Pharmacology

give activated charcoal to absorb the drug.

A 5-year-old child is brought to the emergency department after ingesting diphenhydramine [Benadryl]. The child is uncoordinated and agitated. The nurse observes that the child's face is flushed, the temperature is 37.C, and the heart rate is 110 beats per minute. The nurse will expect to:

Cetirizine [Zyrtec] 5-mg chewable tablet once daily

A 5-year-old child with seasonal allergies has been taking 2.5 mL of cetirizine [Zyrtec] syrup once daily. The parents tell the nurse that the child does not like the syrup, and they do not think that the drug is effective. The nurse will suggest they discuss which drug with their child's healthcare provider?

Withhold the dose of ciprofloxacin and notify the provider of the patient's symptoms.

A 65-year-old patient who receives glucocorticoids for arthritis is admitted to the hospital for treatment of a urinary tract infection. The prescriber has ordered intravenous ciprofloxacin [Cipro]. Before administering the third dose of this drug, the nurse reviews the bacterial culture report and notes that the causative organism is Escherichia coli. The bacterial sensitivity report is pending. The patient complains of right ankle pain. What will the nurse do?

"It is best to use single-agent medications to treat individual symptoms."

A 7-year-old child has a cough, runny nose, congestion, and fever, and the parents ask the nurse to recommend an over-the-counter product. Which response by the nurse is correct?

"I may notice mood changes in my child."

A 7-year-old child with asthma uses a daily inhaled glucocorticoid and an albuterol MDI as needed. The provider has added montelukast [Singulair] to the child's regimen. Which statement by the child's parent indicates understanding of this medication?

"Your child will need to take this oral medication for 6 to 8 weeks."

A child has ringworm of the scalp. A culture of the lesion reveals a dermatophytic infection. The nurse teaching the child's parents about how to treat this infection will include which statement?

Reassure the patient that these are expected side effects.

A child is receiving a combination albuterol/ipratropium [DuoNeb] inhalation treatment. The patient complains of a dry mouth and sore throat. What will the nurse do?

"Montelukast may cause behavior changes in your child."

A child who has perennial allergic rhinitis has been using an intranasal glucocorticoid. The provider has ordered montelukast [Singulair] to replace the glucocorticoid, because the child has frequent nosebleeds. When teaching this child's parents about montelukast, the nurse will include which statement?

Suggest that the parents discuss using fluticasone [Flonase] with the provider.

A child with seasonal rhinitis has used budesonide [Rhinocort Aqua] for several years. The parents are concerned that the child's rate of growth has slowed. What will the nurse do?

Dimenhydrinate [Dramamine]

A family is preparing for travel and the parents report that their 5-year-old child has frequent mo-tion sickness. The nurse will tell the parents to ask the provider about which antihistamine to help prevent symptoms?

she will need a monthly pregnancy test during her treatment.

A female patient who has hepatitis C is being treated with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin [Ribasphere]. It will be important for the nurse to teach this patient that:

"You need to have a chest radiograph and a sputum culture."

A healthcare worker who is asymptomatic has a screening TST result of 10 mm of induration during a pre-employment physical. What will the nurse reading this test tell the patient?

ibuprofen.

A hospitalized patient is being treated for tuberculosis with a drug regimen that includes pyrazinamide. The patient complains of pain in the knee and shoulder joints. The nurse will contact the provider to request an order for:

Boceprevir is contraindicated in males whose partners are pregnant.

A male patient with hepatitis C will begin triple drug therapy with pegylated interferon alfa 2a [Pegasys], ribavirin [Ribasphere], and boceprevir [Victrelis]. The patient tells the nurse that his wife is pregnant. What will the nurse tell him?

"Dosing is titrated based on the serum theophylline levels."

A nurse and a nursing student are reviewing the care of a 30-kg patient who will receive intravenous aminophylline. Which statement by the student indicates an understanding of the administration of this medication?

Request an order for a different antifungal medication.

A nurse is caring for a patient who has a superficial fungal infection and notes that the provider has ordered 200 mg of ketoconazole [Nizoral] 200 mg PO once daily. Which action by the nurse is correct?

Dantrolene

A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving amphotericin B [Abelcet] for a systemic fungal infection. In spite of receiving diphenhydramine and acetaminophen before initiation of treatment, the patient has fever and chills with rigors. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss the addition of which drug?

Isoniazid Pyrazinamide [PZA] Ethambutol [Myambutol] Rifabutin [Mycobutin]

A nurse is caring for a patient with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who has taken protease inhibitors for 18 months. The patient has been diagnosed with active tuberculosis. Which drug(s) would the nurse expect to be added to the treatment plan of a patient with HIV/AIDS?

"Infusions of amphotericin B should be administered over 1 to 2 hours."

A nurse is discussing intravenous amphotericin B treatment with a nursing student who is about to care for a patient with a systemic fungal infection. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching?

Red-orange-tinged urine

A nurse is performing a physical assessment on a patient with tuberculosis who takes rifampin [Rifadin]. What would be an expected finding?

Daptomycin [Cubicin]

A nurse is preparing to administer an antibiotic to a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The nurse would expect the healthcare provider to order which antibiotic?

Alprazolam [Xanax]

A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a patient recently started on delavirdine [Rescriptor]. Which concurrent prescription should the nurse question before administration?

monitor coagulation levels.

A nurse is preparing to administer oral ofloxacin to a patient. While taking the patient's medication history, the nurse learns that the patient takes warfarin and theophylline. The correct action by the nurse is to request an order to

"Antihistamines block H1 receptors to prevent actions of histamine at these sites."

A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about antihistamines. Which statement by a stu-dent indicates an understanding of the mechanism of action of the antihistamines?

"I should receive the vaccine every year in October or November."

A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about influenza prevention. Which statement by a student indicates understanding of the teaching?

"Oral beta2 agonists are not useful for short-term treatment."

A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the different formulations of beta2-adrenergic agonist medications. Which statement by a student indicates understanding of the teaching?

"The implant will remain in place permanently."

A nurse provides teaching for a patient with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis who will receive the ganciclovir ocular implant [Vitrasert]. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?

"I should use a decongestant if necessary before using the glucocorticoid."

