Philosophy final

Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically

valuable

Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.

consequentialist

When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n) _______

enumerative induction

According to Swinburne, the simplicity of a scientific theory is a matter of its having

few component laws

psychological egoism is the doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is

his or her own self-interest

Some design arguments are framed as

inferences to the best explanation

Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that the universe

is finite in the past and began to exist

Aristotle believes that more virtues can best be acquired through

practice and habit

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

premises

Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence

reason can decide nothing

If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be

strong

critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary, we must assume that God issues commands based on

the best possible reasons

To Kant, making a lying promise would be wrong because

you could not consistently will that everyone should make lying promises

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is

God

Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true, and God thus lacks reasons for his commands, then

God's decisions are arbitrary

according to kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except

a good will

According to Rowe, Anselm believes that existence in reality is

a great-making quality

According to Held, care is both

a practice and a value

A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is

an argument

The fallacy of ________ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

begging the question

Craig says an actually infinite number of things

cannot exist

Mackie says that religious experiences are

generally indistinguishable from experienes with a known psychological or physical cause

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is

impossible

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

straw man fallacy

The fallacy of _______ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

Appeal to ignorance

Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to

Darwinian Evolution

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

Epistemology

______ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument

Equivocation

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

Socratic method

A(n) ____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and its therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false

Statement

Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to

serve her own self-interest

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch

shows purposefulness

The fallacy of _____ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.

slippery slope

Act Utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depend

solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the

soul

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

the philosophical method

According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that _____.

the universe has a cause

Paley says that every indication of contrivance & design that exists in the watch exists in _________.

the works of nature

Psychological egoism is a theory about

what is in fact the case

For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.

what's true and real

a moral theory explains

why an action is right or wrong

Mill declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than

a fool satisfied

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become _____.

a universal law

Held believes that the ethics of care calls into question the

abstract rules of the dominant moral theories

Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being

actually exists.

utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for

all concerned

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

an unhealthy soul

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.

appeal to popularity

The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as

appeal to the person

Critics of the divine command theory have argued that the theory implies that God's commands are _____.

arbitrary

Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible—that is, they give us

arguments

The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as

axiology

According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations

cannot evolve a biological system

an important moral criterion of adequacy is known as

consistency with our considered moral judgements

Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are _____.

deductive

According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer

Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in

enjoyments

For subjectivists, everyone's moral views are

equally plausible

in the moral life, feelings are

essential and inevitable

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is _____.

greater and grander

According to Hick, the divine purpose could not be forwarded in a world that was designed as a

hedonistic paradise

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are

inductive

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of

knowledge

The study of correct reasoning is called

logic

The four main divisions of philosophy are

metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, logic

virtues are

moral states

According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is

necessary

According to Kant, to say that something exists is to

not add any additional property to it

according to Held, virtue ethics emphasizes the character of individuals, but the ethics of care focuses more on

nurturing connectedness among people

If God has excellent reasons for laying down the moral law, then

these reasons, and not God's commands, are what make actions right or wrong

Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist you

win infinite happiness and lose nothing