Philosophy Final

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? There are only two reasons that people vote Republican. They are millionaires or they are naive. Professional athletes are both.

(False Dilemma) - There are clearly many reasons someone might choose to vote Republican. The passage presents two extreme choices as the only ones.

A scientific claim is one that is ______. [choose any/all that apply]

-provable -useful

The following is an example of what sort of inductive argument?The economic crisis of 2008-2009 parallels that of 1873 in that it followed a bubble in real estate burst and banks tightened their lending practices so that businesses and consumers had difficulty getting loans. Given that the recession of the 1870's lasted more than 3 years, it is likely that the economy will take about that long to recover this time as well

Induction by Shared Properties/Relations

A valid but unsound argument will have at least one false premise.

True

The fallacy of rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself is known as _____.

abusing the man (ad hominem)

How many statements must an argument have?

at least two

Post hoc reasoning involves mistakenly reasoning that _____.

just because one event precedes another that the first one must be caused of the second.

Which of the following are true of deductive arguments?

may be sound or unsound

If a theory is _____, we would have more evidence for it than I need.

over-determined

A scientific claim is one that is ______.

provable & useful

A deductively valid argument cannot have _____.

All true premises and a false conclusion.

An argument is a debate or dispute.

False

Explain your answer to Question #27. Repeating definitions or restating the passage is insufficient as an explanation. Similarly, just listing out premises and conclusions or just identifying the argument pattern is insufficient as an explanation. You must clearly explain how the specific example illustrates the particular fallacy you chose (or why there is no fallacy if that was your answer). Be detailed as you possibly can.

It's fair to assume that the person (person A) making this statement is talking about building a wall around the Mexican/American border and deflecting attention to the pope since he lives in the Vatican which is also surrounded by walls. It's simply "what about you?" type of question in order to remove the attention from their beliefs in an attempt to prove their own.

An argument will include at least one of the following? [choose all that apply]

NOT: at least one true claim, an opinion, no clearly false claims, a conditional statement

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? No one should use marijuana recreationally. The use of mind-altering substance for 'recreational' purposes puts a person at serious risk of demonic attack because what you're doing is rejecting the natural chemicals God already put in your body as insufficient to satisfy you physically and emotionally.

appeal to authority -- The speaker clearly invokes an unrealistic danger (demon attack) as their justification for opposing the use of marijuana.

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? The people will not stand for impeachment [of Pres. Trump]. A politician that votes for it would be endangering their own life.

appeal to force - The speaker threatens leaders who might vote a particular way in an effort to sway their action. [source — former political advisor Roger Stone, 25 August 2017]

A word or phrase that has no fixed meaning is ______.

vague

IS THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENT VALID or INVALID:"This tax ordinance is clearly unconstitutional. It could hardly be denied that a tax laid specifically on the exercise of expressly given freedoms would be unconstitutional, and yet the license tax imposed by this ordinance is just that."

valid -- Basically a modus ponens.

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? There are two conflicting worldviews vying for power. The secular humanist worldview versus the Judeo-Christian or Biblical worldview. Humanism sees the world as impersonal matter shaped by chance with man just another animal. There is no basis for values or laws. The Biblical worldview recognizes a Creator who established moral laws and absolute truth as revealed in the Bible. Man, made in God's image, is priceless.

— False Dilemma, Clearly, the author is setting up a slanted and incomplete set of choices. Their intention is to make one choice so unrealistic or bad that it appears there is but one way to go.

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? It is not possible for homosexual behavior to be a constitutional or moral or ethical or legal right. Why? Because our rights come to us from God and would never, under any circumstances, ever grant human beings the right to engage in homosexual behavior.

—This is a case of Begging the Question. The author assumes what they are trying to prove. Specifically, their reason ("God would never under any circumstances, ever grant human beings the right to engage in homosexual behavior") and conclusion ("It is not possible for homosexual behavior to be a constitutional or moral or ethical or legal right.") are essentially the same claim.

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? She [Washington Gov. Christine Gregoire] might as well change her name to John Wilkes Booth because what she's doing now is trying to put a bullet in the head of one of the greatest traditions that has ever existed and has built our society, and that is marriage between one man and one woman.