A nurse provides teaching to a patient with allergic rhinitis who will begin using an intranasal glucocorticoid. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of the teaching?

reassure the patient that this is not considered a positive test result.

A nurse reads a tuberculin skin test on a patient and notes a 6- to 7-mm area of induration. The patient is a young adult who has recently immigrated from a country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. The patient has no other risk factors. The nurse will expect the provider to:

"Resistance is common with this medication."

A nursing student asks a nurse about flucytosine [Ancobon]. Which statement by the nurse is correct?

"Azoles have lower toxicity than amphotericin B."

A nursing student asks a nurse to explain the differences between amphotericin B [Abelcet] and the azoles group of antifungal agents. Which statement by the nurse is correct?

is administered less frequently than interferon.

A nursing student asks a nurse why pegylated interferon alfa is used instead of regular interferon for a patient with hepatitis C. The nurse will tell the student that pegylated interferon:

Adherence to drug regimens is erratic. Drug doses are often too low. Many regimens contain too few drugs.

A nursing student asks a nurse why tuberculosis resistance is so high. Which reasons are correct?

It is approved only for bloodstream and skin infections. It increases the risk of serious cardiorespiratory events.

A nursing student is caring for a patient with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who also has a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection. The prescriber has ordered daptomycin [Cubicin]. The nurse encourages the student to approach the provider to request a different antibiotic because of which facts about daptomycin?

"Because histamine doesn't cause cold symptoms, Benadryl would not be effective."

A parent asks a nurse about giving diphenhydramine [Benadryl] to a child to relieve cold symptoms. Which response by the nurse is correct?

Growth may be slowed, but eventual adult height will not be reduced.

A parent asks a nurse about growth suppression resulting from the use of an inhaled glucocorticoid in children. What will the nurse tell the parent?

"Decongestant drops are recommended instead of decongestant sprays."

A parent asks a nurse to recommend an intranasal decongestant for a 6-year-old child. Which response by the nurse is correct?

Request an order for an intranasal glucocorticoid to be used while the phenylephrine is withdrawn

A patient admitted to the hospital has been using phenylephrine nasal spray [Neo-Synephrine], 2 sprays every 4 hours, for a week. The patient complains that the medication is not working, because the nasal congestion has increased. What will the nurse do?

Fluticasone propionate [Fluticasone]

A patient asks the nurse what type of medications would be most effective for treating seasonal and perennial rhinitis. Which response by the nurse is correct?

continue the four-drug regimen and recheck the sputum in 2 weeks.

A patient comes to a clinic for tuberculosis medications 2 weeks after beginning treatment with a four-drug induction phase. The patient's sputum culture remains positive, and no drug resistance is noted. At this point, the nurse will expect the provider to:

without regard to meals.

A patient comes to the clinic and receives valacyclovir [Valtrex] for a herpes-zoster virus. The nurse instructs the patient to take the medication:

no medication therapy at this time.

A patient has a positive test for hepatitis C and is admitted to the hospital. The admission laboratory tests reveal a normal ALT, and a liver biopsy is negative for hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. The nurse will prepare this patient for:

may not be effective because of the delay in starting treatment.

A patient has a positive test for influenza type A and tells the nurse that symptoms began 5 days before being tested. The prescriber has ordered oseltamivir [Tamiflu]. The nurse will tell the patient that oseltamivir:

Administer the drug as ordered.

A patient has a systemic candidal infection, and the provider has ordered oral fluconazole [Diflucan] 400 mg on day 1 and 200 mg once daily thereafter. What will the nurse do?

Voriconazole [Vfend]

A patient has an invasive aspergillosis infection. Which antifungal agent is the drug of choice for this infection?

order pyridoxine 100 mg per day.

A patient has been taking isoniazid [Nydrazid] for 4 months for latent tuberculosis. The patient reports bilateral tingling and numbness of the hands and feet, as well as feeling clumsy. The nurse expects the provider to:

"Use the medication for at least 1 week after the symptoms have cleared."

A patient has come to the clinic with tinea corporis, and the prescriber has ordered clotrimazole. When educating the patient about this medication, the nurse will include which statement?

"You do not need good hand-lung coordination to use this device."

A patient has just received a prescription for fluticasone/salmeterol [Advair Diskus]. What will the nurse include as part of the teaching for this patient about the use of this device?

"Entecavir can reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver when taken long term."

A patient has lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B and has been taking entecavir [Baraclude] for 2 years. The patient asks the nurse why the provider has recommended taking the drug for another year. What will the nurse tell the patient?

Fexofenadine [Allegra]

A patient has seasonal allergies and needs an antihistamine to control symptoms. The patient likes to have wine with dinner occasionally and wants to know which antihistamine will be the safest to take. The nurse will tell the patient to discuss which medication with the provider?

Color vision and visual acuity

A patient is about to begin therapy with ethambutol. The nurse knows that, before initiating treatment with this drug, it is important to obtain which test(s)?

It is not approved for treatment of latent TB.

A patient is about to begin treatment for latent tuberculosis with a short course of daily rifampin. The patient asks why rifapentine [Priftin] cannot be used, because it can be given twice weekly. What will the nurse tell this patient about rifapentine?

"You must take isoniazid with close monitoring of hepatic function."

A patient is about to begin treatment for latent tuberculosis. The patient is an alcoholic, has difficulty complying with drug regimens, and has mild liver damage. What will the nurse tell this patient?

monitoring phenytoin levels.

A patient is about to begin treatment with isoniazid. The nurse learns that the patient also takes phenytoin [Dilantin] for seizures. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss:

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

A patient is beginning treatment for active tuberculosis (TB) in a region with little drug-resistant TB. Which treatment regimen will be used initially?

"I may experience headaches and pain in my lower back, legs, and abdomen."

A patient is being treated for a systemic fungal infection with amphotericin B [Abelcet] and will be discharged home from the hospital to complete every other day infusions of the medication for 6 to 8 weeks. The nurse provides discharge teaching before dismissal. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?

lowers the dose of amphotericin B and reduces toxicity.

