Philosophy Midterm
According to Augustine, moral evil _____.
Comes from human choices and actions
In early Confucianism, ritual, etiquette, principle, and propriety, and conscientious and right action are called _____.
Ii ??
In Confucianism, the ideal world is generated through the practice of _____ and _____.
Ii; ren
The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as __________.
appeal to the person
Plato's tripartite soul is constituted by _____, _____, and _____.
appetite; spirit; reason.
_____ is the denial of physical comfort or pleasures for religious ends.
asceticism
According to Aristotle, courage is _____.
to be desired at all costs
Plato __________ Protagoras's position.
utterly rejects
Plato _____ Protagoras' position.
utterly rejects.
__________ is a hedonist.
epicurus
That for which a thing is, is called the _____ cause.
final.
The _____ cause tells us "that for the sake of which" something is.
formal.
Socrates claims to be a _____ for Athens' sake.
gadfly.
At his trial, Socrates declares that _____.
he will not stop philosophizing.
Aristotle tells us that _____ is an "activity of soul in conformity with excellence."
human good
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are __________.
inductive
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are _____.
inductive.
According to Plato, knowledge is __________.
innate
_____ goods are what all our actions are pointed toward.
intrinsic
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, prisoners believe what they perceive on the cave wall __________.
is real
The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.
logic.
The study of correct reasoning is called _____.
logic.
Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.
logos.
Thales's great contribution to philosophy and science is (are) his __________, whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena.
method
Thales' great contribution to philosophy and science is (are) his _____, whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena.
method.
According to the skeptic, the goal of life is happiness attained through _____.
moderate pleasures and the avoidance of mental disturbance.
The Stoic ideal is __________.
moderation in attitudes
The Stoic ideal is _____.
moderation in attitudes.
According to Plato, a part of the soul's harmony involves the appetitive part __________.
motivating a man to act confidently and satisfy basic needs
According to Plato, a part of the soul's harmony involves the appetitive part _____.
motivating a man to act confidently and satisfy basic needs.
Anselm advances a version of the _____ argument
ontological
Ockham is known for the principle of _____.
parsimony
Plato thinks that _____ should govern.
philosopher kings.
For Socrates, examination consists of __________.
question and answer
Socrates employed _____ in his interactions.
question and answer.
Epicurus did not propose __________.
recklessly sensual, overindulgent living
Hildegard was one of the first __________ in the West.
religious mystics
The Sophists were skilled at, among other things, __________.
rhetoric
A preoccupation with _____ is a clear indication, according to Socrates, that one's soul is unhealthy.
social status.
The __________ is used to expose errors in ethical thinking.
socratic method
Socrates claims that nothing is more important than caring for one's _____
soul.
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the __________.
straw man fallacy
__________ answers the question, "What is being?"
substance
For Aristotle, the primary explanation of the development of all living things is _____.
teleological.
For Aristotle, scientific knowledge is not so much knowing _____ but _____.
that something is true; why it is true.
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.
the appeal to popularity.
Aristotle argues that the good life is lived according to _____ .
the light of reason
Zeno supports __________ view with a number of paradoxes.
Parmenides'
Among the dialogues in which Plato presents his theory of the immortal soul is the __________.
Phaedo
Daoism is also known as _____.
Taoism
Augustine calls evil ____
a privation of good
Aquinas's thought is deeply influenced by _____.
Aristotle
_____ is the contradiction regarding the gods that Socrates says his accusers put forth.
Atheism and creating new divinities.
Plato calls the objectively real, eternal, and abstract entities that serve as models or universals of higher knowledge, _____.
Forms.
The _____ is used to expose errors in ethical thinking.
Socratic method.
_____ is a skeptic.
Sextus Empiricus
Socrates was said to be __________.
charismatic
_____ gives us the raw materials for reliable knowledge.
sensation
An ontological argument reasons from __________
the concept of God to the existence of God
Hedonism is _____.
the doctrine that pleasure is the supreme good.
