PHYL-141 Exam 2 Study Guide

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage A. a,c,d,b

a,b,c,d

_______ store triglycerides

adipocytes

This connective tissue consists primarily of fat cells.

adipose tissue

What is the main constituent of subcutaneous tissue?

adipose tissue

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights?

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

Glands in which they secrete by pinching off the apical surface of the glands

apocrine

What is the correct order of the strata of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

This acellular protein layer anchors epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.

basement membrane

This is a liquid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and leukocytes.

blood

________ are tiny finger-like projections on the surface of the cell that drastically increase the surface area and promote diffusion or transport across the cell.

microvilli

Where would you most-likely find a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

on the skin

These are small-diameter fibers that form a delicate 3D scaffolding that holds cells in place

reticular fibers

An epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of tall, column-like cells with elliptical nuclei.

simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium would you expect to find in the lungs?

simple squamous

What type of epithelium would you expect to find in an area of the body subject to abrasion and/or risk of desiccation?

stratified squamous

An epithelial tissue consisting of several layers of flattened cells would be termed:

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following is NOT true of epithelium?

vascular

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength

Jaundiced skin has a _______ hue, often due to liver problems. Cyanotic skin appears _________ due to lack of oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide in the blood vessels of the skin.

yellow, blue

In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction will prevent acidic stomach fluid from seeping into the connective tissue?

A

Which structure in the figure produces melanin?

D

The amount of calcium in bones ________ with age. This change occurs at a younger age in _________.

Decreases, Women

Which part of a neuron typically receives input?

Dendrites

Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network and found in lower dermis of skin and in submucosa layer of GI tract

Dense irregular connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments are composed mostly of:

Dense regular connective tissue

Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles, gives tendons and ligaments their tensile strength, and is avascular

Dense regular connective tissue

The root of a hair follicle penetrates into the _______.

Dermis

The shaft of a long bone is also called the ____.

Diaphysis

__________ glands are abundant and found in skin covering most of the body. They are also involved in regulation of body temperature as sweat evaporates from skin.

Eccrine

These fibers can be greatly stretched without breaking and are composed of elastin.

Elastic

____________ glands secrete their products into extracellular fluid and then the blood. They are ductless glands.

Endocrine

An individual has spend too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?

Epidermis and dermis

Which of these structures allows the diaphysis of a bone to increase in length?

Epiphyseal Plate

The distal and proximal ends of a long bone are the _____.

Epiphyses

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder.

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point B in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below?

Epithelium is migrating across wound.

Neurons and muscle fibers are _________ cells because they produce electrical signals.

Excitable

Each serous membrane is divided into a parietal layer and a visceral layer. The visceral layer is attached to and lines the wall of the body cavity.

False

This tissue reduces the compressive forces upon vertebrae in the spine.

Fibrocartilage

The sternum is best classified as a(n) _______ bone

Flat

A hole in a bone is called a(n):

Foramen

Which figure shows bone tissue?

G

Which cell junctions have fluid-filled tubes called connexons that allow small molecules to move between adjacent cells?

Gap junctions

Which type of fracture typically occurs in children and involves a partial fracture in which one side of the bone breaks while the other side bends?

Greenstick

The _______ component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together?

Ground substance

Which of the following are functions of osseous tissue?

Hematopoiesis, Mineral and Lipid Storage, Support and Protection

The most common cartilage, has a glassy matrix, and found in the nose and covering the articulating surfaces of bones

Hyaline cartilage

This tissue reduces the friction between articulating surfaces in the elbow:

Hyaline cartilage

Which is the most common form of skin cancer? A. Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Where could you find wormian bones?

Between cranial bones

This major group of connective tissue contains loosely-packed fibers such as areolar tissue, adipose tissue and reticular tissue

loose connective tissue

Darker skin is the result of a(n):

Increased melanin production by melanocytes

In this phase of wound healing a blood clot temporarily unites the edges of the wound and blood vessels dilate so neutrophils can enter to clean up the area.

Inflammatory

Which type of tissue types makes up the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The majority of the epidermis is made up of _________.

Keratinocytes

If you cut yourself and bacteria enters the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?

Langerhans cells

These connect bones to other bones:

Ligaments

Which is NOT a component of blood tissue?

Lymph

The pigment secreted in the skin to absorb ultraviolet light is

Melanin

White hair is the result of a lack of ________.

Melanin

The buildup of bilirubin in an infant's blood can occur if the liver does not remove the chemical causing the skin to appear yellow. This condition

jaundice

Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous

_______ phagocytose foreign material

macrophage

_______ cause inflammation

mast cells

Unlike epithelial tissues, which are composed primarily of cells, connective tissues contain fewer cells and are composed primarily of a non-cellular _______ .

matrix

Most common glands that secrets products via vesicles are called _____ glands.

merocrine

Yellow bone marrow is composed mostly of:

Adipose tissue

Which feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria?

All of these are correct

Which surface of the cell is in contact with a body cavity, the lumen of an organ, or the exterior?

Apical surface

Bone can grow in diameter by:

Appositional Growth

Sebaceous glands ___.

Are associated with hair follicles

Eccrine sweat glands ___.

Are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ___.

Are responsible for goosebumps

A loose connective tissue that consists of loosely packed collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

Areolar tissue

In the diagram shown below, which area would contain gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes?