A patient is being treated with amphotericin B [Abelcet] for a systemic fungal infection. After several weeks of therapy, the provider orders flucytosine [Ancobon] in addition to the amphotericin. The nurse understands that the rationale for this combination is that it:

Activated charcoal Atropine Lorazepam

A patient is brought to the emergency department after ingesting a handful of diphenhydramine [Benadryl] tablets. The patient has dilated pupils, a flushed face, and tremors. The patient is agitated and has a heart rate of 110 beats per minute. The nurse may anticipate administering which agents?

Reassure the patient that these effects will subside in about 30 minutes.

A patient is receiving intravenous voriconazole [Vfend]. Shortly after the infusion starts, the patient tells the nurse, "Colors look different, and the light hurts my eyes." What will the nurse do?

Give the next dose as ordered.

A patient is receiving tobramycin three times daily. A tobramycin peak level is 4.5 and the trough is 1.2. What will the nurse do?

Administer the omeprazole at least 2 hours after the ketoconazole.

A patient is taking oral ketoconazole [Nizoral] for a systemic fungal infection. The nurse reviews the medication administration record and notes that the patient is also taking omeprazole [Prilosec] for reflux disease. What action should the nurse take?

clinic staff can observe adherence to drug regimens.

A patient newly diagnosed with tuberculosis asks the nurse why oral medications must be given in the clinic. The nurse will tell the patient that medications are given in the clinic so that:

The drug should be taken once daily on an empty stomach.

A patient starting therapy with efavirenz [Sustiva] asks about the timing of the medication with regard to meals. What patient education about the administration of this medication should the nurse provide?

The medication will probably be stopped, and the patient should come into the clinic for further evaluation.

A patient taking stavudine [Zerit] telephones the clinic and reports numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. What should the nurse tell the patient?

blocking H1 receptors in nasal passages.

A patient tells a nurse that antihistamines help relieve cold symptoms and wants to know why they are not recommended or prescribed for this purpose. The nurse tells the patient that antihis-tamines provide only mild relief from some cold symptoms by:

Diphenhydramine [Benadryl]

A patient who has a viral upper respiratory infection reports having a runny nose and a cough that prevents sleep and asks the nurse to recommend an over-the-counter medication. Which medication will the nurse recommend?

Daily low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid/LABA with a SABA as needed

A patient who has been newly diagnosed with asthma is referred to an asthma clinic. The patient reports daily symptoms requiring short-acting beta2-agonist treatments for relief. The patient has used oral glucocorticoids three times in the past 3 months and reports awakening at night with symptoms about once a week. The patient's forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is 75% of predicted values. The nurse will expect this patient to be started on which regimen?

"Allergy symptoms that are severe are caused by mediators other than histamine."

A patient who has chronic allergies takes loratadine [Claritin] and develops a severe reaction to bee stings. The patient asks the nurse why the antihistamine did not prevent the reaction. What will the nurse say?

"You will need to take only two drugs for the next 4 months."

A patient who has drug-sensitive tuberculosis has completed 2 months of the standard four-drug therapy and asks the nurse how long he will have to take medication. Which response by the nurse is correct?

"You should take oral antihistamines daily during each allergy season to get maximum effects."

A patient who has seasonal allergies in the spring and fall asks the nurse about oral antihistamines. Which response by the nurse is correct?

Isoniazid and rifabutin

A patient who is being treated for HIV infection has a 5-mm area of induration after a routine TST. The patient's chest radiograph is normal, and there are no other physical findings. The nurse will expect this patient to begin treatment with which drugs?

oral acyclovir [Zovirax] may be used during pregnancy.

A patient who is pregnant has a history of recurrent genital herpesvirus (HSV). The patient asks the nurse what will be done to suppress an outbreak when she is near term. The nurse will tell the patient that:

add metronidazole [Flagyl].

A patient who is receiving intravenous ciprofloxacin for pneumonia develops diarrhea. A stool culture is positive for Clostridium difficile. The nurse will expect the provider to:

take the calcium either 6 hours before or 2 hours after taking the ciprofloxacin.

A patient who is taking calcium supplements receives a prescription for ciprofloxacin [Cipro] for a urinary tract infection. The nurse will teach this patient to:

"You will need laboratory tests to determine if these are serious effects of the drug."

A patient who is taking didanosine [Videx] reports nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. What will the nurse recommend to this patient?

prescribing an antifungal drug to treat a superinfection.

A patient who is taking doxycycline for a serious infection contacts the nurse to report anal itching. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss:

bedaquiline [Sirturo]

A patient who is taking drugs to treat HIV has tuberculosis and has been on a four-drug regimen for 3 months without improvement in symptoms. Which drug will the nurse anticipate that the provider will add to this patient's regimen?

This is caused by a reversible effect on estradiol synthesis.

A patient who is taking ketoconazole tells the nurse that her periods have become irregular. What will the nurse tell her?

An over-the-counter antidiarrheal drug

A patient who is taking nelfinavir [Viracept] calls the nurse to report moderate to severe diarrhea. What will the nurse expect the provider to recommend?

Tingling of the fingers

A patient who is taking nitrofurantoin calls the nurse to report several side effects. Which side effect of this drug causes the most concern and would require discontinuation of the medication?

Ask whether the patient is rinsing the mouth after each dose.

A patient who uses an inhaled glucocorticoid for chronic asthma calls the nurse to report hoarseness. What will the nurse do?

Posaconazole [Noxafil]

A patient will begin taking an immunosuppressant medication. The nurse learns that the patient has a history of frequent candidal infections. The nurse will expect the provider to order which drug as prophylaxis?

the medication may be taken once or twice daily.

A patient will begin taking fexofenadine [Allegra] for hay fever. The nurse teaching this patient will tell the patient that:

Discuss a 400-mg twice daily drug regimen with the provider.

A patient will begin treatment with posaconazole [Noxafil] to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis that has not responded to fluconazole. The provider has ordered 200 mg three times daily. Which action by the nurse is correct?

"I should take this medication with food or milk to improve absorption."

A patient will receive oral ciprofloxacin [Cipro] to treat a urinary tract infection. The nurse provides teaching for this patient. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?

"You should see improved effects within the next week."

A patient with COPD is prescribed tiotropium [Spiriva]. After the initial dose, the patient reports only mild relief within 30 minutes. What will the nurse tell the patient?

Notify the provider and request an order for a serum calcium level.