The most powerful trend in the Medieval period was _____.
the rise of Christianity
The set of sacred compositions known as the Vedas is considered the reference point in _____.
hinduism
"Vedas" means _____.
knowledge
for socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
knowledge
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
an unhealthy soul.
Democritus advances the theory known as _____.
ancient atomism.
Stoicism has been attractive to many because it offers itself as a(n) __________.
antidote for the miseries of the world
Augustine argues for degrees of reality, which reflects __________ influence on his thought.
Plato's
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.
what's true and real.
Sophists were _____.
Itinerant professors
Maimonides is best known as a(n) __________ scholar
Jewish
Aristotle says that virtue is _____.
a mean lying between two vices
Which of the following is not a concept in Buddhism?
ahimsa
Plato considers belief insufficient for knowledge, which requires that a proposition also _____ and _____.
be true; justified.
Aristotle calls a proof a demonstration when _____ and the conclusion follows deductively.
both the premises are true.
One commonality between Socrates and the Sophists was the latter's focus on __________ inquiries.
humanistic
One commonality between Socrates and the Sophists was the latter's focus on _____.
humanistic inquiries.
Socrates professes __________.
ignorance
Socrates professes _____.
ignorance.
Plato counters the view that the _____ is better off than the _____.
immoral person; moral one.
Plato argues that the soul is _____.
immortal.
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of __________.
knowledge
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.
knowledge.
Socrates' method shows a belief in a connection between virtue and _____.
knowledge.
A thing's material composition is its _____.
material cause
_____ is a state of bliss and well-being attained when one extinguishes the flames of desire and thus halts the repeating cycle of death and rebirth.
nirvana
The Stoics think the organizing being or principle of the universe is __________.
rational
Heraclitus' central idea is a(n) _____ principle.
rational.
Plato reasons that, if truth is objective, it must also be about _____.
real things.
Parmenides distinguishes between appearance and __________.
reality
Epicurus did not propose _____.
recklessly sensual, overindulgent living.
According to Plato, the process of learning is a process of __________.
recollection
A(n) _____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false.
statement.
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the _____.
straw man fallacy.
Aristotle asserts that _____ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.
substance.
Aristotle says, "That which is primarily and is simply (not is something) must be _____.
substance.
Parmenides argues that reality consists of _____.
the One.
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.
the Socratic method.
Happiness is possible when __________.
the balance, stability, and integration of the inner parts of ourselves dispel internal conflict
__________ developed what is now known as natural law theory.
Aquinas
The overlapping of periods-Ancient and Middle Ages, and Middle Ages and Renaissance-means that figures such as __________ are difficult to classify.
Augustine
__________ advances an argument for the existence of the soul that is later similar to Descartes's argument for the existence of the self.
Avicenna
_____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value
Axiology.
_____ is the most highly venerated and influential scriptures in Hinduism.
Bhagavad-Gita
In Hinduism, _____ is the impersonal, all-pervading spirit that is the universe yet transcends all space and time.
Brahman
_____ is a Stoic.
Epictetus.
_____ is a hedonist
Epicurus.
For Plato, the greatest Form is the Form of the _____.
Good.
One of Buddhism's Four Noble Truths is _____.
Life is suffering
At his trial, Socrates cross-examines _____.
Meletus.
Neoplatonism is the philosophical view consisting of a blend of __________
Plato's metaphysics and other nonmaterialist or religious ideas
Neoplatonism is the philosophical view consisting of a blend of _____.
Plato's metaphysics and other nonmaterialist or religious ideas.
Prominent among the Sophists was __________.
Protagoras
In his __________, Aquinas presents "Five Ways," or arguments for the existence of God.
Summa Theologica
_____ is the name of the essential Confucian virtues, including benevolence, sympathy, kindness, generosity, respect for others, and human-heartedness.
ren
The Sophists were skilled at, among other things, _____.
rhetoric.
In Buddhism, _____ means, among other things, refraining from lying, slander, gossip, unkind, or rude words or abusive talk, and idle or misleading assertions.
right speech
According to Plato, a part of the soul's harmony involves the rational part _____.
ruling wisely over appetite and spirit.
