the treatment of acne. What should the nurse teach the patient about the adverse effects of comfrey?

Severe liver damage can occur.

A patient who has pellagra is taking niacin. Which outcome would be most appropriate for a nurse to establish with the patient?

Smooth, intact skin in sun-exposed areas

A nurse is caring for a patient who developed immunity after being exposed to an antigen. Which type of immune response did the patient develop?

Specific acquired immunity

Which supplement regularly taken by a patient who is prescribed lorcaserin will cause the nurse to follow up?

St. John's wort

A patient has frequent sunburns after taking a specific herb on a regular basis. The nurse expects that the patient has been taking which herb?

St. John's wort St. John's wort produces skin photosensitivity; garlic, milk thistle, and hawthorn are not known to cause this side effect.

A patient who has depression is admitted to the emergency department with serotonin syndrome. The nurse learns that the patient is taking an herbal medication and citalopram. Which herbal medication is the patient most likely taking?

St. John's wort St. John's wort is an herb used as a medication to treat depression. It leads to serotonin syndrome

A nurse is preparing to administer a polio vaccine. By which route should the nurse administer the vaccination?

Subcutaneous

The nurse is administering varicella vaccine to a patient. By which route will the nurse administer the medication?

Subcutaneous Varicella vaccine is administered subcutaneously into the outer aspect of the upper arm or into the anterolateral thigh. Rotavirus vaccine is oral. Varicella is not given intradermally or intramuscularly.

Which vitamins are most likely to lead to toxic levels (hypervitaminosis) when administered in megadoses? Select all that apply.

Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K

Which information on the product label of an herbal supplement would comply with the regulations established by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)?

Supports the immune system The DSHEA restricts the wording of labels on product packaging. A label cannot claim to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. However, the label is allowed to state the product's ability to favorably influence body function or structure. Statements on a label such as "reduces pain of arthritis," "lowers cholesterol," and "relieves menopausal hot flashes" would not be in compliance with DSHEA regulations.

The nurse is reviewing the chart of a female patient who is scheduled for a hip replacement. Based on the chart information, what information about black cohosh will the nurse share with the patient?

Taking antihypertensives and black cohosh can cause hypotension. Black cohosh may potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive drugs as well as the hypoglycemic effects of insulin and other drugs for diabetes.

A 3-year-old child is scheduled to receive pneumococcal vaccine (PCV). Which condition, if reported by the patient's father, would prompt the nurse to hold the vaccine and contact the prescribing provider?

Temperature of 103°F PCV vaccination is recommended for children younger than 5 years. Certain contraindications apply to all vaccines, including PCV. A vaccine should not be administered to a child with moderate to severe illness with or without a fever.

The patient has been prescribed probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. What does the nurse identify as characteristics of probiotics? Select all that apply.

They can cause flatulence. They are composed of bacteria and yeast.

A nurse teaches a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome about helper T cells. Which functions should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

They initiate delayed-type hypersensitivity. They assist in antibody production. They activate cytolytic T cells.

A child is suspected of having mumps. Which area will the nurse assess first?

Throat

Which of these is not an example of age-related adverse drug effects?

Toxicity

Which patient characteristic will lead the nurse to avoid recommending ginger root for relief of nausea?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A patient has tuberculosis. Which type of process acts to rid the body of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Type IV hypersensitivity The object of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH or type IV) is to rid the body of bacteria that replicate primarily within macrophages (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Humoral focuses on bacteria. Target-cell lysis is to kill self cells that are infected with viruses, thereby halting viral replication.

A patient with a malabsorption disease is at risk for low levels of fat-soluble vitamins. The nurse anticipates the patient to have a deficiency of which vitamin(s)? Select all that apply.

Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamins are divided into two major groups: fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and members of the vitamin B complex).

Which fat-soluble vitamin is synthesized by the bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract?

Vitamin K Vitamin K is the fat-soluble vitamin synthesized by the intestinal flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamins A and E are fat-soluble vitamins that are obtained through dietary sources. Vitamin B 1 is a water-soluble vitamin synthesized by the intestinal flora in the gastrointestinal tract.

The nurse is assessing a patient who has been taking warfarin phytonadione. The lab reports reveal that the patient has developed venous thromboembolism. What vitamin ingestion may be the reason for this finding?

Vitamin K Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug, which acts by blocking the action of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Vitamin K reverses the effect of warfarin.

Which statement is true regarding drug absorption in infants versus adults?

When a drug is administered intravenously, levels decline more slowly in the infant than in the adult. When a drug is administered intravenously, levels decline more slowly in the infant than in the adult. When a drug is administered intravenously, drug absorption in the infant remains above, not below, the minimum effective concentration (MEC) longer than in the adult. When a drug is administered subcutaneously in the infant, the drug levels remain above, not below, the MEC longer than in an adult. When a drug is administered orally in the infant, drug absorption is enhanced or impeded, not delayed as in the adult.

In addition to vaccination for all children ages 12 through 23 months, hepatitis A vaccination (HepA) is recommended in which situations? Select all that apply.

When an individual travels to Central America When a male has sex with men When an individual lives in an Alaskan Native village

A nurse is teaching a health class about immune responses. Which major cells should the nurse include in the teaching session

crophages Lymphocytes Dendritic cells The major actors are the lymphocytes (B cells, cytolytic T cells, and helper T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.

According the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule, which content is considered part of the clinical considerations subsection? Select all that apply.

or delivery Maternal adverse reactions Fetal or neonatal adverse reactions Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo or fetal risk Dose adjustments during pregnancy and the postpartum period