A patient with HIV and mucocutaneous HSV is being treated with foscarnet after failing treatment with acyclovir. After 2 weeks, the patient's dose is increased to 90 mg/kg over 2 hours from 40 mg/kg over 1 hour. The patient reports numbness in the extremities and perioral tingling. What will the nurse do?

give intravenous foscarnet every 8 hours for 2 to 3 weeks.

A patient with HIV contracts herpes simplex virus (HSV), and the prescriber orders acyclovir [Zovirax] 400 mg PO twice daily for 10 days. After 7 days of therapy, the patient reports having an increased number of lesions. The nurse will expect the provider to:

Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol + rifabutin

A patient with HIV who takes protease inhibitors develops tuberculosis and will begin treatment. Which drug regimen will be used for this patient?

helps stimulate the flow of secretions to increase cough productivity.

A patient with a cough has been advised to use guaifenesin. The patient asks the nurse to explain the purpose of the drug. The nurse will explain that guaifenesin:

Fluconazole [Diflucan]

A patient with a history of congestive heart failure and renal impairment has esophageal candidiasis. Which antifungal agent would the nurse anticipate giving to this patient?

discuss using an intranasal glucocorticoid and loratadine [Claritin].

A patient with allergic rhinitis is taking a compound product of loratadine/pseudoephedrine [Claritin-D] every 12 hours. The patient complains of insomnia. The nurse notes that the patient is restless and anxious. The patient's heart rate is 90 beats per minute, and the blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg. The nurse will contact the provider to:

Question the patient about how much albuterol has been used.

A patient with asthma comes to a clinic for treatment of an asthma exacerbation. The patient's medication history lists an inhaled glucocorticoid, montelukast [Singulair], and a SABA as needed via MDI. The nurse assesses the patient and notes a respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute, a heart rate of 96 beats per minute, and an oxygen saturation of 95%. The nurse auscultates mild expiratory wheezes and equal breath sounds bilaterally. What will the nurse do?

Intravenous glucocorticoids, nebulized albuterol and ipratropium, and oxygen

A patient with asthma is admitted to an emergency department with a respiratory rate of 22 breaths per minute, a prolonged expiratory phase, tight wheezes, and an oxygen saturation of 90% on room air. The patient reports using fluticasone [Flovent HFA] 110 mcg twice daily and has used 2 puffs of albuterol [Proventil HFA], 90 mcg/puff, every 4 hours for 2 days. The nurse will expect to administer which drug?

the patient should wait 1 minute between puffs.

A patient with asthma will be using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) for delivery of an inhaled medication. The provider has ordered 2 puffs to be given twice daily. It is important for the nurse to teach this patient that:

an indefinite, prolonged period of time.

A patient with hepatitis B begins treatment with adefovir [Hepsera] and asks the nurse how long the drug therapy will last. The nurse will tell the patient that the medication will need to be taken for:

another birth control method

A patient with high-risk factors for tuberculosis will begin therapy for latent TB with isoniazid and rifampin. The nurse learns that this patient takes oral contraceptives. The nurse will counsel this patient to discuss ____ with her provider.

Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia

A patient with histoplasmosis is being treated with itraconazole [Sporanox]. The nurse will teach this patient to report which symptoms?

LABAs should be combined with an inhaled glucocorticoid.

A patient with persistent, frequent asthma exacerbations asks a nurse about a long-acting beta2-agonist medication. What will the nurse tell this patient?

Myasthenia gravis

A patient with severe community-acquired pneumonia has been prescribed telithromycin [Ketek]. Which aspect of the patient's medical history is of concern to the nurse?

adding roflumilast [Daliresp] once daily.

A patient with severe, chronic COPD uses an inhaled LABA/glucocorticoid but continues to have frequent exacerbations of symptoms. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss:

A long-acting inhaled beta2 agonist

A patient with stable COPD is prescribed a bronchodilator medication. Which type of bronchodilator is preferred for this patient?

"The glucocorticoid is used as prophylaxis to prevent exacerbations."

A patient with stable COPD receives prescriptions for an inhaled glucocorticoid and an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of this medication regimen?

Antihistamines should be avoided unless absolutely necessary.

A pregnant patient asks the nurse if she can take antihistamines for seasonal allergies during her pregnancy. What will the nursea n tell the patient?

"This agent is not effective against infections of the upper urinary tract."

A pregnant patient with fever, flank pain, and chills has a history of two previous bladder infections before getting pregnant. She is allergic to several antibiotics. She reports having taken methenamine successfully in the past. What will the nurse tell her?

The patient should avoid drinking alcohol while taking the drug

A prescriber orders hydroxyzine [Vistaril] for a patient with acute urticaria. The nurse will include which information when teaching the patient about this drug?

Ensure that the IV is infusing freely through a large-bore needle.

A provider has ordered intravenous promethazine [Phenergan] for an adult patient postoperatively to prevent nausea and vomiting (N/V). What will the nurse do?

Using a different antifungal agent

A provider has ordered oral voriconazole [Vfend] for a patient who has a systemic fungal infection. The nurse obtains a medication history and learns that the patient takes phenobarbital for seizures. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss which possibility?

recent serum electrolyte levels.

A provider orders intravenous moxifloxacin [Avelox] for a patient who has sinusitis. Before administering the drug, the nurse will review this patient's chart for:

Participating in weight-bearing exercises on a regular basis

A young adult woman will begin using an inhaled glucocorticoid to treat asthma. The nurse will teach this patient about the importance of which action?

A 3-day course of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [Bactrim]

A young, nonpregnant female patient with a history of a previous urinary tract infection is experiencing dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, and suprapubic pain of 3 days' duration. She is afebrile. A urine culture is positive for more than 100,000/mL of urine. The nurse caring for this patient knows that which treatment is most effective?

hyperglycemia.

After starting an antiviral protease inhibitor, a patient with HIV telephones the nurse, complaining, "I'm so hungry and thirsty all the time! I'm urinating 10 or 12 times a day." The nurse recognizes these findings to be consistent with:

Candidiasis Histoplasmosis Mucormycosis

Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for which systemic mycosis?

Question the order.

An 18-month-old child develops an urticarial reaction after a transfusion. The prescriber orders intravenous promethazine [Phenergan]. What will the nurse do?