Appeal to Tradition - Clearly, the speaker bases his opposition to same-sex marriage purely because it is traditional. [Cite: Pastor Ken Hutcherson speaking on Washington Gov. Christine Gregoire's support for legal recognition of same-sex marriage. 23 January 2012.]

IDENTIFY THE ARGUMENT'S PREMISES and CONCLUSION. MATCH THE CLAIM WITH ITS ROLE. NOTE THAT SOME CHOICES ON THE RIGHT SIDE MAY NOT BE USED. Clearly, the Harry Potter series of books have no place in American homes, schools or libraries, and they must be banned. These stories glorify witchcraft. They tell children such immoral practices are acceptable. America is a Christian nation, and the Bible condemns witchcraft in dozen of passages.

Conclusion: Clearly, the Harry Potter series of books have no place in American homes, schools or libraries, and they must be banned. Premise 1: These stories glorify witchcraft. Premise 2: They tell children such immoral practices are acceptable. Premise 3: America is a Christian nation, and the Bible condemns witchcraft in dozen of passages.

IDENTIFY THE ARGUMENT'S PREMISES and CONCLUSION. MATCH THE CLAIM WITH ITS ROLE. NOTE THAT SOME CHOICES ON THE RIGHT SIDE MAY NOT BE USED. A terrorist designation of the Muslim Brotherhood from Washington would do more harm than good. It would empower Islamic State by pushing into their corner those sympathetic to the Brotherhood. It could undermine U.S. relations with several countries where Brotherhood-affiliated parties are in power, such as Morocco and Tunisia. It could potentially be used against certain Muslim American organizations that are accused of having ties to the Brotherhood.

Conclusion:terrorist designation of the Muslim Brotherhood from Washington would do more harm than good. Premise 1: It would empower Islamic State by pushing into their corner those sympathetic to the Brotherhood. Premise 2: It could undermine U.S. relations with several countries where Brotherhood-affiliated parties are in power, such as Morocco and Tunisia. Premise 3: It could potentially be used against certain Muslim American organizations that are accused of having ties to the Brotherhood.

A deductive argument reasons from general to specific.

False

A theory is verifiable if it can be proven more completely than any competing theory.

False

All premises must be explicitly stated in an argument.

False

An ambiguous term or phrase is one where the definition is circular.

False

An inductive argument reasons from specific to general.

False

An inductive argument will have a false premise thereby making the conclusion only probable.

False

Any use of emotion in an argument is fallacious.

False

Enthymemes can be either inductive or deductive arguments

False

Every provable claim is scientific.

False

If a scientific claim is true, there is no reason to question how it is formed or why the scientist chose to highlight this truth rather than others.

False

If any one argument for a particular conclusion is fallacious, then we are justified in rejecting that conclusion.

False

Ockham's Razor is a scientific principle.

False

The Red Herring fallacy occurs when one claims that an argument includes a premise known to be false a priori.

False

The attempt to establish the conclusion of an argument by using that conclusion as a premise is known as Slippery Slope.

False

The fallacy of Accident occurs when we unintentionally make an mistake in our argument.

False

The inference in adjunction is invalid.

False

When presented in standard form, an argument transition phrases are highlighted.

False

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? Individuals should be allowed to perform on the sidewalk along Las Vegas Boulevard. Playing the ukulele on the Strip is the only way I can make money unless I wanna go sell my body, or do something that might get me arrested.

False Dilemma--The options given (play ukulele or sex work/illegal activity) are not the only options available to earn money. So we have a false limiting of choices.

A Denying the Antecedent argument will always be sound.

False, since these arguments are invalid they would also be unsound.

Statistical Syllogistic arguments can be either valid or invalid.

False, they are inductive so neither valid or invalid.

Which sort of knowledge is more scientific?

General knowledge about a type

The following is an example of what sort of inductive argument?The Ruby Mountains is the worst place in the world to explore for oil. It's one of the most recreation-rich areas for sure in Northern Nevada, if not in all of Nevada. It's an iconic landscape to state. Moreover, Nevada has never been a significant oil producer.

NOT: modus ponens, induction by shared properties/relations, casual argument, OR statistical syllogism.

