PHC4030 Exam 2
There were 8,651 deaths and 14,662 births reported in Hillsborough County in the year 2000. If there were 998,948 people living in county during the year (calculated at mid-year), what is the crude birth rate for Hillsborough County for the year 2000?
14.7 per 1000
A company that makes hard candy have a standard bag of hard candy with 150 pieces. The hard candy has three distinct colors red, white and orange and equal proportion of each candy is present in the standard bag. The manager wants to know whether the bags produced last Monday were similar to the standard bag. To test this, they plan to choose a random bag from the batch and compare it with the standard bag. You will have to answer questions below to assist the manager in comparing the two bags. Based on the data provided above how many degrees of freedom will you have while performing the necessary test of comparison?
2
Calculate the appropriate measure of association for this case control study.
7.43
Assume the following table refers to the results of a cohort study. What is the measure of association from this study?
8.33
There were 8,651 deaths and 14,662 births reported in Hillsborough County in the year 2000. If there were 998,948 people living in county during the year (calculated at mid-year), what is the crude death rate for Hillsborough County for the year 2000?
866 per 100,000
Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by:
A & B (Person to person contact, Crowding)
In epidemiology, person variables include:
A & B only (Socioeconomic status, Secular trends)
Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:
All of the above (Climate, Access to health care, Cultural factors)
Which of the following factors can impact on a proportional mortality rate?
All of the above (Decrease in mortality from other causes, Increase in mortality from the cause being studied, Improved treatment for the disease being studied, A and B)
The BRFSS:
All of the above (Focuses on personal health behaviors, Is a state-based system, Collects data monthly)
Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include:
All of the above (Name, Disposition, Congenital anomalies)
Which of the following are listed as choices describing the manner of death for a U.S. Standard Certificate of Death?
All of the above (Natural, Accident, Suicide, Homicide)
Which of the following cannot be determined from using death certificates?
B and D (The trimester of pregnancy in which the death occurred, Age at which smoking started)
Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for:
Biases due to confounding
Which agency produces the MMWR?
CDC
Which of these is an advantage of a cohort study?
Can be used to study rare exposures
Which of these is not one of the advantages of a case-control study?
Can be used to study rare exposures
Please identify the type of study described below:At the beginning of the semester, a researcher identifies two groups of college students in a mathematics class: a group who regularly drinks more than 5 alcoholic drinks at one time and a group who never drinks more than 5 alcoholic drinks at one time. She then measures their school performance on the final exam. What type of study is this?
Cohort study
Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as:
Cyclic trends
An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an:
Ecologic fallacy
Which of the following describes the term in which just because there are correlations between exposures and outcomes in community-wide studies, the individuals with the outcome may not actually have the exposure?
Ecologic fallacy
Which type of study is done on large groups and not on individuals?
Ecological
Analytic epidemiology characterizes the occurrence of disease according to the variables of person, place, and time.
False
Cross-sectional studies DO NOT measure relationships between diseases and other variables at a particular time.
False
Internal validity refers to how complete the population coverage is.
False
Representativeness, or external validity, DOES NOT refer to the generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken.
False
The infant mortality rate is defined as the number of infant deaths among infants aged zero to one year divided by the number of pregnancies during the same year.
False
All of the following are considered vital events EXCEPT:
Graduation
What is the correct frequency of disease occurrence measured by a cohort study?
Incidence
For both males and females, what type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality?
Lung and bronchus cancer
At the top of the asthma surveillance pyramid is:
Mortality
Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the:
Odds ratio
What is the correct measure of association for a case-control study?
Odds ratio
The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the:
Perinatal mortality rate
A centralized database for collection of information about diseases such as cancer is known as:
Registry
What is the correct measure of association for a cohort study?
Relative Risk
The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the:
Relative risk
Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods refer to:
Secular trends
The term that indicates cases of disease that occur in a specific geographic region is:
Spatial clustering
Which of the following describes characteristics of a clinical trial?
Subjects are randomly assigned to receive a treatment or placebo; subjects are followed over time to identify the outcome
If a participant is in a study evaluating alcohol use drinks less than usual, this is called:
The Hawthorne Effect
A company that makes hard candy have a standard bag of hard candy with 150 pieces. The hard candy has three distinct colors red, white and orange and equal proportion of each candy is present in the standard bag. The manager wants to know whether the bags produced last Monday were similar to the standard bag. To test this, they plan to choose a random bag from the batch and compare it with the standard bag. You will have to answer questions below to assist the manager in comparing the two bags. What is the null hypothesis for this exercise? (Select the most appropriate response)
The bag of candy produced last Monday are like the standard bag.
A company that makes hard candy have a standard bag of hard candy with 150 pieces. The hard candy has three distinct colors red, white and orange and equal proportion of each candy is present in the standard bag. The manager wants to know whether the bags produced last Monday were similar to the standard bag. To test this, they plan to choose a random bag from the batch and compare it with the standard bag. You will have to answer questions below to assist the manager in comparing the two bags. What is the alternate hypothesis for this exercise? (Select the most appropriate response)The bag of candy produced last Monday is different from the standard bag.
The bag of candy produced last Monday is different from the standard bag.
After performing the necessary calculations, the chi-square value of the test is 6.7. The cut-off/critical value of chi-square test is 5.991 (for 5% chance). What is your conclusion about the bags based on this result? (Select the most appropriate response)
The bag of candy produced last Monday is different from the standard bag.
Analytical study designs may be broadly classified as observational or experimental.
True
Birth statistics include statistics on both live births and fetal deaths.
True
By law, physicians and other health care providers must report cases of certain diseases, known as reportable and notifiable diseases, to health authorities.
True
Ecologic studies use the group as the unit of analysis rather than the individual.
True
Hypothetically, African-Americans, older patients & women dying more frequently from cancer than other ethnic/racial groups, younger patients, and men, respectively, are examples of health disparities.
True
One objective of descriptive epidemiology is to monitor known diseases as well as identify emerging problems.
True
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an example of an ongoing cross-sectional study.
True
The U.S. Bureau of the Census provides information that is useful for defining the denominator in rates.
True
The WHO and the European Union are two examples of organizations that provide international and foreign data regarding diseases and health.
True
The causes of morbidity and mortality differ according to the stage of life a person is in.
True
The infant mortality rate is defined as the number of infant deaths among infants aged zero to one year divided by the number of live births during the same year.
True
The maternal mortality rate encompasses maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
True
Those who occupy the lowest SES positions have excesses of morbidity and mortality from various causes.
True
Three factors that affect the quality of epidemiologic data are: availability, completeness, and the nature of the data.
True
Which of these sources is an excellent source of information on the underlying population of the United States and helps to find the denominators in epidemiological research?
U.S. Census Bureau
Which of the following sources could be used for determining life expectancy?
Vital Statistics Cooperative Program