PHYL-141 Exam 2 Study Guide
List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage A. a,c,d,b
a,b,c,d
_______ store triglycerides
adipocytes
This connective tissue consists primarily of fat cells.
adipose tissue
What is the main constituent of subcutaneous tissue?
adipose tissue
In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights?
all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient
Glands in which they secrete by pinching off the apical surface of the glands
apocrine
What is the correct order of the strata of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
This acellular protein layer anchors epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
basement membrane
This is a liquid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and leukocytes.
blood
________ are tiny finger-like projections on the surface of the cell that drastically increase the surface area and promote diffusion or transport across the cell.
microvilli
Where would you most-likely find a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?
on the skin
These are small-diameter fibers that form a delicate 3D scaffolding that holds cells in place
reticular fibers
An epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of tall, column-like cells with elliptical nuclei.
simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium would you expect to find in the lungs?
simple squamous
What type of epithelium would you expect to find in an area of the body subject to abrasion and/or risk of desiccation?
stratified squamous
An epithelial tissue consisting of several layers of flattened cells would be termed:
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is NOT true of epithelium?
vascular
With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?
with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength
Jaundiced skin has a _______ hue, often due to liver problems. Cyanotic skin appears _________ due to lack of oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide in the blood vessels of the skin.
yellow, blue
In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction will prevent acidic stomach fluid from seeping into the connective tissue?
A
Which structure in the figure produces melanin?
D
The amount of calcium in bones ________ with age. This change occurs at a younger age in _________.
Decreases, Women
Which part of a neuron typically receives input?
Dendrites
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network and found in lower dermis of skin and in submucosa layer of GI tract
Dense irregular connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments are composed mostly of:
Dense regular connective tissue
Tissue that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles, gives tendons and ligaments their tensile strength, and is avascular
Dense regular connective tissue
The root of a hair follicle penetrates into the _______.
Dermis
The shaft of a long bone is also called the ____.
Diaphysis
__________ glands are abundant and found in skin covering most of the body. They are also involved in regulation of body temperature as sweat evaporates from skin.
Eccrine
These fibers can be greatly stretched without breaking and are composed of elastin.
Elastic
____________ glands secrete their products into extracellular fluid and then the blood. They are ductless glands.
Endocrine
An individual has spend too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?
Epidermis and dermis
Which of these structures allows the diaphysis of a bone to increase in length?
Epiphyseal Plate
The distal and proximal ends of a long bone are the _____.
Epiphyses
This tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder.
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point B in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below?
Epithelium is migrating across wound.
Neurons and muscle fibers are _________ cells because they produce electrical signals.
Excitable
Each serous membrane is divided into a parietal layer and a visceral layer. The visceral layer is attached to and lines the wall of the body cavity.
False
This tissue reduces the compressive forces upon vertebrae in the spine.
Fibrocartilage
The sternum is best classified as a(n) _______ bone
Flat
A hole in a bone is called a(n):
Foramen
Which figure shows bone tissue?
G
Which cell junctions have fluid-filled tubes called connexons that allow small molecules to move between adjacent cells?
Gap junctions
Which type of fracture typically occurs in children and involves a partial fracture in which one side of the bone breaks while the other side bends?
Greenstick
The _______ component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together?
Ground substance
Which of the following are functions of osseous tissue?
Hematopoiesis, Mineral and Lipid Storage, Support and Protection
The most common cartilage, has a glassy matrix, and found in the nose and covering the articulating surfaces of bones
Hyaline cartilage
This tissue reduces the friction between articulating surfaces in the elbow:
Hyaline cartilage
Which is the most common form of skin cancer? A. Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Where could you find wormian bones?
Between cranial bones
This major group of connective tissue contains loosely-packed fibers such as areolar tissue, adipose tissue and reticular tissue
loose connective tissue
Darker skin is the result of a(n):
Increased melanin production by melanocytes
In this phase of wound healing a blood clot temporarily unites the edges of the wound and blood vessels dilate so neutrophils can enter to clean up the area.
Inflammatory
Which type of tissue types makes up the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The majority of the epidermis is made up of _________.
Keratinocytes
If you cut yourself and bacteria enters the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?
Langerhans cells
These connect bones to other bones:
Ligaments
Which is NOT a component of blood tissue?
Lymph
The pigment secreted in the skin to absorb ultraviolet light is
Melanin
White hair is the result of a lack of ________.
Melanin
The buildup of bilirubin in an infant's blood can occur if the liver does not remove the chemical causing the skin to appear yellow. This condition
jaundice
Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous
_______ phagocytose foreign material
macrophage
_______ cause inflammation
mast cells
Unlike epithelial tissues, which are composed primarily of cells, connective tissues contain fewer cells and are composed primarily of a non-cellular _______ .
matrix
Most common glands that secrets products via vesicles are called _____ glands.
merocrine
Yellow bone marrow is composed mostly of:
Adipose tissue
Which feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria?
All of these are correct
Which surface of the cell is in contact with a body cavity, the lumen of an organ, or the exterior?
Apical surface
Bone can grow in diameter by:
Appositional Growth
Sebaceous glands ___.
Are associated with hair follicles
Eccrine sweat glands ___.
Are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ___.
Are responsible for goosebumps
A loose connective tissue that consists of loosely packed collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
Areolar tissue
In the diagram shown below, which area would contain gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes?
