Psychology Memory

Encoding in short term memory

Acoustic, where information is represented as sounds or visual

What is the Multi Store Model

An explanation of how memory processes work based on idea of three separate stores, each store has the characteristics; duration, capacity and encoding.

What is the working memory model

An explanation on short term memory, based on the 4 components, some with storage capacity

Who completed the study of the multi store model

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Who completed an experiment about encoding?

Baddeley 1966

Who completed the working m memory model

Baddeley and Hitch

Who completed the study on duration in long term memory?

Bahrick et al

Generalisation

Being able to apply the results to real life situations

How is memory processed

Information first arrives at the sensory memory, which then gets transferred to the short term memory where it is fragile and becomes lost if not rehearsed and transferred to the long term memory, the more rehearsal means the better it is remembered

Capacity of LTM

Potentially unlimited

Episodic buffer

Receives input from many sources, temporarily stores this information

Strengths of the MSM

Research Support Produces testable predictions-important so it can be repeated to enable theory testing and verification

Encoding of LTM

Semantic, so information is represented by its meaning

Short term memory

Short term memory is memory for immediate events, lasts for a short amount of time and will disappear if not rehearsed. Has a limited duration and capacity.

What did the Baddeley experiment show

That participants found it more difficult to remember acoustically similar words in short term memory, but not in long term memory

Capacity related to LTN

The amount of information that can be stored in long term memory at any one time

Capacity related to STM

The amount of information that can be stored in the short term memory at any one time

What did the experiment on misleading information show?

The group who has the word smashed estimated the higher speed than the group who heard the work contracted

Factors affecting the capacity of short term memory

The influence of long term memory Reading aloud Rhythmic grouping Pronunciation time

Duration related to LTM

The length of time that information can be held for in long term memory

Duration related to STM

The length of time that information can be held in the short term memory

Encoding related to LTM

The way that memories are represented by LTM

Encoding related to STM

The way the sensory input is represented in short term memory, for example as images or sounds

Phonological loop

Encodes speech sounds

Visio-spatial sketchpad

Encodes visual information

Evaluation points of the Peterson and Peterson study

Lacked ecological validity as the experiment material was artificial so couldn't be applied to everyday life.

Capacity in short term memory

Less than 7 chunks

Effect of Misleading Information on EWT

Loftus and Palmer 1974

Long term memory

Long term memory is memory for events that have happened in the past, can last anywhere from 2 minutes to 100 years. Has a potentially unlimited duration and capacity.

Duration of LTM

Measured in hours, days, years. Minute to Lifetime

Duration in short term memory

Measured in seconds and minutes

Who completed the study about capacity in short term memory?

Miller

Central executive

Monitors and coordinated all mental function in WM

Limitations of MSM

Not unitary stores- STM has verbal and visual stores, and LTM is divided into semantic, episodic and procedural memory Rehearsal involves processing STM is not entirely separate from LTM

What did the peterson and Peterson study show?

Participants could remember 90% of the consonant syllable when there was only a 3 second delay, this decreased to about 20% after 9 seconds, then again to 2% after an 18 second delay. This suggests short term memory has the duration of less than 18 seconds if verbal rehearsal is prevented.

Word length effect

People remembering lists of short words better than long words

Who completed a experiment about duration in short term memory?

Peterson and Peterson 1959

Sensory memory

Storage system that holds information in a relatively unprocessed form for seconds after stimulus is no longer available. Information from the senses, the capacity is very large

What did the experiment involve

This experiment was a natural experiment. They asked people of various ages to put names to faces from their high school year books, 48 years on, the accuracy was still about 70%, thus proving that if the material was more meaningful to the participant, the long term memory was better