Anatomy CH 8

dorsiflexion

"digging in the heels"

synchondrosis

a cartilaginous synarthrosis. articulation between epiphysis & diaphysis of a growing bone

acromioclavicular ligament

acromion to clavicle.

shoulder joint

aka glenohumeral joint. loose & shallow. permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. ball-and-socket.

ball-and-socket

all combos of movements. triaxial. shoulder/hip

arthritis

all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

joint (arthroses)

articulation. connections between bones that may inhibit or allow movement.

immovable/slightly moveable joints

axial skeleton

hip joint

ball-and-socket. contributes to joint stability

extension

bending backwards or back to anatomical position

flexion

bending down to touch toes, bring head towards chest

coracoacromial ligament

between caracoid process & acromion. supports superior surface of the capsule

symphysis

bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage (pubic S)

joint/articular capsule

composed of a thick layer of dense connective tissue

glenoid labrum

deepens the shoulder joint (covers glenoid cavity). also an attachment site for glenohumeral ligaments.

saddle joints

extremely mobile, extensive angular motion without rotation. biaxial usually. twiddling thumbs

connections of joints

fibrous tissue, cartilage, fluid

synovial fluid

fills the joint cavity (lubrication, reduces friction, nourishes chondrocytes, shock absorber)

fat pads

found around joint, lightly covered by a layer of synovial membrane. protection for articular cartilage, packing material for joint as a whole. fill spaces created when bones move & joint cavities change shape

diarthrosis (synovial joints)

freely moveable, wide range of motion. do not contact one another (covered by articular cartilages), weak, easily damaged

ankle joint

hinge

elbow joint

hinge joint

transverse humeral ligament

holds down the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

synarthrosis

immovable, strongest type of joint. decreases injuries

acetabular labrum

increases the depth of the acetabulum

articular discs (menisci)

pads of fibrous cartilage that may subdivide a synovial cavity, channel flow of synovial fluid, allow for variations in shape of articular surfaces, restrict movement of the joints)

rheumatism

pain & stiffness affecting the skeletal system and/or muscular system

pronation

palm down

supination

palm up

tendons

pass across/around a joint. presence may limit range of motion, sometime provide strength to capsule

hinge joints

permit angular movement in a singular plane (opening of a door) elbow & knee. monaxial

intervertebral articulations

plane joints: flexion, extension & rotation. little gliding occurs.

temporomandibular joint

primarily hinge, but small gliding & rotational movements are allowed.

sternoclavicular joints

primarily plane, slight rotation & circumduction

function

range of motion

extrinsic ligaments

separate from the joint capsule

articular cartilages

shock absorbers & also help to reduce friction (hyaline cartilage) found at the end of long bones.

depression

shrugging shoulders down

elevation

shrugging shoulders up

amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable & farther apart than at a synarthrosis

bursae

small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. form where a tendon/ligament rubs against another tissue. reduce friction, absorb shock.

gomphosis

specialized form of fibrous synarthrosis that binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socket (periodontal ligament)

plantar flexion

standing on tiptoe

coracohumeral ligament

strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule & helps support the weight of the upper limb

accessory ligaments

support, strengthen & reinforce synovial joints

knee joint

supports body's weight during activities such as standing, walking & running. largest range of motion of lower limbs, lacks large muscle mass & strong ligaments. hinge joint, more complex than elbow. less stable than other hinge joints, little rotation.

plane/gliding joints

surfaces slide across one another. end of clavicles, between carpal/tarsal bones, vertebrae. non/multiaxial

suture

synarthrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull. bound together by CT

synovial tendon sheaths

tubular bursae that surround tendons where they pass across a bony surface

inversion

twisting the sole of the foot inward

eversion

twisting the sole of the foot outward

lateral flexion

vertebral column bends to the side

synostosis

totally rigid, immovable joint

gliding motion

2 opposing surfaces slide past one another. surfaces of articulating carpal bones & tarsal bones & between the clavicles of the sternum/ slight movement, no rotation

condylar joint

angular motion, biaxial. connect fingers & toes with the metacarpals & metatarsals

hyperextension

any movement where a limb is extended beyond its normal limits resulting in joint damage (usually prevented by ligaments)

freely moveable joints

appendicular skeleton

glenohumeral ligaments

joint stabilization as the humerus approaches or exceeds the limits of normal motion

syndesmosis

ligamentous connection (b/t tibia & fibula, or radius & ulna)

synovial membrane

lines the joint cavity but stops at the edge of the articular cartilage. produces synovial fluid.

intrinsic/capsular ligaments

localized thickening of the joint capsule

structure

makeup of the joint

pivot joints

monaxial, permit only rotation

abduction

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body (swinging arm away from the side)

adduction

movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body (swinging arm towards body)

protraction

moving horizontally anteriorally

retraction

moving horizontally posteriorally

the greater the range of motion at a joint

the weaker it becomes

opposition

thumb touches another finger (opposite=reposition)

coracoclavicular ligament

tie clavicle to coracoid process & help limit the relative motion between clavicle & scapula