The drug may cause serious adverse effects in immunocompromised patients.

An immunocompromised child is exposed to chickenpox and the provider orders valacyclovir [Valtrex] to be given orally three times daily. The nurse will contact the provider to change this order for which reason?

order empiric antibiotics while waiting for sputum culture results.

An older adult patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops bronchitis. The patient has a temperature of 39.5°C. The nurse will expect the provider to:

prostatitis

An older male patient comes to the clinic with complaints of chills, malaise, myalgia, localized pain, dysuria, nocturia, and urinary retention. The nurse would most likely suspect that the patient has:

Elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Before giving methenamine [Hiprex] to a patient, it is important for the nurse to review the patient's history for evidence of which problem?

Adverse effects Antimicrobial spectrum Pharmacokinetics

Besides the cost of administering a given drug, which are considerations when a provider selects a cephalosporin to treat an infection?

It can be given orally. It is less toxic.

Ketoconazole is used as an alternative to amphotericin B for less severe systemic mycosis. Which are the primary reasons for choosing ketoconazole?

"Make sure you tell your prescriber if you might be pregnant." "If you experience any tingling or numbness, stop taking the drug and call the clinic immediately." "Headaches and drowsiness can occur and are mild side effects." "Your urine may have a brown tinge while you are taking this drug."

Nitrofurantoin [Macrodantin] is prescribed for an adolescent female patient with acute cystitis. What should the nurse include in the teaching for this patient?

Fever Myalgia Lymphadenopathy

The nurse asks a graduate nurse, "When a patient in the initial phase of HIV infection is assessed, which findings would you expect to see?" The graduate nurse would be correct to respond with which conditions?

hydrate the patient during the infusion and for 2 hours after the infusion.

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving intravenous acyclovir [Zovirax]. To prevent nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous acyclovir, the nurse will:

Increased serum amylase and triglycerides and decreased serum calcium

The nurse is caring for a patient who is HIV positive and has a previous history of drug and alcohol abuse. The patient is being treated with combination therapies, including didanosine [Videx]. Which laboratory findings would most concern the nurse?

Complete blood count (CBC)

The nurse is caring for a patient who is HIV positive and is taking zidovudine [Retrovir]. Before administering the medication, the nurse should monitor which laboratory values?

"I may have a deficiency of vitamin B6."

The nurse is caring for a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and is taking high doses of zidovudine [Retrovir]. The nurse is providing patient education about the adverse effects of the medication. Which statement by the patient demonstrates a need for further teaching?

modified diet and exercise.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is taking a protease inhibitor (PI). Upon review of the laboratory test results, the nurse notes that the patient has newly elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. The nurse expects that the prescriber will manage these levels with:

Suggest that the provider order a different antibiotic for this patient.

The nurse is caring for a patient who will begin receiving intravenous ciprofloxacin [Cipro] to treat pyelonephritis. The nurse learns that the patient has a history of myasthenia gravis. Which action by the nurse is correct?

Acute cystitis Acute urethritis Recurrent UTI

The nurse is discussing upper and lower UTIs. Which of these conditions can be treated at home?

Have the patient hold the medications and arrange for an immediate evaluation by the prescriber.

The nurse is performing a physical assessment on a patient who is receiving treatment with abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine [Trizivir]. The patient complains of fatigue. Upon further assessment, the nurse finds a rash and notes that the patient has a temperature of 101.1°F. What is the nurse's best course of action?

Acetaminophen [Tylenol], diphenhydramine [Benadryl], and meperidine [Demerol]

The nurse is preparing to administer amphotericin B intravenously. The nurse will expect to pretreat the patient with which medications?

How to reconstitute and self-administer a subcutaneous injection

The nurse is preparing to discharge a patient with HIV who will continue to take enfuvirtide [Fuzeon] at home. The nurse is providing patient education about the medication. What information about the administration of enfuvirtide is most appropriate for the patient?

"Some herbal preparations can reduce the levels of this drug." "This agent can damage the liver; therefore, liver function tests are needed periodically." "You should call your healthcare provider immediately if you develop a rash."

The nurse is providing education to a group of patients who are HIV positive. The nurse is discussing the various medications used to treat HIV infection. A patient asks about nevirapine [Viramune]. Which statements by the nurse most accurately reflect the facts about nevirapine?

"Your child may need tests to assess for urinary tract abnormalities."

The parent of a 5-year-old child who has had four urinary tract infections in the past year asks the nurse why the provider doesn't just order an antibiotic for the child's current symptoms of low-grade fever, flank pain, and dysuria since these are similar symptoms as before. Which is the most important reason given by the nurse?

Reduced bronchial hyperreactivity Reduced edema of the airway Increased responsiveness to beta2-adrenergic agonists

What are the results of using glucocorticoid drugs to treat asthma?

An anticholinergic used for allergic rhinitis and colds

What is ipratropium bromide [Atrovent]?

Bacitracin Polymyxin B

Which antibiotics may be administered topically?

Anticholinergic medications Glucocorticoids Long-acting beta2 agonists

Which drugs are used to treat COPD?

Ciprofloxacin [Cipro] Levofloxacin [Levaquin]

Which fluoroquinolone antibiotics may be administered to children?

Short-acting beta2 agonists

Which medication should be used for asthma patients as part of step 1 management?

Omalizumab [Xolair]

Which medication used for asthma has off-label uses to treat allergic rhinitis?

Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pyogenes Treponema pallidum

Which organisms can be treated with penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin)?

Desloratadine [Clarinex] Fexofenadine [Allegra] Loratadine [Claritin]

Which parenteral antihistamines have sedative effects that are classified as low to none?

A recent immigrant from a country with a high prevalence of TB with a 10-mm region of induration

Which patient should begin treatment for tuberculosis?

An older adult man with a low-grade fever, flank pain, and an indwelling catheter

Which patient with a urinary tract infection will require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics?

A worker in a mycobacteriology laboratory A patient with diabetes mellitus An immigrant from a country where TB is prevalent

Which patient(s) should be tested for latent TB?

A 6-day-old newborn A 5-year-old child A woman breast-feeding an infant

Which patients may receive gentamicin safely?