In Hinduism, _____ is one's cycle of repeated deaths and rebirths.
samsara
The only real harm that can be done to a person, according to the Stoics, is _____.
self-inflicted injury to the soul by a lack of virtue.
Experience, according to Aristotle, is produced by __________.
sensation
In the type of fallacy known as __________, we argue that a particular actions should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.
slippery slope
In the type of fallacy known as _____, we argue that a particular actions should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome
slippery slope.
A preoccupation with __________ is a clear indication, according to Socrates, that one's soul is unhealthy.
social status
The skeptic claims that the most reasonable response to a lack of knowledge is _____.
suspension of judgment.
The heart of Aristotle's logical system is the __________.
syllogism
Parmenides is famous for, among other things, his _____
systematic employment of deductive argument.
As the prisoner makes his way out of the cave, he begins to see _____.
that things closer to the outside of the cave are more real than those closer to the back.
Happiness is possible when _____.
the balance, stability, and integration of the inner parts of ourselves dispel internal conflict.
_____ is the moral principle that performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect
the doctrine of double effect
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called _____.
the philosophical method.
Epicureanism is __________.
the philosophy of achieving happiness through moderate pleasures and avoidance of pain
Epicureanism is _____.
the philosophy of achieving happiness through moderate pleasures and avoidance of pain.
For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.
the soul.
Socrates is concerned with __________.
the state of one's soul
One argument Plato offers in favor of the view that the soul is immortal is expressed by _____.
the theory of recollection.
In Daoism, "Dao" is typically translated as _____.
the way
To say that nature is teleological is to say it is directed __________.
toward a goal or objective
Socrates was said to be physically __________.
unattractive
According to the Stoic Epictetus, a(n) __________ cannot be harmed.
virtuous person
Plato rejects skepticism, the view that _____.
we lack knowledge in some fundamental way.
Skepticism is the view that _____.
we lack knowledge in some fundamental way.
Thrasymachus thinks the unjust person _____.
will fare better than the just person.
A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is _____.
an argument.
The _____ is the Confucian text containing the conversations of Confucius and his followers.
analects
Anaximander contends that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called __________.
apeiron
Anaximander contends that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called _____.
apeiron.
The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as _____.
appeal to the person.
The reductio ad absurdum is a type of __________.
argument
Aquinas's "Five Ways" include the
argument from motion
The reductio ad absurdum is a type of _____.
argument.
In Hinduism, _____ is one's soul or self
atman
Democritus advances the theory known as ancient __________.
atomism
Democritus' theory includes the view that reality consists of _____ and the void.
atoms.
Sextus Empiricus says that skeptics manage to get through life fine just by _____.
attending to appearances.
Stoicism distinguishes between what we cannot control and our _____.
attitudes.
Initially, the servant boy in the Meno _____.
believes he knows, but does not.
Ockham was one of few philosophers willing to _____.
challenge the views of the Church
Socrates was said to be _____.
charismatic.
Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are __________.
conclusion indicator words
Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are _____.
conclusion indicator words.
From the time he is freed, until he finally becomes accustomed to being outside the cave, the prisoner experiences _____ and _____.
confusion; pain.
Socrates claims that __________ is not to be feared.
death
Socrates claims that _____ is not to be feared.
death.
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are __________.
deductive
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are _____.
deductive.
Plato wrote __________.
dialogues
To say that nature is teleological is to say it is _____.
directed toward a goal or objective
Anselm's argument associates perfection with _____.
divine existence
The carpenter who makes a table is that table's __________ cause.
efficient
That which initiates or is the source of a change is called the _____ cause.
efficient.
When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n) __________.
enumerative induction
When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n) _____.
enumerative induction.
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as ________.
epistemology.
Socrates is concerned with _____ questions.
ethical.
_____ means creation out of nothing
ex nihilo
_________ means creation out of nothin
ex nihilo
For Socrates, grievous harm is done to the soul when one does not __________.
examine one's life
Virtues and vices, according to Aristotle are the __________ between __________.
extremes; means
The reductio ad absurdum shows an assumption to be _____.
false.
