Pharmacology Chap 1 and 2

transdermal drug delivery systems deliver medications to the blood stream, continuously for _________ hours or longer

24

Drug ________ is the entrance of drug into the blood stream

absorption

__________ are gelatin shells that contain a drug in either powder, granule, or liquid form to be administered by mouth

capsules

Drugs that are known to cause cancer are termed ___________.

carcinogens

Ionized drugs are drugs that contain a ___________

charge

Which of the following terms refers to a name of a drug that defines the chemical composition of it?

chemical name

T/F: the duration of action is the amount of time it takes for the drug to be absorbed and distributed in the body

false

____________ are drugs or drug extracts that are dried and ground into fine particles

powders

Summation occurs when 2 drugs working together by different mechanisms of action, produce a biological response by different mechanisms of action equal to the ______ of their individual effects

sum

_______ are drug powders that have been compressed into an enteral dosage form

tablets

___________ are compressed powders given orally that dissolve rapidly in the stomach

tablets

Drug ___________is a decreased drug effect that occurs after repeated administration

tolerance

In the blood stream__________ drug exerts its pharmalogical effect

unbound

In order for drugs and their metabolites to be excreted through the kidneys they must be _________ soluble, and preferaby in an ionized form

water

idiosyncrasy

when an individual reacts to a drug with an unusual or unexpected response

Drugs have what kind of effects?

- therapeutic - adverse - toxic

Which of the terms refers to the proprietary name of a drug?

- trade name - brand name

Drug poisoning, or toxicity, should be treated by _____________ the use of the drug.

stopping

Pharmacology

study of drugs

Pharmokinetics

study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

pharmacotherapeutics

study of the use of drugs in treating disease

Factors that can affect drug absorption from the GI tract:

- the presence of food - the drug's lipid solubility - the drug's ionization

Alterations in plasma protein binding is one machanism of drug-drug interactions that can cause an increase in __________effects

- adverse - pharmacologic

What can be a mechanism for drug interaction?

- alteration in metabolism - alteration in protein binding - alteration in absorption - alteration in excretion

What are Schedule IV drugs?

- ambien (zolpidem) - valium - phenobarbital - chloral hydrate - librium

Because of the variation in plasma concentrations in specific patient populations, doses are often adjusted in what groups?

- children - renal insufficiency - elderly - hepatic impairment

What defines a Schedule II drug?

- drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use - Narcotics (morphine and pure codeine), cocaine, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturates, nabilone - no refills without a new written prescription from the physician

Schedule V drugs

- drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use - preparations containing small or limited quantities of codeine - anti-diarrheal medications (diphenoxylate & atropine)

What defines a Schedule IV drug?

- drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use - prescription required, may be refilled 5 times in 6 months when authorized by the physician

A person with which conditions can have a prolonged half-life of a drug?

- kidney and liver disease

Which of the following organs have a high blood flow?

- liver - brain - kidneys

Which of the following terms used to describe drugs do not require the services of a physician?

- nonprescription - over-the-counter

What is the safest and most convenient method to administer medications

- oral administration

Which of the following are considered common adverse effects that may be harmful?

- persistent diarrhea - vomiting - confusion

Drug dependence can be characterized as:

- physical and psychological

Suppositories are intended for insertion into the __________

- rectum - urethra - vagina

When should enteric-coated products be taken by patients

1 hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal

__________- is the percentage of a dose of a drug that is actually absorbed into the bloodstream

Bioavailability

Schedule ___ drugs have a high abuse potential and no medical use

I

____________ _____________ can be used to increase the pH of the urine, thus increasing the excretion of acid drugs in an overdose

Sodium bicarbonate

competitive antagonism

When both agonist and antagonist drugs are administered together, they compete with each other for the same receptor site.

It is called an ___________ effect when the combined effect of 2 drugs that produce the same response by the same mechanism of action is equal to the sum of their individual effects

additive

Tinctures, elixirs, spirits, and fluid extracts are preparations that contain ___________

alcohol

A(n) __________ is a drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing an effect.

antagonist

syrups are commonly what type of preparation?

aqueous

Troches and lozenges are commonly used for

colds

A(n) __________ is a situation or condition in which a certain drug should not be administered

contraindications

Drug ___________ is a condition wherein reliance on the administration of a particular drug becomes extremely important to the well-being of the individual

dependence

antagonist

drugs that bind to a specific receptor and block a response

The __________________ ________________ can increase the duration of action of certain lipophilic drugs, such as oral contraceptives

enterohepatic cycle

The removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body is termed ___________.

excretion

adverse effect

general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect

Drugs acting syngergistically produce a ____________ effect than the sum of their effects when given together

greater

______ ______ is the time it takes to eliminate half the drug from the body.

half-life

What does not affect drug effects?

height

What is the onset of action for a drug?

how long it takes before the drug produces a response

When a solid forms in a container after 2 drugs are mixed, the drugs are considered to be ______________

incompatible

A drug _______ is the intended or indicated use for that drug

indication

A drug ____________ refers to the effects that occur when the actions of one drug are affected by another drug.

interaction

Two drugs working antagonistically produce __________ of an effect than if they had worked independently

less

the more ________ soluble a drug is the faster it will pass through cell membrane, and thus be absorbed

lipid

after oral administration, drugs pass through the __________ before they are distributed throughout the body

liver

_____ of action explains how a drug produces its effects

mechanism

What are examples of parenteral administration?

most common routes: - intramuscular (IM) injection - intravenous (IV) injection - inhalation - topical application

Topical preparations consisting of oily base to which a drug may be added are called _______ or salves

ointments

The __________ route of administration is any route that does not involve the GI tract.

parenteral

What term refers to a medication that can only be dispensed with a written or phoned order from a licensed physician

prescription

A(n) ________ refers to a specific cellular structure that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect.

receptor

What two things does a drug manufacturer have to show before a drug is approved by the FDA?

safety and efficacy

Which term refers to a drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful?

side effect

Which of the following refers to the location where a drug exerts it's therapeutic effect?

site of action

parenteral injections require strict practices of __________ technique to prevent infections from the medication

sterile

What is the duration of action for a drug?

the length of time that a drug continues to produce its effect

Drug distribution

the movement of drug to various tissues and organs of the body from the blood stream.

dissoluton

the process of a solid dosage (tablet) form breaking up and dissolving in GI juices

toxicology

the study of harmful effects of drugs

What term refers to the desired effect of a drug?

therapeutic

When a(n) _______ effect of a drug occurs it implies drug poisoning, the consequences can be extremely harmful and/or life threatening.

toxic