Patients with certain congenital heart defects at risk for bacterial endocarditis AND Patients with compound fractures undergoing surgical repair

Which patients should be given antibiotics prophylactically?

Diarrhea

Which side effect of clindamycin [Cleocin] causes the most concern and may warrant discontinuation of the drug?

Tinea capitis

Which superficial mycosis is generally treated with oral antifungal agents?

reducing the theophylline dose.

reducing the theophylline dose.

Uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection treatable with short-course therapy

A 20-year-old female patient has suprapubic discomfort, pyuria, dysuria, and bacteriuria greater than 100,000/mL of urine. Which are the most likely diagnosis and treatment?

"You will need to take a low dose of medication for 6 months to prevent infections."

A 30-year-old male patient reports having two to four urinary tract infections a year. What will the nurse expect to teach this patient?

Erythromycin ethylsuccinate

A 6-week-old infant who has not yet received immunizations develops a severe cough. While awaiting nasopharyngeal culture results, the nurse will expect to administer which antibiotic?

Stop the infusion immediately and notify the provider.

A child has been receiving chloramphenicol for a Neisseria meningitidis central nervous system (CNS) infection. The nurse administers the dose and subsequently notes that the child has vomited and appears dusky and gray in color. The child's abdomen is distended. What will the nurse do?

Drug inactivation

A child has received amoxicillin [Amoxil] for three previous ear infections, but a current otitis media episode is not responding to treatment. The nurse caring for this child suspects that resistance to the bacterial agent has occurred by which microbial mechanism?

amoxicillin-clavulanic acid [Augmentin].

A child with an ear infection is not responding to treatment with amoxicillin [Amoxil]. The nurse will expect the provider to order:

"Erythromycin eliminates the bacteria that causes the infection, but not the toxin that causes the symptoms."

A child with an upper respiratory infection caused by B. pertussis is receiving erythromycin ethylsuccinate. After 2 days of treatment, the parent asks the nurse why the child's symptoms have not improved. Which response by the nurse is correct?

"The bacteria have synthesized penicillinase."

A child with otitis media has had three ear infections in the past year. The child has just completed a 10-day course of amoxicillin [Amoxil] with no improvement. The parent asks the nurse why this drug is not working, because it has worked in the past. What will the nurse tell the patient?

Provide extra fluids and reassure the patient that these are expected side effects.

A hospitalized patient who is taking demeclocycline [Declomycin] reports increased urination, fatigue, and thirst. What will the nurse do?

disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.

A nurse assisting a nursing student with medications asks the student to describe how penicillins (PCNs) work to treat bacterial infections. The student is correct in responding that penicillins:

Potassium

A nurse is caring for a patient who takes an ACE inhibitor and an ARB medication who will begin taking TMP/SMZ to treat a urinary tract infection. Which serum electrolyte will the nurse expect to monitor closely?

hemolytic anemia.

A nurse is caring for an African American patient who has been admitted to the unit for long-term antibiotic therapy with sulfonamides. The patient develops fever, pallor, and jaundice. The nurse would be correct to suspect that the patient has developed:

"MRSA bacteria have developed PBPs with a low affinity for penicillins."

A nurse is discussing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a group of nursing students. Which statement by a student correctly identifies the basis for MRSA resistance?

"Resistance to sulfonamides is less than resistance to trimethoprim."

A nurse is discussing microbial resistance among sulfonamides and trimethoprim with a nursing student. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching?

"Cephalosporins enhance the actions of aminoglycosides by weakening bacterial cell walls."

A nurse is explaining to nursing students why a cephalosporin is used in conjunction with an aminoglycoside for a patient with an infection. Which statement by a student indicates understanding of the teaching?

monitor the patient's coagulation levels.

A nurse is obtaining a drug history from a patient about to receive sulfadiazine. The nurse learns that the patient takes warfarin, glipizide, and a thiazide diuretic. Based on this assessment, the nurse will expect the provider to:

peak and trough

A nurse is preparing to administer a dose of gentamicin to a patient who is receiving the drug 3 times daily. The nurse will monitor ____ levels.

Contact the provider to discuss changing the drug to benzathine penicillin G.

A nurse is preparing to administer intramuscular penicillin to a patient who is infected with T. pallidum and notes that the order is for sodium penicillin G. Which action is correct?

"I should not take this medication with milk or other dairy products."

A nurse is providing education about tetracycline [Sumycin]. Which statement by the patient best demonstrates understanding of the administration of this medication?

"I may experience distorted taste when taking this medication."

A nurse is providing teaching for a patient who will begin taking clarithromycin ER [Biaxin XL] to treat an Helicobacter pylori infection. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of the teaching?

Request an order for a different class of antibiotic.

A nurse is reviewing the culture results of a patient receiving an aminoglycoside. The report reveals an anaerobic organism as the cause of infection. What will the nurse do?

"Patients taking this drug should have blood tests performed frequently."

A nurse is teaching a nursing student about dalfopristin/quinupristin [Synercid]. Which statement by the student indicates an understanding of the teaching?

"Cephalosporins have increased activity against gram-negative bacteria with each generation."

A nurse is teaching a nursing student what is meant by "generations" of cephalosporins. Which statement by the student indicates understanding of the teaching?

renal disease.

A nurse preparing to administer intravenous gentamicin to a patient notes that the dose is half the usual dose for an adult. The nurse suspects that this is because this patient has a history of

"I should stop taking this drug when my symptoms are gone."

A nurse teaches a patient about sulfonamides. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?

Give the penicillin at 0800, 1600, and 2400; give the gentamicin [Garamycin] at 1800 and 0600.

A nurse transcribes a new prescription for potassium penicillin G given intravenously (IV) every 8 hours and gentamicin given IV every 12 hours. Which is the best schedule for administering these drugs?

Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent

A nursing student asks a nurse to clarify the differences between the mechanisms of spontaneous mutation and conjugation in acquired resistance of microbes. What will the nurse say?

20% to 30% of the general population are colonized with CA-MRSA. Boils caused by CA-MRSA can be treated without antibiotics. CA-MRSA is less dangerous than HA-MRSA.

A nursing student wants to know the differences between hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Which statements about CA-MRSA are true?

"Your child should come to the clinic to have a throat culture done today."