Heraclitus claims that although all things __________; they are really __________.
flow; unchanging
Heraclitus claims that although all things _____, they are really _____.
flow; unchanging.
According to Aristotle, we always desire happiness _____.
for its own sake
The __________ cause tells us "that for the sake of which" something is.
formal
A thing's properties constitute its _____.
formal cause
The _____ cause explains why something is the way it is by citing the structure and properties that make it when it is.
formal.
Aristotle presents __________ cause(s).
four
A teleological argument reasons _____
from apparent signs of design or purposeful creation in the world to the existence of a supreme designer
An ontological argument reasons _____
from the concept of God to the existence of God
A cosmological argument reasons _____.
from the existence of the universe or cosmos to the existence of God.
Aristotle distinguishes between a(n) _____ and functioning well.
function
Aristotle distinguishes between a(n) __________ and functioning well.
function
According to Augustine's hierarchy of being, ______
goodness correlates to reality
Aristotle thinks _____ is the highest good for a human being.
happiness
_________ is, Aristotle tells us, "something complete and self-sufficient."
happiness
According to _____, _____ is NOT one of the four "tests" that an action must pass to be judged morally permissible.
he doctrine of double effect; the end does justify the means.
According to Plato, the truly real world is the world of the __________ existing Forms.
independently
Stoicism has been attractive to many because _____.
it offers itself as an antidote for the miseries of the world.
Sophists were __________.
itinerant professors
A harmonious soul is a _____ soul.
just.
In Hinduism, _____ is the universal principle that governs characteristics and quality of each rebirth, or future life.
karma
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
knowledge
Socrates asks the Athenian jury to _____.
listen to his words and arguments.
Stoicism holds that the universe is a kind of organizing being, or _____.
logos.
That out of which something is, is called the _____ cause.
material.
In The Republic, Plato argues that the only kind of society that can ensure people get their due is a _____.
meritocracy.
The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as __________.
metaphysics
The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.
metaphysics.
Socrates claimed he did not accept _____ for teaching.
money.
According to the Sophists, _____ are determined neither by the gods nor nature.
moral beliefs and legal codes
The Sophists prefer _____ of phenomena.
naturalistic explanations.
A truth that could not have been false is a _____.
necessary truth
The Oracle at Delphi declared _____.
no one was wiser than Socrates.
According to Epicurus, pleasures are _____.
not all equal
Plato believes in __________ knowledge.
objective
Plato believes in _____ knowledge.
objective.
Particular things are said to __________ the Forms.
participate in
Particular things are said to _____ the Forms.
participate in.
At his death, Socrates asks his friend Crito to _____.
pay a debt.
Epicureanism, Stoicism, and skepticism are all motivated toward __________.
peace of mind and freedom from disturbance
Epicureanism, Stoicism, and skepticism are all motivated toward _____.
peace of mind and freedom from disturbance.
Epicureanism, Stoicism, and skepticism all aim toward _____.
peace of mind.
The Hindu Upanishads are _____.
philosophical and religious speculations
Augustine argues for degrees of reality, which reflects the influence of _____ on his thought
plato
Epicurus equates __________ with an unperturbed soul.
pleasure and the absence of pain
Epicurus equates _____ with an unperturbed soul.
pleasure and the absence of pain.
The Stoic thinks that all but _____ are under our control.
political office.
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the _____.
premises.
According to Thales, the universe is fundamentally _____.
water.
Stoicism is the view that _____
we can attain happiness and peace of mind if we focus on controlling only what is up to us.
Epictetus asserts, __________.
"It is not things that upset people but rather ideas about things"
Epictetus asserts, _____.
"It is not things that upset people but rather ideas about things".
In the Apology, Socrates declares __________.
"the unexamined life is not worth living"
In the Apology, Socrates declares _____.
"the unexamined life is not worth living".
Logos is __________ central idea.
Heraclitus's
_____ asserts, "Moderation is the greatest virtue."
Heraclitus.