Phys exam 3 review guide

The decrease in maximal heart rate with age in adults can be estimated via A. HR max = 220 - age. B. HR max = 200 - age. C. HR max = 210 - age. D. HR max = 205 - age.

A. HR max = 220 - age.

An increase in alveolar ventilation (at rest) resulting in hyperventilation will reduce arterial ______ and increase ______. A. PCO2; pH B. O2; pH C. pH; PCO2 D. None of these answers is correct

A. PCO2; pH

Small changes in arterial PCO2 have ______________ effect on ventilation compared to small changes in PO2. A. a greater B. a lesser C. the same D. none of these answers is correct

A. a greater

At a low PO2, myoglobin has _______________ affinity for O2 than hemoglobin. A. a higher B. a lower C. the same D. none of these answers is correct

A. a higher

An increase in blood temperature and a decrease in blood pH would result in _____________ in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A. a rightward shift B. a leftward shift C. no change D. none of these answers is correct

A. a rightward shift

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for increasing venous return during exercise? A. an increase in stroke volume B. venoconstriction C. skeletal muscle contractions rhythmic pattern of breathing provides a mechanical pump to D. increase venous return

A. an increase in stroke volume

The most important of the blood buffers is/are A. bicarbonate. B. blood proteins. C. hemoglobin. D. platelets.

A. bicarbonate.

The increase in cardiac output that occurs during exercise is due to A. both an increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in vascular resistance. B. a decrease in vascular resistance only. C. an increase in mean arterial blood pressure only. D. an increase in heart rate and a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure.

A. both an increase in mean arterial pressure and a decrease in vascular resistance.

The most important muscle of inspiration is/are the A. diaphragm. B. rectus abdominis. C. internal oblique. D. external intercostals.

A. diaphragm.

The arterial-venous oxygen difference A. increases as a function of exercise intensity. B. does not change during exercise. C. decreases as the exercise intensity increases. D. is highest during submaximal exercise.

A. increases as a function of exercise intensity.

Sodium bicarbonate has been ingested by athletes in an attempt to improve performance by A. increasing blood buffering capacity. B. decreasing muscle lactate production. C. stimulating pulmonary ventilation to increase oxygen transport. D. increasing plasma volume.

A. increasing blood buffering capacity.

The relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate is A. linear. B. curvilinear. C. exponential. D. there is no relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate.

A. linear.

After a 15-week program of endurance exercise training, which of the following cardiovascular variables does NOT decrease after 14 days of detraining? A. maximal heart rate B. VO2 max C. maximal cardiac output D. maximal stroke volume

A. maximal heart rate

The respiratory control center is located in the A. medulla oblongata. B. cerebrum. C. carotid bodies. D. cerebellum.

A. medulla oblongata.

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength are due primarily to A. neural adaptations. B. muscle fiber hypertrophy. C. muscle fiber hyperplasia. D. Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct

A. neural adaptations.

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called the A. pulse pressure. B. mean arterial blood pressure. C. brachial pressure. D. double product.

A. pulse pressure.

Which of the following plays an important role in acid-base balance during exercise? A. respiratory system B. kidneys C. increased production of bicarbonate in white blood cells D. None of these answers is correct

A. respiratory system

Backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles is prevented by the A. semilunar valves. B. bicuspid valve. C. atrioventricular valves. D. coronary valves.

A. semilunar valves.

The amount of gas moved per breath is called A. tidal volume. B. minute ventilation. C. vital capacity. D. minute volume.

A. tidal volume.

Which of the following is true of the pH of arterial blood? A. The normal pH is 7.0. B. A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis. C. A pH of 7.0 would be considered alkalosis. D. None of these is true.

B. A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis.

The fact that an increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume increases the stroke volume of the heart is an illustration of the A. influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac output. B. Frank-Starling law of the heart. C. influence of atrioventricular node on cardiac output. D. influence of blood pressure on cardiac output.

B. Frank-Starling law of the heart.

The central chemoreceptors that influence the control of breathing respond to changes in the A. H+ of mixed venous blood. B. PCO2 and H+ of cerebral spinal fluid. C. PO2, pH, and PCO2 of arterial blood. D. PCO2 and H+ of mixed venous blood.

B. PCO2 and H+ of cerebral spinal fluid

An increase in parasympathetic outflow to the heart results in A. an increase in HR. B. a decrease in HR. C. a small increase in arterial blood pressure. D. small increase in arterial blood pressure followed by an increase in HR.

B. a decrease in HR.

A decline in arterial PO2 to 70 mm Hg or below would likely result in A. a decrease in alveolar ventilation. B. an increase in alveolar ventilation. C. no change in alveolar ventilation. D. a prolonged breath hold.

B. an increase in alveolar ventilation.

The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering A. arterial PO2. B. arterial PCO2. C. blood levels of HCO3. D. None of these answers is correct

B. arterial PCO2.

The greatest resistance to blood flow is in the A. veins. B. arterioles. C. aorta. D. capillaries.