A parent asks a nurse if the provider will prescribe an antibiotic for a child who attends school with several children who have strep throat. The child is complaining of a sore throat and has a fever. What will be the nurse's response?

Vancomycin

A patient develops CDAD. Which antibiotic is recommended for treating this infection?

"Amikacin is given when infectious agents are resistant to other aminoglycosides."

A patient has a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection that is sensitive to aminoglycosides, and the prescriber orders gentamicin. The patient tells the nurse that a friend received amikacin [Amikin] for a similar infection and wonders why amikacin was not ordered. What will the nurse tell the patient?

narrow; topical

A patient has a localized skin infection, which is most likely caused by a gram-positive cocci. Until the culture and sensitivity results are available, the nurse will expect the provider to order a ____-spectrum ____ agent

begin a 2-week course of antibiotics.

A patient has a positive urine culture 1 week after completion of a 3-day course of antibiotics. The nurse anticipates that the prescriber will:

Ceftaroline

A patient has a skin infection and the culture reveals methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). What is an appropriate treatment for this patient?

"Even normal flora can develop resistance and transfer this to pathogens."

A patient has a viral sinus infection, and the provider tells the patient that antibiotics will not be prescribed. The patient wants to take an antibiotic and asks the nurse what possible harm

Make sure to administer the drugs at different times using different IV tubing

A patient has an infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The prescriber has ordered piperacillin and amikacin, both to be given intravenously. What will the nurse do?

Question the need for a penicillinase-resistant penicillin

A patient has an infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. The prescriber has ordered dicloxacillin PO. What will the nurse do?

Request an order for a skin test to assess the current risk.

A patient is about to receive penicillin G for an infection that is highly sensitive to this drug. While obtaining the patient's medication history, the nurse learns that the patient experienced a rash when given amoxicillin as a child 20 years earlier. What will the nurse do?

30 minutes after the IV infusion is complete

A patient is admitted to the unit for treatment for an infection. The patient receives IV amikacin [Amikin] twice a day. When planning for obtaining a peak aminoglycoside level, when should the nurse see that the blood is drawn?

Amikacin [Amikin]

A patient is diagnosed with a lung infection caused by P. aeruginosa. The culture and sensitivity report shows sensitivity to all aminoglycosides. The nurse knows that the rate of resistance to gentamicin is common in this hospital. The nurse will expect the provider to order which medication?

Administer gentamicin, flush the line, and then give the penicillin

A patient is diagnosed with an infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and the prescriber orders intravenous gentamicin and penicillin (PCN). Both drugs will be given twice daily. What will the nurse do?

"It inhibits collagenase to protect connective tissue in the gums."

A patient is diagnosed with periodontal disease, and the provider orders oral doxycycline [Periostat]. The patient asks the purpose of the drug. What is the nurse's response?

Calcium gluconate

A patient is receiving an intraperitoneal aminoglycoside during surgery. To reverse a serious side effect of this drug, the nurse may expect to administer which agent?

"Gentamicin has a longer half-life than other aminoglycosides."

A patient is receiving gentamicin once daily. A nursing student asks the nurse how the drug can be effective if given only once a day. The nurse explains drug dosing schedules for aminoglycosides. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching?

Request an order for serum electrolytes and cardiac monitoring.

A patient is receiving intravenous potassium penicillin G, 2 million units to be administered over 1 hour. At 1900, the nurse notes that the dose hung at 1830 has infused completely. What will the nurse do?

7:45 AM

A patient is receiving tobramycin 3 times daily. The provider has ordered a trough level with the 8:00 AM dose. The nurse will ensure that the level is drawn at what time?

Contact the provider to discuss changing to a different antifungal medication.

A patient is taking erythromycin ethylsuccinate for a chlamydial infection and develops vaginal candidiasis. The prescriber orders ketoconazole to treat the superinfection. What will the nurse do?

"I should take this drug with food to ensure more complete absorption."

A patient is to begin taking doxycycline to treat a rickettsial infection. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for teaching about this drug?

First-generation cephalosporin

A patient is to undergo orthopedic surgery, and the prescriber will order a cephalosporin to be given preoperatively as prophylaxis against infection. The nurse expects the provider to order which cephalosporin?

pyelonephritis.

A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of chills, severe flank pain, dysuria, and urinary frequency. The patient has a temperature of 102.9°F, a pulse of 92 beats per minute, respirations of 24 breaths per minute, and a blood pressure of 119/58 mm Hg. The nurse would be correct to suspect that the patient shows signs and symptoms of:

250 mg at 0800 the next day

A patient received 500 mg of azithromycin [Zithromax] at 0800 as a first dose. What are the usual amount and time of the second dose of azithromycin?

Discontinuing the cephalosporin and beginning metronidazole [Flagyl]

A patient receiving a cephalosporin develops a secondary intestinal infection caused by Clostridium difficile. What is an appropriate treatment for this patient?

The patient should stop taking the clindamycin now and contact the provider

A patient recently began receiving clindamycin [Cleocin] to treat an infection. After 8 days of treatment, the patient reports having 10 to 15 watery stools per day. What will the nurse tell this patient?

Neomycin [Neomycin]

A patient shows signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis. Which aminoglycoside would the nurse expect to be ordered?

discontinue the gentamicin

A patient who has been receiving intravenous gentamicin for several days reports having had a headache for 2 days. The nurse will request an order to:

Suspect ototoxicity and notify the prescriberSuspect ototoxicity and notify the prescriber

A patient who has been taking gentamicin for 5 days reports a headache and dizziness. What will the nurse do?

Tell the patient that this symptom is reversible when the drug is discontinued.

A patient who has been taking linezolid [Zyvox] for 6 months develops vision problems. What will the nurse do?

Use the nebulizer to administer the drug three times daily

A patient who has cystic fibrosis has a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and the provider has ordered aztreonam [Cayston]. What will the nurse teach this patient about administration of this drug?

Select an alternate intravenous site and administer the infusion more slowly.

A patient who is receiving a final dose of intravenous (IV) cephalosporin begins to complain of pain and irritation at the infusion site. The nurse observes signs of redness at the IV insertion site and along the vein. What is the nurse's priority action?

