Pharm: Exam 2

ineffective

one of the major concerns of the US senate in the late 1950s was that some of the most widely sold over-the-counter medicines were probably _, and there was no law against this

pure food and drugs act

one of the precursors to the _ was president roosevelt's recommendation in 1905 that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs

phase one

once the FDA authorizes the testing of a drug in humans, in which phase of clinical investigation does a company learn about how that drug is absorbed and excreted in healthy people, as well as the side effects it may trigger

under the influence of a drug

Drug use might cause criminal behavior when a person is _.

were adulterated or didn't properly list any important ingredients

until 1912, the united states food and drug administration tested products and pursued any that _

existence of a withdrawal syndrome that resulted due to stopping the use of a drug

According to early medical models on substance dependence, dependence was characterized by the

there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior

According to research conducted on personality types that typically tend to be involved in drug taking behavior, _

were still free to prescribed heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug

according to the harrison act of 1914, physicians _

codependence

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, _ of family members on the user facilitates further substance use by that user

-alcohol-in-combination -cocaine -prescription opioids -marijuana

In the context of the data gathered by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system, rank the top four classes of drugs involved in emergency room visits in decreasing order of number of cases (from highest to lowest)

does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

Peele and others argued that substance dependence should not be classified as a disease because it _.

false

T or F: for a chemist, it would seem logical to ascribe morality to the drug itself

the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior

The 1960s experiments on a drug use by monkeys concluded that

the cost of black-market opium increased

What happened as more states and municipalities outlawed opium dense in the United States

psychological

_ dependence of a user on a drug is indicated by frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use

do not determine whether poor scores affect increased cocaine use or cocaine use reduces scores

a correlational study was carried out by the lonian study of drug use on the risk factors of cocaine use by college students in the country of Ionia. According to its data, it was found that those students who are less likely to score well in college are among those who regularly use cocaine. It was also found that perceived ease of availability of the drug has no influence on its rate of use. In this scenario, the research findings of the Ionian study of drug use _

is too simple

a criticism of the research work focused on explaining dependence through dopamine levels is that this model

-increased talkativeness -slurred speech and difficulty walking -unconsciousness

arrange the usual cages a user undergoes upon increasing his or her alcohol consumption in the correct order of occurrence

the harrison act criminalized individual use or possession of certain habit-forming drugs

false

illicit drug use is a crime

it is likely that the relationship between illicit drug use and other forms of deviant behavior is strengthened by the fact that

-the department of agriculture (it administered a law aimed at ensuring that drugs were pure and honestly labeled) -the treasury department (it was responsible for taxing alcohol, and it would later be responsible for enforcing prohibition)

match the departments in the united states government with the kinds of laws they administered by 1914

patent medicines

medicines sold directly to the public under various trademark names and are primarily associated with the period before 1906 in the united states

drug misuse

refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist

cocaine

stimulant and the primary active chemical in coca, the pure form of which became available in the united states in the mid-1800s

interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

the 1906 pure food and drugs act prohibited

effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label

the most important change brought in by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring that every new drug be demonstrated to be _

drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way

the notion that _ forms the basis of arguments in favor of passing laws to regulate drug use and drug users

take corrective action when it occurs

deviant drug use by an individual causes members of the individual's group to _

minority racial groups

during the period after the civil war in the united states, concerns about drunkenness, crime, drug misuse, and other forms of deviant behavior came to be associated with _

-symbolic impacts (these provide status benefits to the supporters of criminalization regardless of how effectively the laws are actually enforced) -instrumental impacts (these have effects on local, state, and federal budgets)

match the kinds of impacts of passing laws that criminalize behavior like drug use with the things they influence

-the regulation of pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales -the regulation of opioids and cocaine -the prohibition of alcohol

rank the following regulations in the united states in the order in which they were implemented, placing the first to be implemented at the top and the last to be implemented at the bottom

patent medicines

the broadest impact on drug use in the united states during the late 19th century and early 20th century came from the widespread legal distribution of _, which were dispensed by traveling peddlers and were readily available at local stores for self-medication

behavioral toxicity

toxicity that results from effects of a drug on the behavior of a user is called

they were readily available and inexpensive

why were morphine and heroin popular among lower-class opium users when states and municipalities in the united states began to outlaw opium dens

a large role in determining people's tendency to experiment with substances

in the context of influence of genetic traits on rate of substance use, it can be concluded that genetic factors play _

increased efforts by governments to limit access to dangerous drugs

in the context of substance use, a significant development has been

opium

in the early 1800s, the most reliable and effective medicine of medical doctors, used for a variety of conditions but most notable as a pain reliever, was _