B. arterioles.

All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in A. venules. B. capillaries. C. arterioles. D. veins.

B. capillaries

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to A. maintain constant carbon dioxide levels in the body. B. deliver adequate levels of oxygen and remove wastes from body tissues. C. remove metabolic wastes from kidney during exercise. D. none of these answers is correct.

B. deliver adequate levels of oxygen and remove wastes from body tissues.

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on blood flow to a skeletal muscle during exercise? A. arterial pressure B. diameter of the arterial blood vessels leading to the muscle C.number of capillaries surrounding the muscle D. the viscosity of the blood

B. diameter of the arterial blood vessels leading to the muscle

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise? A. slower blood flow in muscle B. increased fat storage in the liver C. increased FFA transporters D. increased beta oxidation enzymes

B. increased fat storage in the liver

Which of the following factors contributes to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max? A. increased end diastolic volume B. increased maximal stroke volume C. increased maximal heart rate D. None of these answers is correct

B. increased maximal stroke volume

Studies reveal that exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity. Which of the following exercise-induced changes is NOT responsible for training-induced improvements in muscle buffering capacity? A. increased levels of carnosine in muscle fibers B. increased muscle levels of citrate synthase C. increased content of hydrogen ion transporters D. None of these answers is correct

B. increased muscle levels of citrate synthase

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise? A. increased end-diastolic volume B. increased peripheral resistance C. increased cardiac contractility D. decrease in total peripheral resistance

B. increased peripheral resistance

Most of the O2 contained in the blood A. exists in solution as a dissolved gas. B. is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin. C. is in the form of carboxyhemoglobin. D. is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

B. is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.

The most common and strongest acid produced in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise is ________________ acid. A. phosphoric B. lactic C. acetoacetic D. citric

B. lactic

The muscle of the heart is referred to as the A. pericardium. B. myocardium. C. epicardium. D. endocardium.

B. myocardium.

The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in arterial _______. A. H+ and K+ concentrations B. pH, PCO2, and PO2 C. pH and K+ concentrations D. PO2 only

B. pH, PCO2, and PO2

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the A. atrioventricular node. B. sinoatrial node. C. A-V node. D. S-V node.

B. sinoatrial node.

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle? A. overload B. specificity C. reversibility D. none of these

B. specificity

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal population is maximal A. heart rate. B. stroke volume. C. arteriovenous O2 difference.

B. stroke volume.

A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 0.64 would indicate A. an ideal V/Q ratio for optimal gas exchange. B. that blood flow is higher than ventilation in this region of the lung. C. that ventilation is higher than blood flow in this region of the lung. D. none of these answers is correct

B. that blood flow is higher than ventilation in this region of the lung.

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 4 months of endurance exercise training results from an increase in both maximal cardiac output and maximal a-vO2 difference. Relatively short durations of endurance exercise training (e.g., 1-4 months) increases VO2 max primarily by increasing A. the maximal a-vO2 difference. B. the maximal cardiac output. C. the maximal heart rate. D. both the maximal cardiac output and the maximal heart rate are correct

B. the maximal cardiac output.

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels. A. 10-20 B. 50-60 C. 120-150 D. 200-300

C. 120-150

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults. A. 25 B. 35 C. 50 D. 90

C. 50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program. A. 20 B. 35 C. 50

C. 50

Which of the following track running events would have the greatest risk of acid-base disturbance? A. marathon B. 100 meter sprint C. 800 meter run D. 10,000 meter run

C. 800 meter run

The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference is described mathematically by the A. Hill equation. B. Fenn equation. C. Fick equation. D. Frank-Starling law.

C. Fick equation.

The __________ represents ventricular repolarization during a recording of the electrical activity (i.e., ECG) of the heart. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. R wave

C. T wave

Studies reveal that ventilation drifts upward during constant-load submaximal exercise performed in a hot and humid environment. This is likely due to A. a lower arterial PO2. B. a higher arterial PCO2. C. a significant increase in blood temperature. D. all of these answers are correct.

C. a significant increase in blood temperature.

Activation of rectus abdominis muscles would result in A. active inspiration. B. passive inspiration. C. active expiration. D. passive expiration.

C. active expiration

Hyperventilation at rest can result in ___________ due to ____________. A. metabolic acidosis; increased blood levels of lactic acid B. respiratory acidosis; increasing blood levels of carbon dioxide C. alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide D. None of these answers is correct

C. alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide

The volume of gas that reaches the gas-exchange zone of the lung is termed A. anatomical dead space. B. minute ventilation. C. alveolar ventilation. D. tidal volume.

C. alveolar ventilation.

In order to meet the increased oxygen demands of muscle during exercise, two major adjustments in blood flow must be made A. an increase in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure. B. an increase in blood flow to both the gut and brain. C. an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscles. D. an increase in muscle blood flow and an increase in blood flow to the liver.