Acetaminophen

A patient who is taking gentamicin and a cephalosporin for a postoperative infection requests medication for mild postsurgical pain. The nurse will expect to administer which of the following medications?

"Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic and depend on host immunity to work."

A patient who is taking immunosuppressant medications develops a urinary tract infection. The causative organism is sensitive to sulfonamides and to another, more expensive antibiotic. The prescriber orders the more expensive antibiotic. The nursing student assigned to this patient asks the nurse why the more expensive antibiotic is being used. Which response by the nurse is correct?

headache, dizziness, or vertigo.

A patient who takes the loop diuretic ethacrynic acid is given intravenous gentamicin for an infection. After several days of treatment with gentamicin, the nurse reviews the patient's most recent laboratory results and notes a gentamicin trough of 2.1 mcg/mL and normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. The nurse will question the patient about:

drink 8 to 10 glasses of water each day.

A patient will be discharged from the hospital with a prescription for TMP/SMZ [Bactrim]. When providing teaching for this patient, the nurse will tell the patient that it will be important to:

Abstain from alcohol consumption during therapy.

A patient will be discharged home to complete treatment with intravenous cefotetan with the assistance of a home nurse. The home care nurse will include which instruction when teaching the patient about this drug treatment?

begin antibiotic therapy after urine culture and sensitivity results are available.

A patient with a history of renal calculi has fever, flank pain, and bacteriuria. The nurse caring for this patient understands that it is important for the provider to:

Contact the provider to request a different antibiotic for this patient.

A patient with a urinary tract infection is given a prescription for TMP/SMZ. When reviewing the drug with the patient, the nurse learns that the patient has type 1 diabetes mellitus and consumes alcohol heavily. What will the nurse do?

reducing the dose of piperacillin.

A patient with an infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is being treated with piperacillin. The nurse providing care reviews the patient's laboratory reports and notes that the patient's blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels are elevated. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss:

Withhold the dose and notify the provider of the symptoms.

A patient with bronchitis is taking TMP/SMZ, 160/800 mg orally, twice daily. Before administering the third dose, the nurse notes that the patient has a widespread rash, a temperature of 103°F, and a heart rate of 100 beats per minute. The patient looks ill and reports not feeling well. What will the nurse do?

Contact the provider and prepare to administer epinephrine.

A patient with no known drug allergies is receiving amoxicillin [Amoxil] PO twice daily. Twenty minutes after being given a dose, the patient complains of shortness of breath. The patient's blood pressure is 100/58 mm Hg. What will the nurse do?

It has antibacterial effects related to release of free silver

A patient with second-degree burns is treated with silver sulfadiazine [Silvadene]. A nursing student asks the nurse about the differences between silver sulfadiazine and mafenide [Sulfamylon], because the two are similar products, and both contain sulfonamides. What does the nurse tell the student about silver sulfadiazine?

The patient should check the blood glucose level more often while taking TMP/SMZ

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus takes glipizide. The patient develops a urinary tract infection, and the prescriber orders TMP/SMZ. What will the nurse tell the patient?

"Tetracycline can be harmful to the baby's teeth and should be avoided."

A pregnant adolescent patient asks the nurse whether she should continue to take her prescription for tetracycline [Sumycin] to clear up her acne. Which response by the nurse is correct?

methenamine [Hiprex].

A pregnant female patient with bacteriuria, suprapubic pain, urinary urgency and frequency, and a low-grade fever is allergic to sulfa, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. The nurse knows that the best alternative for treating this urinary tract infection is with:

kernicterus.

A pregnant patient is treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) [Bactrim] for a urinary tract infection at 32 weeks' gestation. A week later, the woman delivers her infant prematurely. The nurse will expect to monitor the infant for:

Administer the cefoxitin and observe for any side effects.

A prescriber has ordered cefoxitin for a patient who has an infection caused by a gram-negative bacteria. The nurse taking the medication history learns that the patient experienced a maculopapular rash when taking amoxicillin [Amoxil] several years earlier. What will the nurse do?

Administer the medication as prescribed

A provider has ordered ceftriaxone 4 gm once daily for a patient with renal impairment. What will the nurse do?

Increased adherence to prescribed antibiotics

A recent campaign, initiated by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), to delay the emergence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, has what as one of its objectives?

fosfomycin [Monurol].

A woman complains of burning on urination and increased frequency. The patient has a history of frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is going out of town in 2 days. To treat the infection quickly, the nurse would expect the healthcare provider to order:

Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis Lyme disease Typhus fever

Tetracyclines are considered first-line drugs for which disorder(s)?

superinfection

The nurse has been caring for a patient who has been taking antibiotics for 3 weeks. Upon assessing the patient, the nurse notices the individual has developed oral thrush. What describes oral thrush?

Obtaining all cultures before the antibiotic is administered

The nurse is caring for a patient on a medical-surgical unit who has a fever of unknown origin. The prescriber has ordered a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Which intervention is the priority?

red man syndrome.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving vancomycin [Vancocin]. The nurse notes that the patient is experiencing flushing, rash, pruritus, and urticaria. The patient's heart rate is 120 beats per minute, and the blood pressure is 92/57 mm Hg. The nurse understands that these findings are consistent with:

"Some agents cause phagocytosis of bacterial cells."

The nurse is teaching a nursing student about the mechanism by which antimicrobial agents achieve selective toxicity. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching?

Age Immune system status Infection site

The nurse is teaching a pharmacology refresher course to a group of nurses. A student asks what host factors affect the choice of agents in antimicrobial therapy. The nurse will tell the students that such host factors include what?

Ampicillin is not as acid stable as amoxicillin.

The parent of an infant with otitis media asks the nurse why the prescriber has ordered amoxicillin [Amoxil] and not ampicillin [Unasyn]. What will the nurse tell the parent?

to pregnant patients after the fourth month of gestation.

To prevent yellow or brown discoloration of teeth in children, tetracyclines should not be given:

Reduced toxicity Reduced resistance Reduced risk in severe infection

Which are benefits of using a combination of two or more antibiotics?

Cefotaxime

Which cephalosporin may be used to treat meningitis?

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that is penicillin sensitive Nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Vancomycin-resistant infections

Which infection(s) may be treated with linezolid [Zyvox])?