Photosynthesis chapter 8

The Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2+6H2O=C12H1206+6O2

C6H1206

Glucose/sugars

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food

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Picture of the Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar

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Breaking down glucose gives how many ATP? How many ATP does 1 triglyceride give?

36; 146

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast; used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Thylakoids

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment located chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. 'Chlorophyll A' participates directly in the 'light' reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Calvin Cycle

A series of reactions in the chloroplast, where carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose with the aid of ATP and NADPH. It forms a 3-carbon sugar called pyruvate.

Grana

A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast

All cells use chemical energy carried by ____.

ATP

What are the 2 "energy carriers"?

ATP and NADPH

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2O

ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with _________ & ________.

ATP and NADPH.

Carotenoids

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes.

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycle

An electron transport chain

Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Only heterotrophs require oxygen. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment.

Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

Autotrophs

CAN produce their own food

Heterotrophs

CANNOT produce their own food

Which macromolecule is most commonly used as energy?

Carbohydrates

6C02

Carbon dioxide

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus

Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

CAM plants

Crassulacen acid metabolism. This plant stores carbon dioxide at night, and releases it during the day increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.

Which macromolecule provides the most energy?

Fat, or Lipids

What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2

H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?

In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

Which part of photosynthesis makes O2?

Light-dependent Reactions

Which part of photosynthesis makes sugar?

Light-independent Reactions

C3 plants

More then 95 % of plants on the earth are this. A plant that changes C02 into a three carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis. (Rice Wheat, Soybeans)

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll

NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.

6O2/O2

Oxygen

ADP has 1 less ___________ than ATP. Which provides more energy?

Phosphate; ATP

C4 Plants

Plant in which the first product of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis is a compound containing four carbon atoms (oxaloacetate)

Chemosynthesis

Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

Which macromolecule is least likely to be used as energy & why?

Protein; it is better to use protein in building and repair, such as in our muscles

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

The Calvin cycle is a series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma.

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy

Carbon Fixation

The conversion of inorganic carbon (for example, CO2) into organic forms (for example, sugars)

The light-dependent reactions need _______ and ________. They release ___.

They need water & sunlight; O2 is a product

Light Reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (before the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in making organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Primary electron acceptor

The molecule that receives electrons after they leave a photosystem is called the __________ __________ _______.

The light-independent reactions need ______. They make _______ as a product.

They need CO2 and they make sugar, usually glucose, as a product.

6H20 / H2O

Water

Chloroplasts

absorbs sunlight and uses it to make food from CO2 and water.

NADP

carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Photosystem

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

light-dependent and light-independent

Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen regeneration of the CO2 acceptor oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP carbon fixation

release of oxygen

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts

thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.