Anatomy CH 8
dorsiflexion
"digging in the heels"
synchondrosis
a cartilaginous synarthrosis. articulation between epiphysis & diaphysis of a growing bone
acromioclavicular ligament
acromion to clavicle.
shoulder joint
aka glenohumeral joint. loose & shallow. permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. ball-and-socket.
ball-and-socket
all combos of movements. triaxial. shoulder/hip
arthritis
all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
joint (arthroses)
articulation. connections between bones that may inhibit or allow movement.
immovable/slightly moveable joints
axial skeleton
hip joint
ball-and-socket. contributes to joint stability
extension
bending backwards or back to anatomical position
flexion
bending down to touch toes, bring head towards chest
coracoacromial ligament
between caracoid process & acromion. supports superior surface of the capsule
symphysis
bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage (pubic S)
joint/articular capsule
composed of a thick layer of dense connective tissue
glenoid labrum
deepens the shoulder joint (covers glenoid cavity). also an attachment site for glenohumeral ligaments.
saddle joints
extremely mobile, extensive angular motion without rotation. biaxial usually. twiddling thumbs
connections of joints
fibrous tissue, cartilage, fluid
synovial fluid
fills the joint cavity (lubrication, reduces friction, nourishes chondrocytes, shock absorber)
fat pads
found around joint, lightly covered by a layer of synovial membrane. protection for articular cartilage, packing material for joint as a whole. fill spaces created when bones move & joint cavities change shape
diarthrosis (synovial joints)
freely moveable, wide range of motion. do not contact one another (covered by articular cartilages), weak, easily damaged
ankle joint
hinge
elbow joint
hinge joint
transverse humeral ligament
holds down the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
synarthrosis
immovable, strongest type of joint. decreases injuries
acetabular labrum
increases the depth of the acetabulum
articular discs (menisci)
pads of fibrous cartilage that may subdivide a synovial cavity, channel flow of synovial fluid, allow for variations in shape of articular surfaces, restrict movement of the joints)
rheumatism
pain & stiffness affecting the skeletal system and/or muscular system
pronation
palm down
supination
palm up
tendons
pass across/around a joint. presence may limit range of motion, sometime provide strength to capsule
hinge joints
permit angular movement in a singular plane (opening of a door) elbow & knee. monaxial
intervertebral articulations
plane joints: flexion, extension & rotation. little gliding occurs.
temporomandibular joint
primarily hinge, but small gliding & rotational movements are allowed.
sternoclavicular joints
primarily plane, slight rotation & circumduction
function
range of motion
extrinsic ligaments
separate from the joint capsule
articular cartilages
shock absorbers & also help to reduce friction (hyaline cartilage) found at the end of long bones.
depression
shrugging shoulders down
elevation
shrugging shoulders up
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable & farther apart than at a synarthrosis
bursae
small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. form where a tendon/ligament rubs against another tissue. reduce friction, absorb shock.
gomphosis
specialized form of fibrous synarthrosis that binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socket (periodontal ligament)
plantar flexion
standing on tiptoe
coracohumeral ligament
strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule & helps support the weight of the upper limb
accessory ligaments
support, strengthen & reinforce synovial joints
knee joint
supports body's weight during activities such as standing, walking & running. largest range of motion of lower limbs, lacks large muscle mass & strong ligaments. hinge joint, more complex than elbow. less stable than other hinge joints, little rotation.
plane/gliding joints
surfaces slide across one another. end of clavicles, between carpal/tarsal bones, vertebrae. non/multiaxial
suture
synarthrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull. bound together by CT
synovial tendon sheaths
tubular bursae that surround tendons where they pass across a bony surface
inversion
twisting the sole of the foot inward
eversion
twisting the sole of the foot outward
lateral flexion
vertebral column bends to the side
synostosis
totally rigid, immovable joint
gliding motion
2 opposing surfaces slide past one another. surfaces of articulating carpal bones & tarsal bones & between the clavicles of the sternum/ slight movement, no rotation
condylar joint
angular motion, biaxial. connect fingers & toes with the metacarpals & metatarsals
hyperextension
any movement where a limb is extended beyond its normal limits resulting in joint damage (usually prevented by ligaments)
freely moveable joints
appendicular skeleton
glenohumeral ligaments
joint stabilization as the humerus approaches or exceeds the limits of normal motion
syndesmosis
ligamentous connection (b/t tibia & fibula, or radius & ulna)
synovial membrane
lines the joint cavity but stops at the edge of the articular cartilage. produces synovial fluid.
intrinsic/capsular ligaments
localized thickening of the joint capsule
structure
makeup of the joint
pivot joints
monaxial, permit only rotation
abduction
movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body (swinging arm away from the side)
adduction
movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body (swinging arm towards body)
protraction
moving horizontally anteriorally
retraction
moving horizontally posteriorally
the greater the range of motion at a joint
the weaker it becomes
opposition
thumb touches another finger (opposite=reposition)
coracoclavicular ligament
tie clavicle to coracoid process & help limit the relative motion between clavicle & scapula