B
In the diagram, which is the osteon?
C
One of the functions of bone is that it is a storage bank for:
Calcium phosphate
Which of these is avascular?
Cartilage
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
Cervical vertebra
Which of the following does NOT describe the melanoma?
Color uniformity
Osteocytes lie in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central canal in:
Compact Bone
An osseous tissue that has smooth, dense bone tissue found on the outside of bones, consists of osteons, osteocytes live in lacunae and central canal that contains nerves and blood vessels
Compact bone
Red Bone Marrow is found in which type of tissue?
Connective
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ___.
Connective tissue
Name the two main subtypes of epithelial tissue based on location and function:
Covering/lining, Glandular
Which are examples of flat bones?
Coxal bone of hip, Scapula of shoulder
In this phase of wound healing the clot forms a scab; epithelial cells migrate into scab; fibroblasts also migrate to start scar tissue; and pink granulation tissue contains delicate new blood vessels.
Migratory
Of the basic tissue types, which types have excitable cells?
Muscle and nervous tissues
Elongated cells called myocytes that can use ATP to generate force describes:
Muscle tissues
What type of a system is used for regulation of blood calcium concentration?
Negative
_________ convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct impulses.
Neurons
This bone tissue cell secretes osteoid and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition
Osteoblasts
The stress of exercise stimulates ________ and ________ bones.
Osteoblasts, Strengthens
When levels of blood calcium are too low, parathyroid hormone is released which stimulates:
Osteoclastic Activity
This bone tissue cell are large, multi-nucleated cells that break down bone matrix
Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells are called ________.
Osteocytes
This bone tissue cell are mature bone cells that maintain the matrix and initiate remodeling
Osteocytes
This bone tissue cell repairs and produces new bones
Osteogenic cells
The functional unit of compact bone is the:
Osteon
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which one of the following layers of skin did he have to cut in order to bleed?
Papillary dermis
A single layer of cells that don't all reach the apical surface but all its cells rest on the basement membrane is called:
Pseudostratified epithelium
A loose connective tissue made up of a network reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
Reticular tissue
Which bone tissue has osteocytes that are arranged irregularly in trabeculae?
Spongy Bone
An osseous tissue that has very porous, sponge-like bone, found beneath compact bone, composed of trabeculae, and contains red bone marrow
Spongy bone
Hematopoiesis occurs mostly in the:
Spongy bone
Epithelial cells have a continuous capacity for renewal partly due to the presence of immature undifferentiated cells called ________ which divide to replace lost or damaged cells.
Stem cells
Which tissue can withstand friction and abrasion?
Stratified epithelium
A skin graft would be used for an injury when the ______ was destroyed.
Stratum Basale
Three to five rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes, present only in thick skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles is called:
Stratum Lucidum
Cells that form the nail come from the
Stratum basale
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
Stratum corneum
The most superficial layer of the epidermis that consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin is called the ___.
Stratum corneum
The ____ is/are a good example of short bone.
Tarsal bones
These connect muscles to bones:
Tendons
If you wanted to design a tissue that restricted the movement of water and other molecules between adjacent cells, which type of junction would you use to connect the cells?
Tight junctions
A group of cells that have a common origin and function together to perform a specialized group of activities is called a(n) _______.
Tissue
Which of the following features is present in spongy bone?
Trabeculae
This type of epithelium, only found in the urinary system, is composed of cells that are cuboidal in a relaxed state, and upon stretching become flattened and appear squamous.
Transitional
Which of the following would be found in the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells.
True
During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.
True
In addition to a thicker stratum corneum and the presence of a stratum lucidum, the thick skin of the palms and fingertips of the hands and of the soles of the feet have a denser array of sense receptors than thinner skin found elsewhere on the body, and also is hairless.
True
In deep wound healing, an injury has penetrated through to the dermis or even the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). In this type of wound, the healing process will leave a scar and could involve a loss of some functionality of the area of the wound.
True
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis.
True
The skeletal system can produce blood cells and store triglycerides.
True
Wounds that only damage the epidermis won't bleed because the epidermis is avascular.
True
What is true of osseous tissue?
Vascular (Good blood supply), Contains collagen, Innervated, Contains calcium phosphate
Which is not a function of the skeletal system?
carbohydrate storage
_________are contractile hair-like appendages which propel mucus across respiratory epithelium.
cilia
These are the strongest and largest-diameter protein fibers:
collagen fibers
An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?
comminuted fracture
This major group of connective tissues contains visible protein fibers and is divided into "dense" and "loose."
connective tissue proper
The skin is also known as a (the) _________.
cutaneous membrane
This major group of connective tissue contains more collagen fibers which are densely packed like dense regular CT, dense irregular CT and elastic CT
dense connective tissue
This tissue consists of tightly packed protein fibers that run parallel to each other.
dense regular connective tissue
________ glands produce hormones and lack direct connections to body surfaces.
endocrine
What types of tissue are found on the surface of skin?
epithelial tissue
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are classified as _______ glands because they connect to an internal or external body surface via a duct.
exocrine
_______ secrete the matrix
fibroblasts
_______ monitor and maintain the matrix
fibrocyte
Glands in which the whole cell disintegrates to become part of the secretion are called ______ glands.
holocrine
The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.
hyaline cartilage
Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.
intramembranous ossification