Which of the following is/are true of inductive arguments... [choose any/all that apply]

NOT: will not include facts as premises, necessarily move from general to specific, may be either sound or unsound, cannot contain a conditional proposal

IDENTIFY THE ARGUMENT'S PREMISES and CONCLUSION. MATCH THE CLAIM WITH ITS ROLE. NOTE THAT SOME CHOICES ON THE RIGHT SIDE MAY NOT BE USED. Nevadans elect their judges, but every few years a proposal arises to abandon that approach for an appointment process. Allowing voters to hold judges responsible for their decisions on the bench provides a vital check on judicial power. Moving to an appointed system of judges would not necessarily make them any less susceptible to political influence. Nevada should keep electing our judges.

Neither: Nevadans elect their judges, but every few years a proposal arises to abandon that approach for an appointment process. Premise 1: Allowing voters to hold judges responsible for their decisions on the bench provides a vital check on judicial power. Premise 2: Moving to an appointed system of judges would not necessarily make them any less susceptible to political influence. Conclusion: We should keep electing our judges.

Explain your answer to Question #4. Repeating definitions or restating the passage is insufficient as an explanation. Similarly, just listing out premises or conclusions or just identifying the argument pattern is insufficient as an explanation.You must clearly explain how the specific example expresses an argument, explanation, or neither (whatever you answered). Be detailed as you possibly can.

Person A says that they would like to get a tattoo, and our first initial response would be, "why?". Person A tells us her explanation, which is that they are afraid of getting one. Person A states their cause represented by a conclusion.

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? The California mindset on same-sex marriage is what has destroyed California. Don't bring that mindset to Carson City and destroy Nevada. Is polygamy next? Maybe more and higher taxes and fees in the name of education for the kids. Let's tax more the only industries in Nevada that are still operating and employing, they need to pay their fairshare. Don't Californiaize Nevada.

SLIPPERY SLOPE - The author is asserting a series of events will be put into place as a result leading to some eventual bad end. There are a few fallacies in play here. This is also an example of FALSE CAUSE. No evidence is presented of any causal connection between same-sex marriage in CA and the recession of preceding years. Plus, anyone with even a passing knowledge of current events would recognize that the recession was a worldwide event with a number of common causes having nothing to do with same-sex marriage.

The claim "silent invisible gremlins live in my freezer" would be falsified by _____.

The claim is falsifiable

Explain your answer to Question #6. Repeating definitions or restating the passage is insufficient as an explanation. Similarly, just listing out premises and conclusions or just identifying the argument pattern is insufficient as an explanation. You must clearly explain how the specific example illustrates the particular fallacy you chose (or why there is no fallacy if that was your answer). Be detailed as you possibly can.

The question asked is very clear: Is no one going to lose coverage? The answer was cleverly avoided and another topic similar to the one that was brought up as to not show the fact that the question was avoided.

A categorical syllogism with one negative premise must also have a negative conclusion.

True

An argument's premise(s) presents the evidence or support for the conclusion.

True

An argument's validity is not determined by its content.

True

Denying the Antecedent arguments are always deductive.

True

Generally, it won't be possible to make all of the observations we would need to say that a theory is absolutely true.

True

In the Red Herring fallacy, the speaker seeks to distract from the discussion or argument by interjecting an irrelevant issue.

True

The perfectionist fallacy is a variety of the False Dilemma.

True

We will not always be able to identify one observation that would prove one theory and disprove another.

True

When anyone can perform the same experiment and get the same outcome we have shown that a scientific theory is replicable.

True

IS THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENT VALID or INVALID:"I do know that this pencil exists, but if Hume's principles are true I could never have such knowledge. Hence,we must recognize that Hume is incorrect."

Valid -- Straight froward case of Modus Tollens.

Clearly explain your answer in Question #25. Repeating definitions or restating the passage is insufficient as an explanation. Similarly, just listing out premises or conclusions or merely identifying the argument pattern is insufficient as an explanation. You must clearly explain how/why this example (not examples in general) illustrate the type of reasoning you chose. Be detailed as you possibly can.

When you take a look at the city of Windhoek, the statistics show us that even with a shortage of rain the city suffers no water crisis. By this logic, if we apply the same policies, southern Nevada would also thrive in the same manner.

