Psychology Memory
Encoding in short term memory
Acoustic, where information is represented as sounds or visual
What is the Multi Store Model
An explanation of how memory processes work based on idea of three separate stores, each store has the characteristics; duration, capacity and encoding.
What is the working memory model
An explanation on short term memory, based on the 4 components, some with storage capacity
Who completed the study of the multi store model
Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
Who completed an experiment about encoding?
Baddeley 1966
Who completed the working m memory model
Baddeley and Hitch
Who completed the study on duration in long term memory?
Bahrick et al
Generalisation
Being able to apply the results to real life situations
How is memory processed
Information first arrives at the sensory memory, which then gets transferred to the short term memory where it is fragile and becomes lost if not rehearsed and transferred to the long term memory, the more rehearsal means the better it is remembered
Capacity of LTM
Potentially unlimited
Episodic buffer
Receives input from many sources, temporarily stores this information
Strengths of the MSM
Research Support Produces testable predictions-important so it can be repeated to enable theory testing and verification
Encoding of LTM
Semantic, so information is represented by its meaning
Short term memory
Short term memory is memory for immediate events, lasts for a short amount of time and will disappear if not rehearsed. Has a limited duration and capacity.
What did the Baddeley experiment show
That participants found it more difficult to remember acoustically similar words in short term memory, but not in long term memory
Capacity related to LTN
The amount of information that can be stored in long term memory at any one time
Capacity related to STM
The amount of information that can be stored in the short term memory at any one time
What did the experiment on misleading information show?
The group who has the word smashed estimated the higher speed than the group who heard the work contracted
Factors affecting the capacity of short term memory
The influence of long term memory Reading aloud Rhythmic grouping Pronunciation time
Duration related to LTM
The length of time that information can be held for in long term memory
Duration related to STM
The length of time that information can be held in the short term memory
Encoding related to LTM
The way that memories are represented by LTM
Encoding related to STM
The way the sensory input is represented in short term memory, for example as images or sounds
Phonological loop
Encodes speech sounds
Visio-spatial sketchpad
Encodes visual information
Evaluation points of the Peterson and Peterson study
Lacked ecological validity as the experiment material was artificial so couldn't be applied to everyday life.
Capacity in short term memory
Less than 7 chunks
Effect of Misleading Information on EWT
Loftus and Palmer 1974
Long term memory
Long term memory is memory for events that have happened in the past, can last anywhere from 2 minutes to 100 years. Has a potentially unlimited duration and capacity.
Duration of LTM
Measured in hours, days, years. Minute to Lifetime
Duration in short term memory
Measured in seconds and minutes
Who completed the study about capacity in short term memory?
Miller
Central executive
Monitors and coordinated all mental function in WM
Limitations of MSM
Not unitary stores- STM has verbal and visual stores, and LTM is divided into semantic, episodic and procedural memory Rehearsal involves processing STM is not entirely separate from LTM
What did the peterson and Peterson study show?
Participants could remember 90% of the consonant syllable when there was only a 3 second delay, this decreased to about 20% after 9 seconds, then again to 2% after an 18 second delay. This suggests short term memory has the duration of less than 18 seconds if verbal rehearsal is prevented.
Word length effect
People remembering lists of short words better than long words
Who completed a experiment about duration in short term memory?
Peterson and Peterson 1959
Sensory memory
Storage system that holds information in a relatively unprocessed form for seconds after stimulus is no longer available. Information from the senses, the capacity is very large
What did the experiment involve
This experiment was a natural experiment. They asked people of various ages to put names to faces from their high school year books, 48 years on, the accuracy was still about 70%, thus proving that if the material was more meaningful to the participant, the long term memory was better