False

According to the 1960s experiments on self-administration of morphine by monkeys, only those monkeys who were initially made physically dependent on the drug continued pressing the lever for their morphine intake

morphine, heroin, and cocaine

An international conference met in 1912 to discuss controls on the opium trade. Great Britain wanted _ included as well, because these were replacing opium, which led to several countries agreeing to control international trade and domestic sale and use of these substances

By increasing the dose of the drug

How does a regular drug user overcome his or her body's tolerance toward a particular drug to experience the desired effect of the drug?

reinforcement

IN psychology, _ is a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated

The specific genes influencing dependence are unknown

Identify a true statement about genetic influence on substance dependence

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance

crime, dependence, and toxicity

Identify the main concerns that motivated the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs

secondary to another problem

Prior to being recognized and treated directly, psychiatrists assumed that alcohol dependence was _.

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)

The _ was set up by the US government in an effort to monitor the toxicity of drugs other than alcohol

the artificially high cost of the drugs

The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit drugs is primarily due to _

if a seller wanted to sell drugs, and a buyer wanted to buy drugs, the government allowed it

The laissez-faire style of regulation of sale and use of most drugs by the US government in the 1800s implied that

the harrison act of 1914

What is otherwise known as "An Act to provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes"

physical

_ dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence

physical

_ dependence on a drug is defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome in the user

tolerance

_ typically precedes a user's physical dependence on a drug

withdrawal syndrome

a consistent set of symptoms that appears after discontinuing use of a drug is known as a(n)

-tobacco -alcohol -psychoactive drugs

according to available data on mortality due to consumption of substances in the United States, rank the substances in decreasing order (from the highest to the lowest) of the number of deaths they are responsible for

only to labels, not to general advertising

according to the 1906 Pure food and drugs act, misbranding referred _

what proportion of habit-forming drugs they included

according to the 1906 pure food and drugs act, the packaging of drugs had to indicate _

they are treated more as foods

how are drug like dietary supplements viewed by federal law

studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance-use disorders produce significant results

identify an accurate statement about genetic influence on drug use

-a group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture of dispense legal drugs -a group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales

identify the important classes of drug laws

-medical model of dependence (this model viewed morphine-dependent patients as having developed a unique disorder requiring continued treatment) -moral model of dependence (this model viewed morphine-dependent patients as being merely weak-willed or simply seeking pleasure in the drug's effects)

match the models of morphine dependence in the 19th century in the united states with their descriptions

-heroin (painkiller) -cocaine (local anesthetic) -methamphetamine (treatment of ADHD and obesity)

match the popular drugs with their beneficial applications

-toxicity: some drug sellers were considered to be endangering the public health and victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them -dependence: some drug sellers were seen as victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them -crime: drug users came to be seen as a threat to public safety- resulting in widespread attitude that drug-crazed individuals would often break the law in violent, horrible ways

match the reason for the federal government creating restrictive regulations for the sale of some psychoactive drugs in the 21st century

focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain

to prove that all compulsive behaviors have some common physiological or biochemical action in the brain theorists have _

-they do not need to be proved to be effective for an intended purpose -they are permitted to make general statements about their contribution to overall health

what are the dietary supplements able to do under federal law

it brought the federal government full force into the drug market place

what did the 1906 pure food and drugs act achieved by regulating interstate commerce

they all regulated the manufacture and use of opium

what do an 1875 San Francisco ordinance, an 1882 New York law, and an 1890 federal act in the United states all have in common

preclinical investigations, including the effects of the drug on animals

when a company submits an application to investigate a new drug in human clinical trials (IND) to the FDA, it is also required to submit all information from _

the habit of smoking opium

when the united states imported Chinese workers after the civil war, mainly to help build the rapidly expanding railroads, what did some of them bring with them

when the harrison act was passed in 1914

when was the first time that dealers and dispensers of opioids and cocaine in the united states had to register annually, pay a small fee, and use special order forms provided by the bureau of internal revenue

the group of laws that regulate the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs

which class of drug laws is similar to laws that regulate the safety of other products such as automobiles, furnaces, and toys