B

In the diagram, which is the osteon?

C

One of the functions of bone is that it is a storage bank for:

Calcium phosphate

Which of these is avascular?

Cartilage

Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

Cervical vertebra

Which of the following does NOT describe the melanoma?

Color uniformity

Osteocytes lie in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central canal in:

Compact Bone

An osseous tissue that has smooth, dense bone tissue found on the outside of bones, consists of osteons, osteocytes live in lacunae and central canal that contains nerves and blood vessels

Compact bone

Red Bone Marrow is found in which type of tissue?

Connective

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ___.

Connective tissue

Name the two main subtypes of epithelial tissue based on location and function:

Covering/lining, Glandular

Which are examples of flat bones?

Coxal bone of hip, Scapula of shoulder

In this phase of wound healing the clot forms a scab; epithelial cells migrate into scab; fibroblasts also migrate to start scar tissue; and pink granulation tissue contains delicate new blood vessels.

Migratory

Of the basic tissue types, which types have excitable cells?

Muscle and nervous tissues

Elongated cells called myocytes that can use ATP to generate force describes:

Muscle tissues

What type of a system is used for regulation of blood calcium concentration?

Negative

_________ convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct impulses.

Neurons

This bone tissue cell secretes osteoid and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition

Osteoblasts

The stress of exercise stimulates ________ and ________ bones.

Osteoblasts, Strengthens

When levels of blood calcium are too low, parathyroid hormone is released which stimulates:

Osteoclastic Activity

This bone tissue cell are large, multi-nucleated cells that break down bone matrix

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells are called ________.

Osteocytes

This bone tissue cell are mature bone cells that maintain the matrix and initiate remodeling

Osteocytes

This bone tissue cell repairs and produces new bones

Osteogenic cells

The functional unit of compact bone is the:

Osteon

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which one of the following layers of skin did he have to cut in order to bleed?

Papillary dermis

A single layer of cells that don't all reach the apical surface but all its cells rest on the basement membrane is called:

Pseudostratified epithelium

A loose connective tissue made up of a network reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Reticular tissue

Which bone tissue has osteocytes that are arranged irregularly in trabeculae?

Spongy Bone

An osseous tissue that has very porous, sponge-like bone, found beneath compact bone, composed of trabeculae, and contains red bone marrow

Spongy bone

Hematopoiesis occurs mostly in the:

Spongy bone

Epithelial cells have a continuous capacity for renewal partly due to the presence of immature undifferentiated cells called ________ which divide to replace lost or damaged cells.

Stem cells

Which tissue can withstand friction and abrasion?

Stratified epithelium

A skin graft would be used for an injury when the ______ was destroyed.

Stratum Basale

Three to five rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes, present only in thick skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles is called:

Stratum Lucidum

Cells that form the nail come from the

Stratum basale

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis that consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin is called the ___.

Stratum corneum

The ____ is/are a good example of short bone.

Tarsal bones

These connect muscles to bones:

Tendons

If you wanted to design a tissue that restricted the movement of water and other molecules between adjacent cells, which type of junction would you use to connect the cells?

Tight junctions

A group of cells that have a common origin and function together to perform a specialized group of activities is called a(n) _______.

Tissue

Which of the following features is present in spongy bone?

Trabeculae

This type of epithelium, only found in the urinary system, is composed of cells that are cuboidal in a relaxed state, and upon stretching become flattened and appear squamous.

Transitional

Which of the following would be found in the bladder?

Transitional epithelium

Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells.

True

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.

True

In addition to a thicker stratum corneum and the presence of a stratum lucidum, the thick skin of the palms and fingertips of the hands and of the soles of the feet have a denser array of sense receptors than thinner skin found elsewhere on the body, and also is hairless.

True

In deep wound healing, an injury has penetrated through to the dermis or even the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). In this type of wound, the healing process will leave a scar and could involve a loss of some functionality of the area of the wound.

True

The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis.

True

The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides.

True

Wounds that only damage the epidermis won't bleed because the epidermis is avascular.

True

What is true of osseous tissue?

Vascular (Good blood supply), Contains collagen, Innervated, Contains calcium phosphate

Which is not a function of the skeletal system?

carbohydrate storage

_________are contractile hair-like appendages which propel mucus across respiratory epithelium.

cilia

These are the strongest and largest-diameter protein fibers:

collagen fibers

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

comminuted fracture

This major group of connective tissues contains visible protein fibers and is divided into "dense" and "loose."

connective tissue proper

The skin is also known as a (the) _________.

cutaneous membrane

This major group of connective tissue contains more collagen fibers which are densely packed like dense regular CT, dense irregular CT and elastic CT

dense connective tissue

This tissue consists of tightly packed protein fibers that run parallel to each other.

dense regular connective tissue

________ glands produce hormones and lack direct connections to body surfaces.

endocrine

What types of tissue are found on the surface of skin?

epithelial tissue

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are classified as _______ glands because they connect to an internal or external body surface via a duct.

exocrine

_______ secrete the matrix

fibroblasts

_______ monitor and maintain the matrix

fibrocyte

Glands in which the whole cell disintegrates to become part of the secretion are called ______ glands.

holocrine

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

hyaline cartilage

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

intramembranous ossification