Philosophy final
Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically
valuable
Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.
consequentialist
When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n) _______
enumerative induction
According to Swinburne, the simplicity of a scientific theory is a matter of its having
few component laws
psychological egoism is the doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is
his or her own self-interest
Some design arguments are framed as
inferences to the best explanation
Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that the universe
is finite in the past and began to exist
Aristotle believes that more virtues can best be acquired through
practice and habit
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the
premises
Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence
reason can decide nothing
If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be
strong
critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary, we must assume that God issues commands based on
the best possible reasons
To Kant, making a lying promise would be wrong because
you could not consistently will that everyone should make lying promises
Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is
God
Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true, and God thus lacks reasons for his commands, then
God's decisions are arbitrary
according to kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except
a good will
According to Rowe, Anselm believes that existence in reality is
a great-making quality
According to Held, care is both
a practice and a value
A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is
an argument
The fallacy of ________ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.
begging the question
Craig says an actually infinite number of things
cannot exist
Mackie says that religious experiences are
generally indistinguishable from experienes with a known psychological or physical cause
According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is
impossible
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the
straw man fallacy
The fallacy of _______ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.
Appeal to ignorance
Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to
Darwinian Evolution
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.
Epistemology
______ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument
Equivocation
The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.
Socrates
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
Socratic method
A(n) ____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and its therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false
Statement
Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to
serve her own self-interest
According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch
shows purposefulness
The fallacy of _____ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.
slippery slope
Act Utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depend
solely on the relative good produced by individual actions
For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the
soul
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
the philosophical method
According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that _____.
the universe has a cause
Paley says that every indication of contrivance & design that exists in the watch exists in _________.
the works of nature
Psychological egoism is a theory about
what is in fact the case
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.
what's true and real
a moral theory explains
why an action is right or wrong
Mill declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than
a fool satisfied
Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become _____.
a universal law
Held believes that the ethics of care calls into question the
abstract rules of the dominant moral theories
Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being
actually exists.
utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for
all concerned
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
an unhealthy soul
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.
appeal to popularity
The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as
appeal to the person
Critics of the divine command theory have argued that the theory implies that God's commands are _____.
arbitrary
Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible—that is, they give us
arguments
The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as
axiology
According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations
cannot evolve a biological system
an important moral criterion of adequacy is known as
consistency with our considered moral judgements
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are _____.
deductive
According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must
determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer
Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in
enjoyments
For subjectivists, everyone's moral views are
equally plausible
in the moral life, feelings are
essential and inevitable
Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is _____.
greater and grander
According to Hick, the divine purpose could not be forwarded in a world that was designed as a
hedonistic paradise
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are
inductive
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
knowledge
The study of correct reasoning is called
logic
The four main divisions of philosophy are
metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, logic
virtues are
moral states
According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is
necessary
According to Kant, to say that something exists is to
not add any additional property to it
according to Held, virtue ethics emphasizes the character of individuals, but the ethics of care focuses more on
nurturing connectedness among people
If God has excellent reasons for laying down the moral law, then
these reasons, and not God's commands, are what make actions right or wrong
Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist you
win infinite happiness and lose nothing