C. an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscles.

Carbon dioxide is transported in arterial blood principally as A. carbaminohemoglobin. B. dissolved CO2 in solution in the blood. C. bicarbonate.

C. bicarbonate.

In the standing position, blood flow to the base of the lung is ______________ blood flow to the apex. A. less than B. the same as C. greater than D. none of these answers is correct.

C. greater than

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session. A. seconds B. minutes C. hours D. days

C. hours

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference? A. increased mitochondria volume in the muscle B. increased capillaries in the muscle C. increased hemoglobin in the blood D. increased muscle blood flow

C. increased hemoglobin in the blood

The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is A. sodium bicarbonate levels in the blood. B. hemoglobin levels in the blood. C. intracellular buffers.

C. intracellular buffers.

Autoregulation of blood flow to contracting muscles during exercise is due to A. the withdrawal of sympathetic impulses to arteries. B. an increase in parasympathetic outflow to arterioles. C. locally produced factors such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and adenosine. D. an increase in sympathetic impulses to arterioles.

C. locally produced factors such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and adenosine.

The term ventilation refers to the A. cooling of the airways by respiration. B. random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. C. mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. D. oxygenation of blood as it travels through the lungs.

C. mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

An increase in PCO2 in the blood results in the formation of bicarbonate in the red blood cell. Because bicarbonate carries a negative charge (anion), the removal of negatively charged molecule from the red blood cell is required to prevent an electrochemical imbalance across the cell membrane. This problem is avoided by A. movement of sodium molecules out of the red blood cell. B. movement of chloride molecules out of the red blood cell. C. movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell. D. both movement of sodium molecules out of the red blood cell and movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell are correct

C. movement of chloride molecules into the red blood cell.

An increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH because an increase in PCO2 A. decreases H+ ion levels in the plasma. B. promotes an increase in lactic acid production in the muscle. C. reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+. D. none of these answers is correct.

C. reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+

The contraction phase of the heart is called A. diastole. B. atrial contraction. C. systole. D. the cardiac cycle.

C. systole.

The most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow is A. the viscosity of blood. B. the length of the blood vessel. C. the diameter of the vessel. D. blood pressure.

C. the diameter of the vessel.

Which of the following is true of the heart rate change during exercise? A. the increase in HR is due only to withdrawal of PNS influence B. the increase in HR is due only to increasing SNS influence C. the increase in HR is due to both a PNS withdrawal followed by increasing SNS influence D. none of these answers is correct

C. the increase in HR is due to both a PNS withdrawal followed by increasing SNS influence

Under normal conditions at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli region of the lung is A. 760 mm Hg. B. 159 mm Hg. C. 125 mm Hg. D. 100 mm Hg.

D. 100 mm Hg.

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. A. 10-15 hours B. 15-20 hours C. 20-25 hours D. 40-50 hours

D. 40-50 hours

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in A. increased uptake of fatty acids. B. decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. C. sparing of blood glucose. D. All of the above are correct

D. All of the above are correct

Which of the following statements about pulmonary physiology is correct? A. The PO2 of inspired air at sea level is approximately 159 mm Hg. B. The percentage of CO2 in the air is 0.0003. C. The percentage of O2 in the air at sea level is the same as at high altitude. D. All of these answers are correct

D. All of these answers are correct

Which of the following represents the correct order of events of the flow of blood after it leaves the left ventricle and before it returns to the right atrium? A. Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows though veins, blood enters the venules. B. Blood flows through the venules, blood flows through the veins, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood enters the aorta. C. Oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the aorta, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins. D. Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins.

D. Blood flows through the aorta, oxygen moves out of the capillaries, blood flows through the venules, blood enters the veins

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion of a gas across a tissue is directly proportional to the A. tissue area. B. diffusion coefficient of the gas. C. difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue. D. all of these answers are correct

D. all of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements about myoglobin are true? A. myoglobin binds oxygen B. myoglobin shuttles oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria C. myoglobin exists in relatively large quantities in slow-twitch muscle fibers D. all of these answers are correct

D. all of these answers are correct

In a healthy individual resting at sea level, which of the following characteristics of arterial blood are correct? A. PO2 of approximately 100 mm Hg. B. oxyhemoglobin saturation of 97-98%. C. oxygen content of 20 ml O2/100 ml blood. D. all of these answers are correct.

D. all of these answers are correct.

The initial decrease in VO2 max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO2 difference) are lost. True or False

False

The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia. True or False

False

An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin. True or False

True

During exercise, a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve insures that more oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin to the working muscle compared to rest. True or False

True

Exercise training helps the heart resist damage during a heart attack. True or False

True

In general, heart rate increases in direct proportion to the metabolic rate during exercise. True or False

True

One of the principal means by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by increasing or decreasing the bicarbonate concentration of the blood. True or False

True

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete. True or False

True