What sort of relation is at work between an argument's premises and conclusion?

an inference

In the _____ fallacy, we point to the fact that there is no evidence for or against a claim as proof for the claim's truth or falsity.

appeal to ignorance

What is the first move when creating an argument in formal logic?

clarifying what our words mean

The fallacy of arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole is called _____.

composition

#4 Does the following express an argument, an explanation, or neither? I don't have any tattoos. I think about getting one everyday, but then I get scared

explanation. it tells us why the speaker has no tattoos.

In an instance of _____, we jump to a conclusion that events are linked based on coincidence.

false cause

When we reason to a conclusion about a target population based on an inadequate sample size, we commit a/an _____.

hasty generaliztion

# 25 Does the passage below contain a DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, or NO ARGUMENT at all?— Windhoek, a city of about 400,000, sits on a high desert plateau. No more than 14 inches of rain falls annually, sometimes far less. Yet Windhoek has no water crisis and keeps its people and its tourists hydrated by cleaning and reusing wastewater of all kinds over and over. The recycled water that is too gray for human consumption is used for industrial purposes or in agriculture. As little as possible is wasted. Given its similar high desert environment, Southern Nevada should adopt Windhoek's water recycling policies and practices.

inductive argument, it's an analogical argument.

Does the passage below contain a DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, or NO ARGUMENT at all?— Of course, it's perfectly fine that White House Press Secretary Huckabee Sanders was asked to leave a Virginia restaurant. If we recognize the right of business owners to deny service to same-sex couple because of their religious beliefs, then it seems within a business owner's rights to refuse to serve liars if lying is forbidden by their religion.

inductive argument, it's an argument by analogy.

Identify the valid argument form(s). [choose all that apply]

modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, constructive dilemma, modus ponens

The claim "humans lived alongside dinosaurs" would be falsified by _____.

no instances of the two during the same period in the fossil record

Does the passage below contain a DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT, or NO ARGUMENT at all?— Under the terms of the contract, Williams will receive six weeks of vacation and 13 sick days a year. His performance will be evaluated on an annual basis, with an opportunity to earn a raise and a 10 percent bonus each year. Commissioners can fire him at any time if they choose, but Williams would receive six months' pay as severance unless the firing was justified.

not an argument, it just describes someone's compensation package.

# 6 WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? TV HOST: Are you saying no one is going to lose coverage under this plan? Because that's what the president promised.GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL: What we're saying is that the current system has failed. You got one-third of the counties in this nation that are only offering one coverage policy. Five states, only one coverage policy

red herring — The official changes the topic and doesn't respond to the question asked.

The observation of an effect predicted by a scientific theory is _____.

scientific evidence

Typically, the burden of proof in a dispute rests on the side that _____.

seeks to prove a positive claim

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? "If we do not keep the pressure on Target, [their policy of providing non-gendered bathrooms] will quickly—we know how major corporations are, they are scared to death of anything that isn't politically correct—this will spread like wildfire, we will not be able to go to the bathroom anywhere.

slippery slope -- The author is clearly saying that an unstoppable chain of events will be set in motion.

What inference that cannot itself be proven is deeply embedded in the nature of science?

the future will be like the past

WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? For Trump, highlighting U.S.-made products is inconsistent with his practices as a businessman. For years, the Trump Organization has outsourced much of its product manufacturing, relying on a global network of factories in a dozen countries — including Bangladesh, China and Mexico — to make its clothing, home decor pieces and other items.

tu quoque — While Pres. Trump's businesses have actively outsourced production of many items overseas , the fact that he is hypocritical and does not do what he says others should do does not call into question if the underlying advice is correct.

# 27 WHAT FALLACY, IF ANY, IS COMMITTED IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE? If the pope wants no walls, let him tear down the one that surrounds the Vatican. Then allow immigrants to take residence in the pope's palace. In the meantime, he can build a bridge from Syria to Rome.

u Quoque — Our conclusion is the implied: "The Pope's criticism of border walls should be ignored." The above argument is an example of the Tu Quoque Fallacy. The Pope's view is being criticized, and we are supposed to reject it on the grounds that he is not remaining true to his own position since the Vatican has walls.